Ukwazisa Kumthetho Ophindwe Kabini Wengozi

Umthetho ophindiweyo wobungozi umi njengenye yezona zikhuseli zisisiseko kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho waseMerika, ukhusela abantu kumandla karhulumente ukuba babamangalele ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yendlela efanayo engafanelekanga. Lo khuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, olufakwe kuMgaqo-siseko, lubonakalisa isibopho esinzulu sokugqiba kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokukhusela abagqwesi-mthetho. Kubenzi bomthetho, abafundi bomthetho, nabani na olawula inkqubo yomthetho, eqonda indlela lo mthetho osebenza ngayo kumongowomthetho wesigqeba kunye nemimiselo yolawulo luyimfuneko.

Umthetho uthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukudodobalisa ummangalelwa ngokulandelelana kwetyala, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ukugwetywa nokugwetywa kuthwala ubunzima bokugqibela. Ngaphandle kolu khuselo, abantu banokujamelana nengozi engapheliyo engomthetho ngenxa yesenzo esinye, becutha umgangatho osisiseko wokusesikweni kunye nempumelelo yokugweba. Imithetho yeSizwe kunye nemigaqo yongezelela ubunkimbi bemeko kulo mmandla sele ugqwethiwe, idala imibuzo malunga noko kukuthiwa kwesohlwayo sona esona tyala kunye naxa isohlwayo esininzi sisenokubekwa ngaphandle kokwaphula ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso oluphangaleleyo lomthetho oyingozi ophindwe kabini njengoko usebenza kwimithetho nemimiselo karhulumente, uphanda iziseko zayo zomgaqo - siseko, iimvavanyo eziphambili ezingokwasemthethweni, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kulwazi olungokwasemthethweni, nokungachananga okubalulekileyo okubumba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwindlela yolawulo lwanamhlanje.

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko nophuhliso lwembali

Igalelo eliphindiweyo lengozi leSihlaziyo sesihlanu linika ukuba akukho mntu oya "kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elinye ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye amacala alo." Olu lwimi, olwamkelwa njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo ngowe-1791, lwasetyenziswa kwizithethe zomthetho wamaNgesi ezibonelele ukukhuselwa kokutshutshiswa okuninzi kangangeenkulungwane. Umgaqo ubonakalisa imvelaphi yawo kumthetho wamaRoma kunye neemfundiso zasekuqaleni zesiNgesi, kuquka izibongozo ze- u-autreisferefo Conficiption[ (umthetheleli womthetho oqhelekileyo) kunye i-autis projecter [abagwebo abagwetyiweyo]].

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ichaza icandelo lengozi eliphindwe kabini njengelokusebenza iinjongo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: ikhusela kwityala lesibini emva kokugwetywa, ngokubekwa kwetyala elinye emva kokugwetywa, nangokubotshwa kwesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yetyala elinye. Ezi zikhuseli zisebenza kumthetho nakurhulumente, njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe Bton v. Maryland[ [1969] [1969]) ityala elisetyenziswa kumthetho okokugqibela oluphinda kabini kuMthetho ka-195 Claus uMthetho we-Dradiso-Mthelo.

Ngokwembali, eli binzana lalitolikwa ngokufutshane, ligxininisa ngokuyintloko kumatyala etyala elibulalayo nakwiimeko ezinzulu. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla yandisa umlinganiselo wayo ukuze idibane nabagwebi abangekho mthethweni, amatyala abantwana, kunye neengxoxo ezithile zoluntu ezinyanzelisa isigwebo. Le ndaleko ibonisa ukuqonda okuphangaleleyo kokuba imigaqo esekelwe kwingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza xa urhulumente efuna ukukhupha isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi igama elidityaniswe kule nkqubo ilandelayo.

Inkqubela-phambili yembali yomthetho ophindwe kabini ityhila uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi komdla womntu kwisiphelo nomdla karhulumente wokuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokunempumelelo. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukuchaza ixesha elichanekileyo xa "unxibelelwano olungekhoyo" lumisela okokuba yintoni okubumba "esisohlwayo esifanayo" ukwenzela iinjongo eziphindiweyo, kunye neemeko apho ukutshutshiswa okuninzi kuvunyelwayo phezu kwayo nale miqathango yesiseko.

Xa Ityhefu Ifakelwa Kwinkqubela Yomanyano

Umbuzo kuhlolo oluphindiweyo lwengozi ugqiba xa umngcipheko udityaniswa kwinkqubela karhulumente. Impendulo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lokuqhubeka okubandakanyekileyo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele imithetho ecacileyo yomongo owahlukileyo.

Izilingo ze Jury

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala likarhulumente, kuququzelelwa ingozi xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ibekwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye ifunwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ikhethiwe, ifunga ukuzama elo tyala, yaye ityala liqalisiwe, ummangalelwa ubekwe esichengeni. Ukuba umtshutshisi uyashukuma ukuba uphenduliswa okanye ukuba ityala eliphosakeleyo livakaliswe ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa, ukumangalelwa okulandelayo ngenxa yetyala elifanayo kungavalwa.

Izilingo ze-Benkch

Kwityala lebhedri karhulumente, apho ityala livavanywa phambi kwejaji iyodwa, lincanyathiselwa ingozi xa ingqina lokuqala lifungelwe. Isizathu esiphambili sokwahlulwa sesi sithetha ukuthi kwityala lebhedri, ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso nomxhasi womthetho, kwaye ukufunga ingqina lokuqala kubonisa iqondo apho ummangalelwa abekwe ngokusesikweni engozini yokumangalelwa.

Ukuziva Unetyala Kuyavuyisa

Xa ummangalelwa engena esibongozweni setyala kwinkundla karhulumente, uqubisana nengozi ngexesha inkundla yamkela isicelo ize iphumeze isigwebo. Isibongozo esinetyala sithetha ukuqinisekiswa ngeenjongo eziphindwe kabini, yaye ummangalelwa usenokungamangalelwa kamva ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, kwanokuba eso sibongozo sithe sarhoxiswa kwiimeko ezithile.

Inkqubela Yolawulo Neyobumi

Umbuzo woxa ingozi idibene kwimicimbi yolawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente unzima kakhulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba icandelo eliphindwe kabini lisebenza kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ezithi ziphumele isohlwayo kangangokuba zibopheleleke ngokubhekiselele kwindalo. United States v. Halper [19989] [iNkundla], iNkundla yaqonda ukuba isohlwayo sesizwe singenza isohlwayo ngezizathu eziphindwe kabini ukuba iphumele usukele usukelo lwempindelo nenteleko kunokuba iphinde ihlawule. Noko ke, isigqibo esilandelayo sudson v. United States[FLT][FLD:] [1997]] [1997]) imisele ukuvavanywa okuninzi kovavanyo lokuba kuqinise ingqiniseko kusini nako loluntu ukuba ngabandakanywa.

Uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo lwebloko

Mhlawumbi umba osoloko ucatshulwa kumthetho wengozi ophindwe kabini wesizwe kukuba amatyala amabini asisisongelo esifanayo "somGaqo-siseko" kwinjongo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaphendula lo mbuzo kwityala lephawu lenqanawa ye- ``Stamburger v. United States [1932]), iseka "iziqalelo ezikhoyo" uvavanyo oluhlala luyisakhiwo esingundoqo sobunzululwazi namhlanje.

Phantsi uvavanyo olunqabileyo, amatyala amabini athathwa njengahlukileyo kwiinjongo eziphindiweyo zobungozi ukuba ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bento engachazwanga. Ukuba le mpazamo ichazwa ukuba omnye ungowomnye ungowomnye oqukiweyo, lusityala elifanayo, kwaye lukwahlula isigwebo okanye isohlwayo esidityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho wesizwe uyakwalela ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezilawulwayo kunye nokuba nento elawulwayo ngenjongo yokusasaza, inkundla izakuhlalutya enoba ityala ngalinye line sisiqalelo esikhethekileyo sokusohlwaya.

Ukusebenzisa Uvavanyo Lweblockburger Kwimithetho Yodidi

Imimiselo yomanyano yamacala etyala aninzi kudweliso lwemithetho, idala imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nokuba iKhomishini izimisele ukugunyazisa isohlwayo sokunyuka. Uvavanyo [[FLT:] lomngeni lusebenza njengomthetho wolwakhiwo lwemithetho kule meko: iinkundla ziqiqa ukuba iBhunga alimiselanga ukugunyazisa isohlwayo esininzi sokuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokuba amatyala ahluke ngokwenene phantsi kovavanyo lwe-''STARFLT''.

Qwalasela ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi okuqhelekileyo. Ummangalelwa angajamelana netyala lokuceba ukuhambisa izinto ezilawulwayo (1 U.S.C. 766 kunye nokusasazwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo (1 U.S.C. 881). Phantsi ] ityala lifuna ubungqina besivumelwano, nto leyo ityala elingaphantsi kwe-sustantiat elingafuniyo, nto leyo isityholo esingayifuniyo. Ngenxa yokuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina belungu lenye elingahambisiyo, zizinto ezibini, kunye nezohlwayo okanye isohlwayo esizinzileyo esivunyelweyo.

I "Ihambo yeSame" echaseneyo kunye neUnited States v. Dixon

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0] seUnited States v. Dixon (1993) waphendula umbuzo obalulekileyo malunga nokuba ukhuseleko lwengozi ephindwe kabini ludlulela ngaphaya kwe i-Stomburgr[ uvavanyo lokuvavanya ukuvavanya ukumangalelwa kwezenzo ebesele ziseziziziziziziziziisiseko zengtshutshiso eziphambili. [[FLT:]] DICON, iNkucingela ukuba ngaba ityala eliphindwe kabini lithintelwe ukurhoxinwa okusekelwe kwihambo ebekubangele ukumangalelwa kwetyala kungoko kubekwe phantsi komthetho owohlukileyo.

Inkundla yathi uvavanyo olunqanda i-'FLT'r, hayi uvavanyo olubanzi "uvavanyo olufanayo" lulawula uhlalutyo lwengozi oluphindiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba ihambo enye yenza isiseko setyala lamacala amabini ahlukeneyo, izityholo azisosisososo solwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo ukuba zanelisa [[FLT:] isithintelo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]'] ivavanya uvavanyo oluninzi. [iFLT] [iT] isigqibo] siphinda siphindane ubulunga bombini ''''''''. khulbererr' xa ulugatya olwamgalelo oluninzi lwe-oko oluphindiweyo.

Inkqubo ye-Jeopardy ephindwe kabini kumxholo woburhulumente

Imigaqo yomanyano idala imingeni ekhethekileyo eyingozi ephindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba abameli banokubeka isigwebo esibonakala ngathi sisohlwayo sezaphuli-mthetho. Ukudibana komthetho-mthetho wequmrhu kunye nokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini lwengozi olufuna uhlalutyo locoselelo lwendalo nenjongo yezo zigwebo ezibandakanyekileyo.

Ityala lolawulo neenzuzo zamakhaya

Amasebe omanyano anjengeSibonelelo kunye neKhomishini yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume, i-Arhente yokuKhuselwa Kwendawo, kunye noLawulo loKhuseleko lwezeMpilo nezonyango lwezempilo asoloko emisela isohlwayo semali xa kuphulwa imiqathango yawo. Umbuzo wokuba ezi zigwebo zisisisohlwayo singumngcipheko ophindwe kabini uxhomekeke kubuntu bawo nenjongo. Ukuba isohlwayo sicetyelwe ukuhlawulela urhulumente okanye amaqela achaphazelekayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngokwenene, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sisemzilweni kwaye asikho kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, ukuba eso sohlwayo sixhomekeke kwingozi ebangelwe yingozi okanye ukuthintela, sinokuba sisohlwayo isohlwayo.

Iinkonzo Zelayisenisi Nezithumo Zobugcisa

Ummandla ontsonkothileyo ubandakanya ukuchithwa kwamaphepha-mvume oogqirha okanye ukuvunyelwa kwemiqathango elandela iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo ngokufuthi anegunya lokuphelisa okanye lokukhupha amalayisensi asekelwe kwihambo efanayo ebangela ukuba ityala lezaphuli-mthetho linyuswe. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba imvume yokulawula ayingqubani nengozi ephindwe kabini kuba ingumthetho kunokuba igwebe kwindalo. Umzekelo, ugqirha ogwetyelwe ubuqhophololo obukwiMedicarare asenokujamelana nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphulukana amalungelo enkqubo yokuphatha imigaqo yempilo engawaphuli imiqathango ephindwe kabini.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yezehlo zamakhaya inikela omnye umbuzo obalulekileyo wobungozi obuphindwe kabini. Urhulumente angafuna ukulahlekelwa kwempahla esetyenziswayo okanye ethathwe kulwaphulo-mthetho kwisenzo esahlukileyo soburhulumente, kwanasemva kokubekwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ngalo mba neUnited States. Ursery [1996], ibambe loo nto ingeyonkqubo yamakhaya ayithethi ukuba isohlwayo ngeenjongo eziphindwe kabini, ukuba ifeze injongo yokususa izikhundla kunye nokuphuma kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imfundiso yoBukhosi beDual kunye neMiqathango yoLuntu

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezichasene nomthetho ophindwe kabini wobungozi yimfundiso entlu - mbini yolongamo, evumela oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ukuba bamangalele umntu ngesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula uMphengululo wesihlanu. Le mfundiso iyaqonda ukuba urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente ngamnye ungowahlukeneyo, ngamnye enezilangazelelo zakhe ekunyanzeleni imithetho yakhe.

Imvelaphi Nemvelaphi Yale mfundiso

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka imfundiso yolongamo olubini kwi United States v. Lanza (1922) kwaye iye yaziphinda yaziqinisekisa ukususela ngoko. Isizathu sisithi xa isenzo esinye sichasene nomthetho worhulumente kunye norhulumente, iityala ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zenziwa — enye ngokuchasene norhulumente worhulumente omnye. Ngenxa yokuba iingtshutshiso ezimbini ziziswa ngabaphathi abahlukeneyo, ityala eliphindiweyo aliwubambi uwiso lwesibini.

Imida Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo

Imfundiso yolongamo olubini ayiphelelanga. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba ukuba omnye umlawuli usisisixhobo okanye ummeli womnye, ulawulo olubini luyawa. Umzekelo, ukuba abatshutshisi borhulumente balawula ngokunempumelelo ityala likarhulumente, ukutshutshiswa kukarhulumente okulandelayo kusenokuvalwa. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imimiselo yesizwe ibhari ecacileyo ethintelayo emva kokusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente okanye ngokuchasene nomthetho, idala ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo oluziphinda-phinde kabini olungaphaya komlinganiselo womgaqo-siseko.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoqheliselo Lodidi

Imfundiso yolawulo olubini inentsingiselo esebenzayo kwintelekelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo. Ummangalelwa okhululweyo ekubulaweni kwetyala likarhulumente angajamelana nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo karhulumente ezisekelwe kwihambo efanayo, njengoko ziboniswe kwintshumayelo ephezulu yamagosa abandakanyekileyo ekubetheni uKumkani uRodney. Ngokufanayo, amatyala eziyobisi alandela ukutshutshiswa kwezo nkonzo zikarhulumente ngokulandelelwa kwezo ziyobisi ezifanayo. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka aziqaphele ezi zinokwenzeka aze aqwalasele iziphumo zokungxubuliso, ubuchule bokuvavanya, kunye nolwanolwano lwemali phakathi kwetyala ezimbini.

I-Colletaral Estopel kunye nokhuphiswano oluphambili kwityala lomanyano

Ngapha koko kukhuseleka ngqo ngokuphindwe kabini nxamnye nokutshutshiswa okulandelelanayo, uHlaziyo lweNhlanu lukwaquka umgaqo wokumela i-estol estop, maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba yimpikiswano. Le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ukuba angaphinde angene kwityala elilandelayo nayiphi na into okanye umba obekunyanzelekile ukuba agwetyelwe imvume yommangalelwa ngaphambili.

IAshe v. Sunson Framework

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma icandelo lokumela i-estomal estomal lengozi ephindwe kabini Ashe v. Setson (1970). Kwimeko enjalo, ummangalelwa wavavanywa ukuba omnye wabadlali abathandathu be-poker kwaye wakhululwa ngokusekelwe kubungqina obunganelanga. Xa urhulumente wazama ukuphanga umdlali owahlukileyo kwesi siganeko sinye, iNkundla yabambelela kwisigqibo sokuba ityala lokuqala ligqibe kwelokuba ummangalelwa wayengenguye omnye wabaphangi, egweba ityala lesibini.

Kwisiko likarhulumente, ikhampale estopel iyasebenza xa: (1) umbango okwityala lesibini ufana nembambano egqitywe kwimbambano yokuqala; (2) imbambano yacaciswa; (3) le mbambano yamiselwa ngokwenyani sisigqibo sangaphambili; kwaye (4) iqela ekuthethwa ukuba i-estoperal imiswe kulo lalinethuba elipheleleyo nelifanelekileyo lokuyichaza imbambano kwisigqibo sangaphambili.

Isicelo kwiiMpazamo zoManyano-zincwadi ezininzi

Imibandela yeColterateral estomal idla ngokuvela kumthetho oqulunqwe ngamaqela apho ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo esixutyiweyo, ikhupha icala kwiimeko ezithile kwaye igweba kwabanye. Ukuba ukugweba kugqibe ngenene ityala eliyinyaniso elikwayimfuneko ekubaleni abachopheli-tyala abaxhonywe ngalo, urhulumente angathintelwa ekucikidweni loo mlinganiselo. Iinkundla zeSebe zihlolisisa ngenyameko isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala ukugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imibandela ekwakufuneka ilungiswe ngabagwebi, inkqubo enokuba lucelomngeni ngokukodwa xa abachobi bengabaniki ziziphumo ezithile.

Iinketho Nesithintelo Kukhuseleko Lwengozi Oluphindwe kabini

Umthetho ophindiweyo wobungozi, nangona usisiseko, uphantsi kwemiqathango emininzi ebalulekileyo neyona inzima abasebenzi bakarhulumente abamele bayiqonde. Oku kubonakalisa ulungelelwano oluye lwakhutshwa ziinkundla phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nomdla karhulumente ekunyanzelweni komthetho okusebenzayo.

Ukungachananga

Xa ukuvavanywa kuphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo, ingozi ephindwe kabini ingaphinda iphinde ibekwe okanye ingabikho imiqobo exhomekeke kwisizathu sokwenziwa kwetyala eliphosakeleyo. Ukuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuvakaliswa ngemvume yommangalelwa, ukuphinda kuqulunqwa kuvunyelwe. Ukuba ukumangalelwa kuvakaliswe ngokuphosakeleyo kuvakaliswe phezu kokungavumelani kommangalelwa, ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kuvaliwe ngaphandle kokuba bekukho "imfuneko enkulu" yokufumana ityala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni imfuneko ikho xa ijaji ibotshelelwe ngaphandle kwesizathu, xa irhoxiwe ngokungenathemba, okanye xa ezinye iimeko zisenza ukuba ingakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuvavanywa kakuhle.

Izibheno kunye neNkqutyana yokuKhuthaza

Igalelo elibini lengozi aliwuthinteli urhulumente ekutsaleni umthetho osemthethweni wenkundla yamatyala ophumela ekugwetyweni, ukuba isibheno asifuni kulungiswa kwityala. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukukhutshelwa ngempumelelo kwaye afumane ukuvavanywa okutsha, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuvali kuba ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba uye waluvala ukhuseleko ngokufuna ukubuyiselwa. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla yenkundla elawulayo ifumanise ukuba ubungqina abunakwanelanga ukuxhasa ukumamela, imiqobo ephindwe kabini ikhuselwa kwakhona ngenxa yokuba unyango olufanelekileyo lungumgwebi.

Yahlula Izahlulo Kwindlela Enye

Umthetho wobufazi udla ngokuchaza amatyala amaninzi asekelwe kwintengiso enye yezaphuli-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuphangwa kwebhanki enye kunganyusa izityholo zokuphanga ebhankini (18.S.C. 76 2113), ukusebenzisa umpu ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo (18.S.C. 76 924 (c), kunye neqhinga (18.S.C. 76 371). Phantsi kovavanyo lwe-' i-hatburger, ezi zizinto ezizizinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ezohlukeneyo, kwaye urhulumente unokuzibeka icala zonke ngokumangalelwa kunye okanye kwezinye iimeko, kwiimeko ezilandelelana.

Umahluko ongundoqo nguwo phakathi kokuchophela amatyala amaninzi kugwebo olunye, olusoloko luvumelekile, nokuzisa izityholo ezilandelelanayo kwezo tyala zinye, ezithintelwe yingozi ephindwe kabini. Kwanaxa amatyala alandelelanayo evunyelwa phantsi i-sticker[, urhulumente angavalwa ngemigaqo ye-resjucatatata okanye ngokomyalelo wokuba urhulumente adibanise zonke izityholo ezaziwayo phantsi komthetho omnye we-Federal Procediture 8(a).

Uphawu lwelizwe Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo eliphazamisa uLawulo oluphindwe kabini loMngxuma

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokusisiseko ziye zakuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa komthetho ophindwe kabini wengozi kwimithetho nemimiselo karhulumente, zimisela imigaqo eqingqiweyo eqhubeka isetyenziswa ziinkundla namhlanje.

Blockburger v. waseUnited States (1932)

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, inqanda i-'FLT'' yamisa uvavanyo "izinto ezifanayo" oluhlala lulilungu lohlalutyo lwengozi ephindwe kabini. Ityala libandakanya ummangalelwa ogwetyelweyo owenzelwe ukuthengisa zombini ii-narcotics ezingekho kwipakethi yokuqala yesiphawuli kwaye ethengisa iinarcotics ngaphandle komyalelo obhaliweyo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba ezi yayiyizonobangela ezahlukeneyo phantsi kwe Harrison Narcotics Act ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obufunekayo bento eyenzekayo. uvavanyo lwe-Slotburg alusebenzi kuphela kuvavanyo olulandelelanayo kodwa lusebenza kulwaphulo-mthetho olubhaliweyoyo kodwa kwakhona kukwenziwa kwesohlwayo esininzi kwimposiso esihambayo.

Dixon (1993)

I-Dixon, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ubungangamsha bomqali wovavanyo yaza yala i "ihambo efanayo" indlela ezikhotho-nkani zeenkundla ezisezantsi eziye zayamkele. Ityala lavela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuchasa ityala elalifudula lingumbandela wesigqeba solwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba uhlolo oluphindiweyo kufuneka lujolise kwimiba yetyala, hayi kwihambo engaphantsi, kwaye i- i-Slockburg [[FLT]] inika uvavanyo lwendlela efanelekileyo yokuhlaluza.

Umgangatho ophezulu wenqanawe (1990) kunye noqikelelo lwayo

Ngokufutshane, iNkundla kwi Grady v. Corbin yamkela uphando olubanzi "loku kuziphatha", ibambe loo ngozi ephindwe kabini evaliweyo ngokulandelayo ukuba urhulumente uza kuqinisekisa ihambo eyakhayo ekwahluleni umtshutshisi. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, iNkundla ilawula [[FLT]] ku [[FLT:]] ukuba kufuneka aqinisekise isimilo sokuba umtshutshisi ubesele egwetywe ngetyala. , ibuyela ku i-Sporterburg [FLT] iziqalelo ezikhutshiweyo]. Oku kubhekisa phambili incoko eqhubekayo ngokhuseleko oluphindiweyo.

United States v. Halper (1989) noHudson v. United States (1997)

Ezi meko zimisiweyo zaza zayixinanisa inkqubo yokumisa xa isigwebo semipu singumthetho wesohlwayo soburhulumente wenjongo eziphindiweyo. uHalper ubambelele ekubeni isohlwayo sabemi singamisela isohlwayo soluntu ukuba "ngokungaguquguqukiyo" kwingozi ebangelwayo. Hudson [ phezu kwemithetho isohlwayo yaza yaseka uvavanyo olungqongqo ngakumbi lokuba ngaba ucwangciso lomthetho lwalucelwe ukuba lungangomntu wesizwe okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba lwalucelwe ukuba lubangele ukuba ubekho okanye ube lungolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ngaba lwaluyiyo lo sukelo lwenjongo okanye lungalo lwenjongo ye-sdikn".

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabenzi Bokubhaliswa Kwasemthethweni

kumagqwetha asebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ukuqonda intsingiselo yomthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabini kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukusetyenziswa kwetyala. Uqwalaselwa oluninzi lufanele lukhokele kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho zelifa lemveli.

Ingcebiso nengqwalasela ecwangcisiweyo

Isiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka siqwalasele ngenyameko ukuba ukutshutshiswa okulandelelanayo kwaphula ubungozi obuphindwe kabini kwaye kucinge ukulungiselela ukuhamba kwezi zizathu kwasekuqaleni. Intshukumo kufuneka ihlalutye iziqalelo zetyala elityala phantsi inqabile , chaza nayiphi na imiba yokuzimela ukumiswa kwetyala kwiziganeko zangaphambili, kwaye ichaze ukucaciswa kwemfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo.

Kwiimeko apho urhulumente sele efumene isiqinisekiso okanye ukugwetywa enkundleni yephondo, icebiso lokuzithethelela lifanele lihlolisise enoba imfundiso entlu - mbini yolongamo isebenza ngokufanelekileyo okanye enoba ingtshutshiso karhulumente yayilawulwa ngokunempumelelo ngamagunya karhulumente. Ukuba urhulumente uqhubekeka ube yi "ham" eyenzelwe ukuphepha ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ukutshutshiswa korhulumente kungathintelwa.

Ukuxinana nokuphatha

Ulwandiso olubini lwengozi lungaba sisixhobo esinamandla kwizicelo. Ubuchule bukarhulumente bokuzisa izityholo ezongezelelekileyo kwityala elilandelayo bunyanzelwa yimigaqo ephindiweyo yengozi, kwaye isiluleko sokuzikhusela singasebenzisa ezi zithintelo ukulinganisela umlinganiselo wesibongozo. Isivumelwano esigunyazisiweyo esilungiselelwe kakuhle kufuneka sisuse ngokucacileyo nayiphi na iingcinga ezishiyekileyo eziphindwe kabini kwaye kufuneka sichaze amatyala athe ngqo agqitywe ukuphepha iimbambano ezingexesha elizayo malunga noko kuqulethwe sisicelo.

Ukuzithethelela Okuninzi

Xa umxhasi ejongene nokutshutshiswa kwiimeko ezininzi, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka silungiselele izinto zoncedo ngokucwangcisayo kwaye silungelelanise ukhuseleko kwiimeko ezinqamlezayo. Imfundiso yolawulo olubini ithetha ukuba ukugwetywa kwelinye icala akuthethi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba kubekwe ityala kwelinye icala, kodwa kudala amathuba okuvavanywa kwetyala lokunqanda ukunqanda ukuba iimbambano ezithile zenyani zixatyiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkoliselo yomxhasi.

Isiphelo

Umthetho ophindwe kabini oyingozi uhlala ulilitye lesiseko lenkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho zikarhulumente, ukhusela abantu kumandla karhulumente okubafaka kwiimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo kunye nezohlwayo ezininzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwimimiselo kunye nemimiselo yorhulumente kufuna uhlalutyo locoselelo lweziqalelo zetyala elibikileyo, uhlobo lwezihlolo ezibandakanyekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olukhethekileyo lwemithetho-siseko xa kusenziwa. uvavanyo lwe-burger lunika isicwangciso esingundoqo senkqubo se-gcisa, kodwa abenzi kufuneka baqwalasele imigaqo engqinelayo, imfundiso ephindiweyo, kunye nemithetho entsokothileyo xa ikhombeka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezenzo.

Njengoko umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wesizwe uqhubeka wandisa nokulawula, igalelo elibini lengozi liya kuhlala libalulekile ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Iingcali zomthetho eziqonda ukucaciswa kwale ndawo yomthetho zixhotyiswe bhetele ukukhusela amalungelo abaxhasi bazo nokuqhuba imigaqo entsonkothileyo yomthetho-siseko, yemithetho yolawulo kunye nemigaqo yolawulo. Abo bafuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo, [[FLT:] i-Cornell Information Institute yolwazi olusemthethweni [ banika ingongoma elungileyo yokuqalisa, ngelixa izimvolo ezipheleleyo kumthetho zikhongophelelo.[FLT:] v[FLD].[FFF:3] kunye [FLD]