Umthetho ophindiweyo wobungozi umi njengenye yezona ndlela zokhuseleko zoyikekayo ezinikwa abantu abajongene namandla adibeneyo karhulumente. Kumongo wolwaphulo-mthetho lwemali oluphezulu, apho uphando lungathatha iminyaka, lubandakanya izigidi zamaxwebhu, kwaye lunqumla imida emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo wamandulo kubantsokothile ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Kusebenza njengenkqubo egqibeleyo, inyanzelisa urhulumente ukuqinisa ubungqina bakhe nengcamango yokumangalelwa kwityala elinye, elidityanisiweyo. Ukusilela ukwenza oko akulo ithuba lokuzama okwesibini; ngumgca osisigxina okhusela abamangalelwayo kwityala eliphindiweyo.

Isiseko somthetho wengozi ophindiweyo

Ukhuseleko ekubekweni kwingozi ephindwe kabini yetyala elinye lufakwe ngokunzulu kwimithetho elawula i-Gloristance yama-Anglo-America. Eyona njongo yalo idumileyo eUnited States kukuGcription yesihlanu kumGaqo-siseko: "ekungasayi kuba phantsi komntu omnye ukuze abekwe kwingozi efanayo yobomi okanye isigalo sesithoba." Eli lungiselelo lisebenza kumazwe akwiSinyuso-Gqikelelo se-14. Injongo engundoqo kukuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni oovimba bakhe abaphezulu ukutsala ummangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiselwa, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa ingqibelelo kunye nesiphelo semigwebo.

Xa Ingozi Incamathisela

Ukuqonda xa ingozi ithe yadibana nabalinga abamangalelwa ngemali. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ityala lincanyathiselwa kwityala lejaji. Kwityala lejaji eliququzelelwayo, lincanyathiselwa xa ityala lokuqala lifungqwa. Eli xesha libalulekile kuba ukuba ityala liyapheliswa ngaphambi kweli nqaku, ukuchotshelwa akuthintelwa. Noko ke, xa abachopheli-mgwebi begwetywa baze bafunwe, ummangalelwa uboshelwe kwisigqibo esivela kuloo jaji ingubo, ngokokuba ubekelwe umda onjalo njengetyala eligwetyiweyo eligwetyiweyo eligwetyiweyo elicacileyo.

Umahluko Phakathi Kokuthethelelwa Nokugxothwa

Isigwebo sokwenyaniso sokungagwebi sisigqibo sokugqibela sokungagwebi sisekelwe kwiziphumo ezibunyani zetyala. Ukugxothwa kwenkundla, kwelinye icala, kusenokusekelwe kwisiphene sendalo, ukunqongophala kobungqina kwinqanaba lokuqala, okanye intsebenziswano engafanelekanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukugwetywa okuyinyaniso kuphela okubangela ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini. Ukuba inkundla ilahla ityala kwimiba yendalo, urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphinda asohlwaye ukuba isiphazamiso somzi, ukuba ngaba ilahleko lwendalo alukhange lunyangenwe, xa isohlwayo sinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemali, lo mahluko usoloko uvela xa kuqwalaselwe kwimithetho ecacileyo ekhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemiqatha.

Isicelo seNqanawa ePhitya-mbini kwiNgxelo yeMali

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali lulungele ukuvavanya imida yengozi ephindwe kabini kuba lusoloko lubandakanya uthotho lwezenzo ezinxulumeneyo zokwandiswa kwemithetho emininzi. Iqhinga elinye lobuqhetseba lingaba luqhatha locingo, ukhuthuzo, ukuqhatha imali, kunye neqhinga. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngukuba ngaba ezi zikwaphulwa komthetho okukodwa okanye [FLT] iziphazamiso eziphindwe kabini.

Uvavanyo Lweblockburger

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo lokulawula kwi- United States v. Blockburger [1932]. Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, amatyala amabini athathwa njengawo kwinjongo ezimbini zobungozi ukuba nganye ayifuni bungqina bento enye engafunwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba i-STA A ifuna iziqalelo X no Y, kwaye i-Statute B ifuna iziqalelo Y no-Z, zizinto ezohlukeneyo ngenxa yokuba ifuna ubungqina bento engakhange iyenzeki (X noZ). Ngoko, ukuba i-Statu B ifuna kuphela iziqalelo X no-Y (oko kumiselwe kanye), zibo bodwa, zibo abani nabani na.

Kwimeko zemali, olu vavanyo lusoloko luvumela abatshutshisi ukuba bamangalele ummangalelwa phantsi kwemimiselo emininzi ngenxa yehambo engaphantsi. Umntu olala ebhankini ukuze afumane imali ebolekiweyo ubole imali ebhankini. Ukuba ngoko usebenzisa iziphumo zemali ukuthenga imoto yobunewunewu, basenokuba bafake imali ebotshelelwayo. Phantsi komthetho unqakrazo lwe-burger oludityaniswe ityala], ngenxa yokuba imali ebotshelelwayo ifuna ubungqina bemali ebandakanya ingeniso ekhoyo, kwaye ukuqhatha kwemali kufuna ubungqina bokugqwetha izinto eziphathekayo, bangaba ngamatyala angoonqabileyo, nangona besuka kwihambo efanayo. Oku kumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi ngenxa yesenzo esinye somtshutshisi-mali, kodwa kwandisa imibuzo ephindidiweyo xa kuvavanwa ngoo oorhulumente bezama ukutyala ngokulandelena.

Isimilo esifanayo v. Sisiqalelo Esifanayo

Ngokwexesha elifutshane elilandela ityala le Grady v. Corbin (1990), iNkundla yasebenzisa uphando "loku kuziphatha". Oku kwalelwe ukuba ityala libonise ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukungqinela ityala elikhoyo esebenzisa isimilo esifanayo esiyila isiseko setyala elandulelayo. Noko ke, iNkundla ilawule lomgangatho kwiminyaka emithathu nje kamva United States v. Dixon [1993], ibuyisela ngokungqongqo kwi [[FLT:] i-S] i-S.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto inamandla kakhulu ekwahlukanisweni komthetho ophindiweyo wengozi kwityala lemali yimfundiso edityanisiweyo yolawulo. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgaqo, isenzo esinye sisenokuyaphula imithetho yabalawuli abaninzi (umz., urhulumente norhulumente wesizwe, okanye amazwe amabini awahlukeneyo). Ngenxa yokuba umlawuli ngamnye unelungelo lakhe lokunyanzelisa imithetho yakhe, ummangalelwa ngamnye unokubekwa ityala ngesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho ophindwe kabini ka-Jiopard Claus.

Izenzo zomanyano nezobuzwe

Le mfundiso isoloko isetyenziswa kumatyala emali aphezulu. Ummangalelwa orhwaphilizayo eKhalifoniya angamangalelwa nguMphathi-mikhosi waseKhalifoniya okwindawo ephezulu yetyala ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wesizwe kunye neSebe leJaji le-U. ISebe leJaji loLungisa ityala lokungagunyaziswa kwetyala letyala. Ukugwetywa kwenkundla karhulumente akuyimiseli umtshutshisi karhulumente, nokuba ubungqina bufana. Oku kwenza ibhombu esemthethweni yabamangalelwa, abamele baphengulule ityala elifanayo, abamele bajongene netyala eliphinda kabini ngenxa yeqhinga elifanayo.

Ubalo Lwehlabathi

Kwinkqubo yemali esasazeke kakhulu, imiba yengozi ephindiweyo ephakathi kwemida ephindiweyo iya ixhaphaka kakhulu. Ngoxa imfundiso yolawulo olubini isebenza koorhulumente bamakhaya abahlukeneyo, amatyala amazwe ngamazwe aphathwa ngokwahlukileyo phantsi komthetho wase-U. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutshutshiswa ngurhulumente wasemzini ngenxa yehambo efanayo akuyivaleli i-U.S. kodwa, iSebe leSizwe loLugwebo lwase-U. isoloko iqwalasela ukumangalelwa kwamanye amazwe njengomcimbi wemithetho neqhinga, kunye nezivumelwano zokwandiswa komthetho ezithe ngqo ekunqandeni izibakala ezingqinweni ezifanayo. Amagqwetha esizwe kwimicimbi yezemali ehlabathi ehlabathi lonke amele ahlolisise ngenyameko ukuchasana ulwimi kunye neziluleko ezinyazisa izigwebo ezinyazisayo nxamnye nee-DOJ.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo yabaphathi-mikhosi

Umthetho ophindiweyo oyingozi awungomgaqo nje ongekho ngqiqweni womgaqo - siseko; usisisixhobo esisebenzisekayo esibumba indlela yokusebenzisa imali kwiimeko ezinzima zemali.

Iqhinga lokuchophela

Kumagqwetha asemthethweni, ubukho bento yokugweba ephindaphindiweyo yengozi bunyanzelisa umsebenzi wokulungiselela ngokuphandle. Xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ithenjiwe, urhulumente akanako ukulihlula icala lakhe okanye azise izityholo ezintsha ezisekelwe kwintengiselwano efanayo kwityala elahlukeneyo. Le mikhosi yabatshutshisi iquka zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezaziwayo kwityala elinye. Ukubekwa ityala eliphezulu lifuna ukuqwalasela ngenyameko oko kuya kuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukuvavanywa kwetyala kuphumele, kodwa ikwane nengozi yokudidanisa ityala netyala eliphindiweyo. Isigqibo sokuba mhlawumbi baqhubeke befuna ukucinezelwa kwetyala elipheleleyo okanye ukugwetywayo ngokusisigxinalo.

Ubuchule bokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo athabatha amatyala emali aphezulu kufuneka akhusele ngenyameko irekhodi ukuze agcine amalungelo aphindwe kabini. Ukuba ingqina lokutshutshisa lingqina ukuba ummangalelwa ebengenatyala kwelinye icala, ukhuseleko kufuneka luhambe ngokukhawuleza ukumisela ubungqina okanye ukuzama ukuquqela. Ngaphezu koko, icebiso lokuzikhusela kufuneka likuqaphele ukusetyenziswa kwengxelo yokulingwa. Ukuba urhulumente ukhabaxa iingxelo eziphakathi kwetyala, ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi ukuxina oku kuvavanywayo kusemngciphekweni okruthiweyo. Ukuhamba kakuhle kwethuba lokulahla kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini kusenokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokucinezela umbano-tyala okanye ukubulala ityala ngokupheleleyo, ingakumbi xa urhulumente ebangele iimngeni ezilandelenezo.

Iingozi Zokungavisisani Ngeengxaki Ezintsonkothileyo

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali asoloko enzima kwaye entsonkothile, anyusa umngcipheko wokufumana iingxelo ezingalunganga. Ityala elibhengezwe ngemvume yommangalelwa alithethi ukuba umele aphinde abulawe. Kodwa ke, ukumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo okungaqinisekwanga ngokuchasa ummangalelwa kuvumelekile kuphela "ukunyanzeleka okugqithisileyo". Kwimeko zemali, kusenokuvela imfuneko kwijaji exhotyiweyo (ijaji exhotyiweyo) okanye ubhengezo lwetyala oludityaniseka iqumrhu lejaji. Ukuba ijaji ithetha ukuba ityala liphosakele ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo esisemthethweni, ummangalelwa angaphikisa ukuba naliphi na ityala elilandelayo lichasene nengozi ephindwe kabini, enika iziqinisekiso ezinamandla zokugatya ngalo lonke icala.

Ulawulo lwezindululo zakutshanje

INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka izama ukumelana nokudibana kwemimiselo ephindiweyo yengozi nentsonkothileyo yezaphuli-mthetho.

Gamble v. waseUnited States (209)

Gguedge v. United States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa imfundiso ephindiweyo yolongamo kwisigqibo esisixhenxe-2. Ummangalelwa waphikisa ngelithi imfundiso yayingqubana nombhalo nembali yeNkundla kaBini yeJeopardy Claus, kodwa iNkundla yathi umtshutshisi karhulumente akavalwanga yinkundla yangaphambili yetyala elifanayo. Esi sigqibo sasisisoyisa esingundoqo kubatshutshisi betyala ngetyala lemali nabo abaphula umthetho. Yaqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo ogwetyiweyo kwinkundla yetyala yetyala yetyala lorhulumente umele ajongenetyala ityala elikhohlakeleyo.

Izenzo ze-SEC ezidityanisiweyo ne-DOJ

Imeko ebalulekileyo yenkqubela ibandakanya ukubekwa kwetyala ngokweenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezihambelana nezolwaphulo-mthetho. I-SEC isoloko izisa izenzo zonyanzeliso lwabemi zifuna ukudityaniswa kwetyala kunye nezigwebo zokwaphula ityala, ngoxa iDOJ ilandela izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yokuba izenzo zoluntu ngokuqhelekileyo azithathwa njenge "imposiso," azibekwanga lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olulandelayo. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT] ke] i-Kakesh v. SEC[FLT[17] [2017])) icacisa ukuba i-SECGGorgeegorgeat ingumbandela oya kumthetho oweminyaka emihlanu wetyala. Oku kunyanze kwanyanze kwanyanzelwanelo kungenelelwa kumthetho lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, yaye kumele kugwetyelwe ngokuchasene netyala.

I-"Itrading" kunye nobubanzi becala lenqanawa"

Inkcazo yemeko zorhwebo eziphakathi inika ucelomngeni olungaqhelekanga. Inkcazo yoko kubangela "ulwaphulo-mthetho" kule meko ivele ngokuphawulekayo. Emva kwesigqibo sesibini soMjikelezo kwi- United States v. INewman [2014, efake iimfuno zokungqina "inzuzo yobuqu", abamangalelwa abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwabo akwaphumi kwisayizi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngelixa iNewman yayingeyomeko ephindiweyo, ibalase indlela etshintsha ngayo inkcazelo esemthethweni yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba umbhiyoshesheshelaniswa wabo umphatho ophangalelekileyo, unokuba umbathiswa ngayo kulwaphulo-mthetho oluthe kratya, nokuba umbathiso olulandelayo, ukuba umbaxa umba ophindileyo, i-G.

Imicimbi Yamatyala Nokulungelelana Kokusesikweni

Umthetho ophindiweyo oyingozi awuthethi ukuba ukho ngaphandle kwabagxeki, ingakumbi kwimeko yolwaphulo - mthetho oluntsonkothileyo lwezemali.

Impikiswano Yokuphendula

Abatshutshisi kunye namaqela amaxhoba okufumana ingqwalaselo eengcwangu baphikisa ngelithi umthetho unokuba ngqongqo kakhulu, uvumela izaphuli-mthetho ezintsonkothileyo ukuba ziphephe ukuphenduliswa kwezobugcisa. Xa imali entsonkothileyo yokukhohliswa okanye ukuvavanywa ngokuqhatha iphumela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye ukugwetywa ngenxa yempazamo eyenzekayo, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi inkxalabo yezobulungisa ifuna ithuba lesibini. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokuqhubekayo isithi ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ekuchaseni ityala eliphindiweyo asiko ukusetyenziswa kobuchule kodwa ilungelo elingundoqo elithintela urhulumente ekuthwaleni abemi abamsulwa ngokuphindaphindwayo.

Ubungqina obutsha obukhoyo

Kwimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa angafuna isiqabu kwisigwebo xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Noko ke, kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ubungqina obutsha obuvelayo emva kokuba ityala ligwetyiwe alinikezi zizathu ezinamandla zokusetyenziswa komthetho: xa ekhululekile, ummangalelwa ukhululekile, nokuba yintoni efunyenwe kamva. Kwityala lemali, apho ubungqina bungangcwatywa kwizakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo okanye bungafihliwe, oku kubangela intshukumisa enamandla kubamangalelwa ukuba bafihle ubungqina de kufike isigqibo. Ngokuphikisana noko, inyanzelela urhulumente ukuba afumane yonke into phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, nto ehambisana nobunzima obuphezulu bobungqina obufunekayo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukufumana Ikamva Lemali Ephindwe Kabini

Njengokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemali luba luntsonkothileyo luze lusasazeke emhlabeni wonke, ukusetyenziswa komthetho ophindwe kabini kuza kuqhubeka kuguquka. Ukwanda kokungaguquguquki, ukulingana kwemali, kunye nokuthengiselana kwemali okunqamlezayo kunika ucelomngeni olutsha lokuchaza "ityala elifanayo" ukunqumla isiseko somthetho esahlukileyo.

Abameli neenkundla ziya kufuneka zithethe enoba imigaqo emitsha yowiso-mthetho ibumba oorhulumente abahlukeneyo okanye enoba izivumelwano zentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe zifanele zinikezele ngeengozi eziphindwe kabini ukukhusela ukuthengwa ngabatshutshisi. Kubenzi bomthetho, ukwazi ukuchaza iingozi eziphindiweyo kubalulekile ukumela abathengi abafumana ingeniso ephezulu.

Umthetho ophindiweyo wobungozi uhlala ubalulekile, nangona untsonkothile, wenkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika. Kwindawo ephezulu ethatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemali, unyanzela urhulumente ukuba alufumane okokuqala, akhusele abamangalelwa kwiimeko ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa ekhusela ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba. Ukuqonda lo mgaqo ungundoqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwityala, ukukhusela, okanye ukuxela amatyala amakhulu olwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali.