Table of Contents
Inkcubeko Engenakuphenjelelwa Yolawulo
Kwinkqubo nganye yokwenza izigqibo ngamacandelo, ukusuka kwiibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, iinkokeli zijamelene nento engundoqo: akukho nkqubo ibalulekileyo: akukho khetho luza ngaphandle kwexabiso. Zonke iinzuzo ezifunyenwe kwenye indawo zithengwa ngexabiso lethuba lokungaxhomekeki kwenye indawo. Oku kungumo wokurhoxisa kwemithetho. Kukude kube luphawu lobuthathaka okanye ukungazimiselanga, ukuvuma nokuhamba kule misebenzi kungumqondiso wokulawula okuqolileyo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukulalanisa akuyo nje indlela ebonakalisa ubugociso kodwa isixhobo esiyimfuneko solawulo kubaluleke kakhulu kuye kubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela enyani esebenzayo nokuphucula.
Ukusingqongileyo okumisela inkqubo yeli xesha kukukhuphisana okuninzi kweemfuno. Abami bafuna iirhafu eziphantsi kodwa kwakhona bafumana iinkonzo zoluntu ezinamandla; amashishini afuna ukuthomalalisa irhafu kodwa azimeleyo, alungelelanise umgaqo-siseko osemthethweni; abaxhasi bemeko-bume bakhuthaza ukukhutshwa komphunga okhawulezileyo ngeli xesha ooshishino balumkisa ngokuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho. Akukho ngcamango okanye iqonga elinye leqela linokwanelisa zonke ezi zinto zithethwayo ngexesha elinye. Ubuchule bokulawula, ngoko, busekukwenzeleni ulwazi, ukurhwebelana okucacileyo okunyusa intlalo yentlalo yoluntu lonke ngoxa kuhlonelwa ngokweemfuno ezifanelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukwakheka kwezo zixhobo, indima engundoqo yokulalanisa, kunye nezicwangciso ezinokujika ekubeni zingene inkqubo esebenzayo.
Indalo Yemibutho Yorhwebo
Umbindi wayo, inkqubo yokurhweba yimeko apho ukufikelela injongo enye enqwenelekayo kunciphisa amandla okufikelela kwenye. Oku akusisilele ukuceba; luphawu lwesakhiwo sehlabathi elinemiqathango elinganiselweyo, amaxabiso angqubanayo, kunye nolwazi olungafezekiyo. Ukuqonda eli linyathelo lokuqala lokufumana ulawulo olusengqiqweni nolunokumelana nolwaphul ’ unyawo.
Ubuninzi Besithuthi Njengonobangela
Umqhubi ocacileyo wezorhwebo kukuswela. Uhlaziyo loqingqo-mali lulinganiselwe, ixesha lilinganiselwe, kwaye umgama wolwamkelo lwabantu mfutshane. Imali echithwayo kuhola wendlela entsha ayinakuchithwa kwisibhedlele esitsha. Iiyure ezinikelwe ekuchotshelweni kwemithetho engolungiso lwezonyango azinakunikezelwa ngaxeshanye kwinkqubo yokufuduka. Kwanaxa kungekho ndlala ikhoyo, ukuthengiswa kwemali kuvela ngenxa yokuba iinjongo zenkqubo zisoloko zichaphazelelana. Umzekelo, ukwandisa impumelelo yezoqoqosho (umz., ukusetyenziswa kwederegilegi) kusenokufumaneka ngendleko ye-equity (umz., abasebenzi).
Iminqweno Ephambili Nemilinganiselo Engqubanayo
Iitranoff asiyonkqubo yobugcisa nje kuphela; zizinto zezobugcisa ezinzulu kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Amaqela ahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu abambelele kumaxabiso naza kuqala. Inkqubo ekholisa abaphambukeli abaxhalabele uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle ingabadimaza abasebenzi abakhetha ukuhlawula iirhafu eziphantsi. Isigqibo somhlaba esinento eyanelisa abaphuhlisi abanomsindo. Inkcazo ezisebenzayo zifuna ukuba ezi mbono zingqubanayo zivunywe kwaye zilinganiswe, zingatyeshelwe. Njengoko [[FLT: 0]] i-egnowlease kwi Brokings Instition[, ezona migaqo eqinileyo ithetha ukuba abaphuhlisi abaqhubi bangaba ngxelo ngokucacileyo ngezoshishino baququze.
Ingeniso zexesha elifutshane vs. Ugcino lwexesha elide
Mhlawumbi eyona nto iyingozi ekuthengiseni ulawulo luphakathi kweengenelo ezikhawulezileyo zezobupolitika kunye nempilo yebutho labantu. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo asoloko ejamelana noxinzelelo olunzima lokuzisa iziphumo ezikhawulezayo(-"irhafu esikwe ngokukhawuleza"ekunyulweni, isongezo sokuchitha inkqubo ethandwayo. Kodwa izigqibo ezinjalo zingacinywa phantsi kozinzo lwexesha elide okanye ukuqina kwesiseko semekobume. Inkqubo yemozulu ngumzekelo wencwadi wencwadi: iindleko ezifutshane zezoqoqosho zokuncitshiswa kwekharbon ekharbon zikhawulezileyo kwaye ziyabonakala, ngoxa iindleko zengozi zokungathathi zikude kwaye zikhuthule. Ulawulo oluphumelelayo lufuna ukuba nenkalipho ukuze ube neziphumo ezinzima zexesha elide, kwanaxa imivuzo yezo yezopoliti yezopoliti.
Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: iQumrhu loMgaqo-nkqubo alikho ngxaki ekunokupheliswa; zezona zinto zingundoqo kumhlaba wokwenza izigqibo. Injongo asikokuziphepha, kodwa kukuzilawula ngokucace gca.
Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokulalanisa
Ukuba ukurhweba kuyingxaki, ulalanisa sisixhobo esingundoqo sokucombulula. Ukuyekelela kulawulo yinkqubo apho amaqela anezilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo okanye amaxabiso afikelela kuyo isivumelwano sokuba, nangona mhlawumbi kungalingeneli naliphi na iqela elinye, kwamkeleke kubo bonke kwaye kuvelisa iziphumo ezingcono zonke kunempikiswano eqhubekayo okanye isenzo esingesosahlukileyo. Ukuyekelela akuyonkcitho yemigaqo; kukuvuma okucwangcisiweyo okufuna inkqubela-phambili.
Ukuyekelela Kwakha Intsebenziswano Nokuthembana
Xa abaxhasi bebona ukuba inkxalabo yabo ithathwa nzulu, basengozini kakhulu yokubandakanyeka ngokwakhayo. Ukuyekelela kuguqula ulwalamano olumandundu lube lumanyano. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kwakha ukuthembana okunxulumeneyo kwentlalo-ntle zokwenza ulalanisa lula nangokukhawuleza. Ukuthemba kusisithako seegiyeri zikarhulumente, ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano lwenkcaso kunye nolwezinziso. Njengoko [[FLT: 0] iCarnegie Endowment for International Peace [ iphawule, ulawulo-lwendalo olulula ukulalanisa lubonakala lunelo lunemigangatho ephezulu yolwaneliseko nozinzo.
Ukuyekelela Unyuso Lomgaqo-siseko
Yinkqubo ephuma kulalanisa lokwenene ethwala ngokomthetho ongaphezulu kunowomcimbi obekwe ngabaninzi. Kwanabo bangavumelaniyo namalungiselelo athile basenokuvumelana ngakumbi ukuba bavakalelwa ukuba inkqubo yayilungile kwaye amazwi abo avakala. Oku kufanelekile kwimigaqo efuna intsebenziswano yokuzithandela esasazekileyo `imiyalelo yokusebenzisana ngokuzithandela, ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu, imimiselo yemekobume. Inkqubo ebonwa njengesixhobo sokudlala amandla angaqhelekanga ikhuthaza ukuchasana, ukumangalelana, ukungevani; inkqubo ebonwa njengentengiso yorhwebo olulungileyo ifuna ukuthengwa.
Ukuyekelela kukhuthaza ukuma kuhle nokuzivumelanisa
Ubuchule obulungiselelwe ngokulungelelanisa bubonakala bulungelelanisa kwaye buzinzile. Zingalungi ukuba zibuye zitshintshe ngokunjalo notshintsho lolawulo lweqela kuba sele zimele umhlaba ophakathi. Ngaphezu koko, ulwalamano olwakhelwe ngexesha lokulalanisa ludala imijelo yengxoxo eqhubekayo, ivumela imigaqo ukuba ilungiswe njengoko ulwazi olutsha luvela okanye iimeko zitshintsha. Oku kuqhekeka kuluncedo olukhulu kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawuleza.
Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yee-transport zemithetho-siseko
Imigaqo engenakuchukumiseka ifumaneka kwiimeko ezifihlakeleyo. Ukuhlolisisa indlela iiprojekthi eziye zadlala ngayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kutyhila indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto.
Ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo
Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwemekobume kunye nomsebenzi woshishino luyinte ecacileyo. Imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha ukhupho, imithetho yolondolozo lwehlabathi, kunye nolawulo longcoliso lwendawo lunganyusa iindleko zamashishini, lungacotha ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho. Noko ke, zinika iinzuzo zoluntu zempilo, zigcine ubuncwane bendalo, kwaye zinokuvuselela ubugcisa obucocekileyo. U.S. uhlalutyo lwemeko-bume be-mouse Act [ lufumanise ukuba iingenelo lwezoqoqosho lokuncitshiswa kwemingcipheko kunye nokuhla kwemitshato yezibhedleleko. Urhwebo lwaluyimali eninzi kakhulu. kodwa umnathathi olungileyo.
Ukufumaneka kwempilo .Ixabiso logcino-lwazi
Ukunyusa inkxalabo yezonyango .Enokuba ingeyoinshorensi karhulumente, inkxaso-mali, okanye umqeshi uyalela ngezantsi ngokungenakuphepheka ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango ngexesha elifutshane. I-ntevox iphakathi kwemithetho eyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokufumana inkxaso-mali yezonyango kunye nenkcazo yemali ekhoyo karhulumente kunye nokungahlawuli irhafu. Amazwe aphumeze inkcitho ebanzi, njenge-United Kingdom ne-Canada, aye ayenza ngokwamkela imithwalo yerhafu ephezulu yerhafu yaye amaxesha amaninzi alinda ixesha elide ukuze afumane iinkqubo zonyulo. Ucelomngeni lwayo nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yezonyango kukufumana ingongoma yentengo yentengiso ehambelana nexabiso nempahla yoluntu.
ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yezemfundo
Ukuveliswa kwemfundo kawonke-wonke .----oktobha abafundisi- ntsapho abaqeshiweyo, iinkqubo zokuqesha zabantwana, eziye zahlawulwa ngokweerhafu. Ukurhweba kuphakathi kwemfundo yomgangatho ophezulu, okunceda ibutho labantu ngokusebenza ngobuchule obuninzi nokuncitshiswa kokungalingani, kunye nokungathandwa kwerhafu yezopolitiko ephezulu, ingakumbi kubanini-mpahla okanye abafumana imali eninzi. Amanye amagunya aye asebenzisa le ngeniso ngokuyila imali yemfundo yonikezelo okanye ngokufaka irhafuthelo kwinkqubela ekhethekileyo, inkqubela ebonakalayo. Abanye baye bakhetha ukuthotyelwa phantsi kwemfundo ephakamileyo, ingakumbi abasebenzi abafumana imali ephezulu abafumana imali ephezulu.
Ukhuseleko lukazwelonke luthintele ukukhululeka kwamakhaya
Ngenxa yokuhlasela kwabanqolobi okanye ngexesha leengxaki, oorhulumente badla ngokwandisa amandla okuhlola, ukunyanzela, okanye ulawulo oluqinileyo lwemida. Ukurhweba kuphakathi kokhuseleko olwandisiweyo nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye njengasese kunye nokuhlanganisana ngokukhululekileyo. Umsebenzi obalulekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungenelela kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni kuyalingana, kujoliswe ekujolisweni, kwaye kuxhomekeke ekulawulweni. Iintlalo-ntle zedemokhrasi kufuneka zisoloko zilulinganisele olu lungelelwano njengoko izisongelo zivela.
Izithintelo Zokulalanisa Okuphumelelayo
Phezu kwazo nje iingenelo ezicacileyo, ukulalanisa kudla ngokunzima.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nengcamango Engokweengcamango
Kulawulo-mpuku ezininzi, amaqela ezobupolitika aye aphambukela kwingqiqo egqithisileyo. Amajelo athe ayanda azenza asebenze kwizinto ezikhuthaza inkqubo ye-media yamajelo eendaba ezikhuthaza imbonakalo enye yomhlaba. Kwesi simo, ulalanisa kungafakwa njengokungcatshwa ngabaxhasi beqela okanye abavoti abaphambili. Iinkokeli ezifikelela kwiingozi zepaseji “ezingalawulekiyo” okanye ezijongene nocelomngeni olunyulu. Ukuhlangabezana noku kufuna iinguqu zeziko `ezimele iprojectmis okanye iiproject-coce-defice j / ukuvuzwa kokwakha umnqolatho kunokuconono.
Izihlomelo zeqela kunye nokucinga kweqanda
Amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko exhotyiselwa ukukhanyela uloyiso lwezomthetho lwabachasi bawo, kwanaxa kufunwa inkqubo elungileyo. Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba lingaphumelela kunyulo olulandelayo ngokupeyinta urhulumente wangoku njengongafezeki, kungathintela ukulalanisa ngenjongo. Le njongo yokucwangcisa imigaqo yokuphatha njengenkqubo yedabi kunokusebenzisana kwengxaki. Isiphumo sibangela ukuphelelwa kwentembelo kumaziko, nokungakwazi ukusingatha imibandela enzima efana notshintsho okanye ukufuduka.
Ukungathembani Nonxibelelwano Luyaphela
Ukuyekelela akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komgca osisiseko wokuthembana. Xa amaqela ekholelwa ukuba elinye icala lithetha ngokholo olungalunganga, okanye ukuba izibophelelo zawo azizukuhlonelwa, le nkqubo iyaphuka. Ukwakha kwakhona kudinga ukuphindaphindwa, ukuhambelana okuncinane kwizicwangciso eziphantsi, qha, oko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuthi “intsebenziswano ephangaleleyo.” Kukwanceda ukuba noontathi-nxaxheba abanokukwazi ukuphelisa iingxabano nokugxininisa kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Imisebenzi yokuhamba nokulalana nokwakha
Xa kuqwalaselwa imiqobo, ukufikelela ekulalaneni kufuna umgudu weqhinga. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingqinelwe zisebenza kwizicwangciso zehlabathi lokwenene.
Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo nolwakhekileyo
Yenza iifoloms apho bonke abaxhasi abafanelekileyo bangathetha inkxalabo ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo. Oku kungabandakanya ukuva okusesikweni, izijikelezi-ndlela zabucala, okanye amaqela asebenzayo. Isitshixo kukuseka incoko ukwenzela ukuba ihambe ukusuka kwindawo-eyengxaki- ejikelezayo. Iitechniques ezifana “ukufumana inyani,” apho amaqela avumelanayo kwiseti yogcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo phambi kokuphikisana ngezisombululo, zinganqanda iimpikiswano ezingundoqo ezisuka ekuthinteleni inkqubo.
Zazi Usukelo Ofana Nalo Yaye Ulubeke Kwindawo Yangaphambili
Kwanabaphikisi abakrakra badla ngokudlelana ngeenjongo ezibanzi: uqoqosho oluqinileyo, uluntu olukhuselekileyo, imekobume entle. Ngokubalaselisa ezinjongo zokwabelana, iinkokeli zingayilungisa kwakhona ingxubusho ukusuka ku- “indlela yam menu” ukuya ku-“singakufumana njani oko sikufunayo sobabini?” Oku kutshintsha kokuqhatha kunamandla. Kuguqula abachasi babe ngamalungu asebenzisanayo afuna intengiso engalunganga.
Ukuxhobisa kwiNdlela yoQoqoshelwano
Ukuthembana kwakheke ngonxulumano lobuqu. Abameli abanxulumana ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela, abazanayo iintsapho nembali, bakufumanisa kulula ukudibana. Izakhiwo zenkampani ezikhuthaza ukudibana kwekomiti edibeneyo . Zifana neesabelo zekomiti ezidibeneyo, i-bipartisan, okanye ii-kapirdans , ```ikhanucan' yenza umahluko obalulekileyo. Njengoko isithethi esidala sisithi, “Kunzima ukuqhuba umntu oye watya naye idemon.”
Sebenzisa Izixhobo Zohlalutyo Lorhwebo kunye Nokubonisa ngaphaya
Uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo lokurhweba-ntevol-off − olufana nohlalutyo lwexabiso lwemali, uhlalutyo lwesigqibo se-crine-critia, okanye imfaniso yoqingqo-mali kawonke-wonke ./ii-gnomes zingenza ukhetho lucace. Xa abenzi benkqubo noluntu benokubona ugcino-lwazi ngoko kufunyenweyo noko kulahlekileyo, incoko iba nengqiqo. Ukucaca ngaphaya korhwebo kuyanceda ekulawuleni izilangazelelo: akukho namnye ofumana yonke into ayifunayo, kodwa wonke umntu uyayiqonda isizathu.
Impembelelo Eguqulayo Yokulalanisa Okuphumelelayo
Xa ulalanisa luphumelela, iingenelo zisuka ngaphandle. Imilinganiselo ebangelwa yintsebenziswano yokwenene iyatshintsha, ikwazi ukumelana nemeko, kwaye isenokuphumelela.
Ukubonelela okuthe kratya nokuthenga
Abantu balandela imithetho abayincedayo. Xa ababambi-nxaxheba bethabatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yokulalanisa, bavelisa imvakalelo yokuba ngabaphathi ngenxa yesiphumo. Oku kuthengwa kwengqondo kuguqulela kwiqondo eliphezulu lokuthobela ngokuzithandela, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzeliswa komthetho obiza imali eninzi. Umzekelo, imigaqo yemeko-bume ephuhlisiweyo ekuxutyushweni noshishino kunye namaqela abantu idla ngokubonakalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi kunaleyo ibekwe ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuzibeka.
Ukuziqhelanisa nokuzihlaziya okukhulisiweyo
Ukuyekelela kusoloko kunyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bacinge. Xa kungekho cala linokufumana isiphumo salo esifanelekileyo, bayatyhalelwa ukuba benze izisombululo ezintsha ezingazange ziqwalaselwe zodwa. ICeac Air Act yecap- kunye ne-trade yenkqubo yemvula eneasidi yayikulalana phakathi kwabasebenzi bendalo kunye noshishino-langa ( kwaye iphela isebenza kakuhle kwaye ingabinaxabiso likhulu kunemithetho yesithethe. Isiqalo esiphuma kumda.
Ulomelezo lweziko ledemokhrasi
Ekugqibeleni, umkhwa wokulalanisa uqinisa izithethe ezisisiseko zedemokhrasi ngokwayo, incoko, ukuhlonelwa kweembono ezincinane, kunye nokuzibophelela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le migaqo iyagqunywa kwizithethe zezobupolitika, ikwenza kube nzima ngeinkokeli zexesha elizayo ukubhenela kwiindlela zolawulo-bulunga okanye amandla ka-zero-sum alawulayo. Ukuyekelela akusosixhobo sokwenza inkqubo; nguqheliso oluxhasa inkqubo ebangela ukuba imenzile.
Isiphelo
Ukurhweba ngemithetho akungophawu lokusilela; zizinto ezidityanisiweyo zolawulo. Iinkokeli ezilumkileyo azizenzi ngathi ezi zixhobo azikho, kwaye azilindeli isisombululo esigqibeleleyo esanelisa wonke umntu. Endaweni yoko, zamkela umsebenzi onzima wokulalanisa /ukunxibelelana, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokwakha ulwalamano. Ngokwenjenjalo, iinkqubo zezobugcisa ezibangela ukuba, ngoxa zingafezekanga, zilunge ngakumbi kuneendawo ezisetyenziswayo ze-gridrock, ipelinalation, okanye ukungadityaniseki. Ukuqonda kunye nokurhweba ngezixhobo kungundoqo wokukhuphisana ngolawulo-melo lwedemokhrasi. Kuye nawuphi na ummi okanye umlawuli ofuna ukuphucula impilo yabantu, oku kukuqonda akuyomfuneko.