Ukwazisa: Ihlabathi Elinesithunzi Lokurhwebelana

Kwiziko eliphezulu lamaphulo ezobupolitika, ulwazi yimali, kwaye impembelelo yibhaso elipheleleyo. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezixokayo kwisixhobo sangoku sobuchule bokuzingisa luvotho olunyanzelisayo oluziyolisa njengoluvo lukawonke wonke ngelinye ixesha lujongene nokusebenzisa uphando olusemthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo lokwenyaniso lwenjongo yokuvavanya iimvakalelo, ukunyanzelisa uphando lwenyani kusenziwa ukuba lutshintshwe, ngokusasaza ulwazi olungalunganga okanye olulahlekisayo malunga nomchasi. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinjongo zokubhengeza ezingalunganga kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, imigaqo esemthethweni, ingqibelelo yentetho yedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlola oko kunyanzela ukuba kuqhutyelwe njani, indlela abasebenzisa ngayo kwiphulo labo lokuyila, iziphumo zabo ezingalunganga, kwii-ccoffrates, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo kwimiqatha kwimithetho yabo.

Yintoni Ukruthakruthwano Lokurhwaphiliza?

Embindini wayo, uphando olunyanzelisayo lulunxibelelwano lwezobupolitika olufihlakeleyo njengohlolo. Luquka uthotho olufutshane lwemibuzo ethwele, ekhokela, okanye elahlekisa ngabom. Ngelixesha uphando loluvo olusemthethweni lufuna ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olungachananga kwizinto ezikhethwayo nabavoti kunye neembambano, lunyanzelela unyulo olunenjongo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo: ukuphembelela kwisigqibo esimiselwe kwangaphambili, ngokufuthi olungeyo kwintelekelelo okanye inkqubo.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo

  • Imibuzo edibeneyo: Imibuzo isoloko iquka amarhafu obubuxoki okanye agqithiseleyo, afana nothi “Ngaba ungakhetha okanye ungavoteli u-X obesazi ukuba batyholwe ngehambo engalunganga yemali?” (ngokufuthi ngaphandle kobungqina).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ixesha lokuthatha umpuku: uvolo lorhuqo ludla ngokuba mfutshane kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha nje omnye okanye ezimbini, ngenxa yokuba injongo ayikokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kodwa ukuhambisa umyalezo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha lokubonisa ngaphaya: Abavoteli bomthetho batyhila indlela yabo yophando kunye nenkxaso; ukutyhala ufolo lusoloko lufihla imvelaphi yabo okanye luguqule injongo yabo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Akukho qokelelo yogcino-lwazi: Iimpendulo azisoloko zibhalwa okanye zihlalutyelwe ngendlela enentsingiselo; umnxeba okanye uthungelwano lwengingqi yelayini yimveliso yokugqibela.

I- ichaza ngokucacileyo i-[FLT]Melika Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) njengendlela “engajongwanga ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kodwa ukusasaza ulwazi olubi ngomvoti." Oku kwahlula kuphando olusemthethweni lwenkcaso, olunokuthi lubuze imibuzo engalunganga kodwa lwenze ukulinganisa intsabelo kunokuba luguqule uluvo.

Imbali Nemizekelo Ephawulekayo

Uphando lophulo-goqo luye lwaba luphawu lwezobupolitika zaseMerika kangangamashumi eminyaka, nangona ukwanda kwazo kuye kwakhula ngokunyuka korhwebo lwamashishini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamatyala angephi ngamanani. Enye yeemeko ezibhaliweyo zakudala zenzeka ebudeni bemali-mali yomongameli wonyaka ka 1996, apho abaxhasi basePat Buchanan basebenzisa uphando ukunyanzela i-star Bob Dole ngezityholo zokungabi nankathalo kulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokubanzi, ukunyanzela uphando lwavela kunyaka wamawaka ka 2000 uMzantsi Carolina, apho iphulo likaGeorge W. Bush latyholwa ngokusebenzisa ii-projectal Pricions ukucebisa ukuba uJohn McCrien wazala umntwana omnyama ontsundumenela. McCain wathetha ukuba loo mgang ’ ngxolo yephulo yezampela.

Kwiphulo eliphambili lobudemokhrasi lika-2008, uHillary Clinton wamangalelwa ngokusetyenziswa kophando olunyanzelekileyo ukubuza ukholo lukaBarack Obama nobumi bakhe. Ngokufanayo, ebudeni bonyulo luka-2016, kwavela iingxelo ezininzi zokunyanzela ukujoliswe kwimiba ejoliswe kuDonald Trump noHillary Clinton, besebenzisa ii-roocalls ngokufaka iingxelo ezibuhlungu. Kwezinye iimeko, ukunyanzela uphando kunxulunyaniswa nemigudu yokuphazamisa amazwe angaphandle, njengoko kuboniwe ngeminxeba ephakanyiweyo ebhadliweyo eRashiya ebudeni bephulo lonyaka ka-2016 esasaze izikhundla zentelo ezinge ezinge zentelelo zobubuxoki ezimalunga nezo.

Kutshanje, uphando olunyanzelisayo lufudukele kwiqonga lemivo. Uphando lwe-intanethi olunemibuzo egqwethekileyo, i-web-lunia media ibuza ukuba “uvumela” abasebenzisi emva kokuba bephendule, kwanonxibelelwano lwe-webbot lungasebenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Olu tshintsho lwangoku lwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa into enzima nomgaqo.

Sebenzisa Kwimibutho Engafanelekanga

Iphulo elingalunganga liyindawo elungelelanisiweyo, ukuba impikiswano, isiqalelo sezobupolitika zonyulo. Izibhengezo zohlaselo, uphando lwezichasi, kunye neeposi ezingachananga ziqhelekile. Uhlolo lophulo lokutshitshisela luhlala kwindawo eyodwa kuba luvumela amaphulo okusasaza ulwazi olungalunganga ngaphantsi kweradar[. Ngokungafaniyo nezibhengezo zikamabonwakude, ezinokulandelelwa nokupheliselwa, zityhalela uphatho lwemiba olusebenza kwindawo yabucala yocingo okanye yekhusitho lwekhompyutha. Iphulo lisenokukhanyela ukubandakanywa, kwaye okuqulel'epmer", i-epmeral adiff'ex'ex'exmarts okanye uhlolisiso luvaliwe.

Umyalezo Ojoliswe kuwo

Amacebo adla ngokusebenzisa uphando olunyanzela ukukhuthaza uloyiko olukhoyo okanye ucalucalulo olukhoyo kumaqela aphambili amanani abantu. Umzekelo, umvoti usenokujolisa abavoti abadla ngokudla ngokuphenjelelwa ngemibuzo yophando malunga nokuma komchasi ngamalungelo emipu, esebenzisa ulwimi olulahlekisayo ukulungiselela umchasi njengenqindiso. Kumaphondo okujija, ukunyathela uphando kungasetyenziswa ukuqhubela ibhodi phakathi komntu oza kungenelwa kuwo kunye nohlanga oluthile okanye unqulo, ukuxhaphaza imibandela yokwahlukana ngenxa yenzuzo yokhetho.

Ukusebenzisana nobuchule

Uphando olucinezelayo lunqabile ukusetyenziswa xa kukhangelwa. Ludla ngokudibanisa ubuchule obungathandekiyo bokubhengeza. Umzekelo, iphulo lingaqalisa uhlaselo oluhlaselayo ngoLwesibini, lilandele ngokunyanzela ngoLwesithathu ukuqinisa umyalezo nokubonisa impembelelo yawo ngokweemvakalelo (kwanokuba ugcino-lwazi alubhalwanga). Ukudityaniswa kwezibhengezo ezihlawulwayo, iiposi ezithe ngqo, kunye nokutyhalela phambili uphando kudala uhlaselo olulayishwe lungadizanisa imekobume yolwazi yomvoti.

Elinye iqhinga eliqhelekileyo “kucinezelwa kwamandla eevolitiki” okunyanzelisa ukuvotelwa, okujolise ekutyhaleni abaxhasi abatshatelwayo. Imibuzo ingabonisa ukuba lowo ubhaptiziweyo uzakuphulukana, ukuba unyulo luxhotyiswe okanye ukuvota akuyongeneki. Injongo kukunciphisa ukubhadula phakathi kwabachasi. Oku kukhathaza kakhulu kuba kuthoba idemokhrasi inkqubo.

Indlela Izixhobo Zomculo Ezinempembelelo Ngayo Ekushukumiseni Iintsholongwane

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba uphando olunyanzelwayo lungasebenza, kufuneka sihlolisise inkqubo yengqondo edlalwayo. Abantu ababenzi besigqibo esinengqondo ngokupheleleyo; baxhomekeke kwiindlela ezimfutshane zengqondo, iimvakalelo, kunye neenkolelo ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Uphando olucinezelayo lusebenzisa ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga ngokweziganeko eziliqela ezibhalwe kakuhle:

Ukufaka Ityala Nokulungisa

Ngokubuza umbuzo olayishweyo, uphando olunyanzelekileyo “ii-parties” umphicothi oza kucinga ngeempawu ezingalunganga. Umzekelo, ukubuza oku, “Ungaxhalabisa ukuba u-X unezikhuseli zembali yokubhata?” utyala ingcamango yokungahlawuli irhafu engqondweni yomvoti, nokuba isiseko sixoki. Oku kwaziwa njengoluvolo oluthe gqolo [[FLT:]] luchaphazeleka []

Inkohliso Yenkcazelo

Abavoli basoloko bephosa imposiso ngoko bakuvotelwa ngokhupho-mali lokwenyaniso. Ngenxa yokuba luthatha uhlobo lophando, abaphendulayo basenokucinga ukuba iingxelo ezingaphakathi kwalo zichaziwe okanye zamkeleke ngokubanzi. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu xa ixhoba lingumntu ongaziwayo kakhulu; abavoti abanalwazi luninzi ngaphambi kokuba baphikisane namabali obuxoki.

Ukuzikhohlisa Ngokweemvakalelo

Uphando oluninzi lokunyanzelisa lwenzelwe ukuvuselela iimvakalelo zempendulo ``Ingozi, uloyiko, okanye ukucaphuka. Ezi mvakalelo ziphazamisana nohlalutyo olusengqiqweni kwaye zinokukhokelela kwiimbono ezingakhiyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inkcazelo engakhiyo idla ngokuba “yi-"ethe tye kunento eyakhayo; xa unxulumano olubi luyilwe, kunokuba nzima ukulwa nokuchasa kwanangenyaniso.

Ukuhambelana Kwamahlalo Neenguqu

Bambi banyanzelisa uphando besebenzisa iindlela ezifana nethi “Ngaba unokuba nokwenzeka okanye ungabi namathuba aneleyo okuxhasa i-Candidate A ukuba uyazi ukuba uninzi lwabavoti kummandla wakho alubathembi?” Oku kungqina uluntu ukuba “abantu abaninzi” bavakalelwa ngendlela ethile, umphulaphuli angavumelana nalo mgaqo uqhelekileyo.

Ukungena nzulu kwi-erroplay ebangela amaqhinga anjalo aphumelele, bona ithala lencwadi le-[FLT: 0] le-Decision Lab elinobuqhetseba.

Inkxalabo Engokomthetho Nemibandela Engokwasemthethweni

Ityala lemilinganiselo echasene nokunyanzelisa uphando linamandla. Bakhohlisa ngabom abantu abaphendulwe ngenjongo yobizo, basoloko bephazamisana nemfihlo, kwaye basasaza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo. Imibutho yovolo lwezentengiselwano, njengo-AAPOR kunye ne-World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), isoloko iwugweba lo msebenzi. ikhomba-mthetho ye-Ethics ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba “ukuvota okungameleli akusombululo olulungelayo."

Umhlaba ophezulu

Umthetho olawula uphando olunyanzelwayo uyahluka-hluka kakhulu. EUnited States, imimiselo yorhulumente ephantsi koMthetho we-Telefoni i-Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) ingasebenza ukuba ukunyanzelisa uphando kunikezelwa ngomnxeba (ukufowuna) ngaphandle kwemvume engaphambili. Noko ke, uphando oluninzi luqhutywa ngesandla, lugqitha imiqathango yeTCHOA. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho engqongqo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ifuna ukuba nayiphi na into equka uhlolo malunga nomntu ozamkela okanye umlinganiselo webhola kufuneka ityhile igama lomxhasi. Ngokufanayo, uVirginia noMinnesoneso iyakuthintela “intetho exokayo okanye elahlekisayo" kwiminxela iingxelo zomnxeba.

Ngaphandle kwale migudu, ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunqabile. Amaphulo angawukhupha lula umphetho wokuthengwa kwesithathu kubathengisi abasebenza ngaphaya kwemida karhulumente, besenza kube nzima ukutshutshiswa. Ngaphezu koko, uLawulo Lokuqala lukhusela intetho yezopolitiko, kwanaxa ilahlekisa. Nangona kunjalo, olu khuselo alunyukiswayo alunanto icacileyo.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amanye amazwe athathe ukuzimisela okunamandla. EKhanada, iEcostations Act ithintela nawuphi na umntu ekuthetheni ngobuxoki ngobuntu okanye imisebenzi yomntu oza kubhaptizwa. Kulo Bukumkani boManyano, iiPali zePhondo zePhondo, ii-Ecomments kunye neReferendendums Act zithintela iintlobo ezithile zephulo, nangona kunyanzeliswe uphando kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni oluneziphumo ezilinganiselweyo. Imithetho yonyulo i-Ostreliya ikwana amalungiselelo achasene nonxibelelwano olulahlekisayo.

Impembelelo Kwizinto Ezineegesi

Iziphumo zohlolo olunyanzelwayo azingonto nje ethethwayo. Uphando oluninzi lubhalise iziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi kwisimo sengqondo sovoti kunye nokujika. Uphando [[FLT: 0] 2017 kuElectoral Studies lufumanise ukuba ukuchanabeka ekutyhaleni i-grafik-m-mfonol imiyalezo ecuthekileyo ecuthwayo ngokuphawulekayo kuvavanyo lwamaxhoba, kwanaxa imiyalezo ilungisiwe kamva. Umonakalo wachazwa ngokukodwa phakathi kovoti esezantsi ye-cociote kunye nabo baneqela elibuthathaka.

Ucinezelo lokhuhleko

Mhlawumbi owona mphumo uchukunyiswayo wokunyanzela uvavanyo lubungozi babo bokucinezela umvoti. Ngokusasaza amarhe okokuba umvoti wokonakaliswa, akakwazi, okanye akafanelekanga, uphembelelo lungadida ukuba abaxhasi bomtshate. Abaqhubi bangagqiba kwelokuba “omabini amacala mabi” kwaye bahlale ekhaya. Kunyulo olusondeleyo, kwanokuncitshiswa kancinci kokurhoxa kungabangela iziphumo. Olunye uhlolo lunyanzelela ngokucacileyo ukucinezela intengo efuna ukucinezela inani elithile lenani elithile lemali, umzekelo, ngokucebisa abavoti abambalwa abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abanomsebenzi okanye abayingozi.

Ukugqalwa Njengomntu Othile Nobuqhetseba

Uphando olucinezelayo lukwafak' isandla ekuncipheni kokholoseko kwimibutho yezobupolitika. Xa abavoti beqonda ukuba baye basetyenziswa, ukugxeka kwabo kuyakhula. Basenokungabi namathuba okukholelwa naluphi na unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, kuquka inkcazelo eyinyaniso. Oku kungathembani kwenza kube nzima ngolawulo-melo ukusebenza, njengoko abavoti bengakwazi ukuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko.

Indlela Yokubona Nokusabela Kwizinto Ezingcolisayo

Ukuba uphando olunyanzelisayo lwenzelwe ukukhohlisa, abemi abaqhelekileyo banokuzikhusela njani? Nanga amanyathelo aluncedo:

IiFlegi eziBomvu

  • [[UMTL:0] I-engile kunye neqela elinye: Ukuba “i-imposiso” iquka kuphela umbuzo omnye okanye emibini, ingakumbi ukuba yonke ayilungile, isenokuba ngumboniso onyanzelayo.
  • Ulwimi olulayishweyo: Amagama afana no- “cordat,”“ rhabaxa,” okanye “eyingozi" kumbuzo ebonisa ukuzama ukutyhala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Akukho lwazi luphendulayo: Abavoteli bomgunyathi badla ngokubuza amanani amanani ekugqibeleni; ukucinezela uphando akufane kwenzeke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umfono ongaziwayo: Ukuba umfoti akavumi ukuchaza umbutho okanye injongo, xhoma.
  • iindlela zoxinzelelo oluphezulu: uvolo lorhuqo lungazama ukukugcina usemgceni okanye ufuna impendulo ekhawulezileyo.

Into Omele Uyenze

  • [[UMTL: 0] Musa ukuthatha inxaxheba: Akukho mbopheleleko yokuba nenxaxheba. Ngokulula uphendulwe kwaye ucele ukususwa kuluhlu lonxulumano.
  • Ingxelo yayo: Isikhalazo kwiKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loMbutho (FCC) nge-probacollall ezingafunekiyo, okanye ngekomishini yonyulo karhulumente wakho ukuba urhanela ukwaphula.
  • Icebo lobunyani: Ukuba uva into engalindelekanga ngexesha lonxulumano, yiqinisekise ngemithombo enobunyani obunesiqinisekiso phambi kokuba uyikholelwe.
  • Ezinye: Yabelana ngolwazi ngokunyanzela uphando nabahlobo kunye nentsapho, ingakumbi ngexesha lonyulo.

Impikiswano Yokubuyiselwa: Ukulungelelanisa Intetho Nobulungisa

Impikiswano enyanzelisayo yophando ikwindawo yokudibana kwenkululeko yokuthetha nonyulo olufanelekileyo. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi kwanonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko olulahlekisayo lukhuselwe phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala, kwaye umthetho owongezelelekileyo unokuba shushu. Abachasi abanyanzela uphando abathethi kodwa balufumana ngendlela yokukhohlisa efana nokuqhatha, kwaye ingozi abayenzayo ingaphezulu lee kwexabiso lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Ezinye izindululo zotshintsho ziquka ukufuna ukutyhilwa komxhasi wokwenene ekuqaleni komnxeba obuza ngomnxeba okanye umlinganiselo wokufumana ibhola, njengoko amazwe amaninzi sele egunyazisile. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kunqandwe ukusetyenziswa komnxeba ozenzekelayo kunxulumano olunjalo, okanye ukufuna ukuba unxulumano luquke inkcazelo ecacileyo yokuba uphando luyinjongo yokuyekelela. Iinkampani zobugcisa zikwanendima; amaqonga afana noFacebook kunye noTwitter angakukwalela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zabo zokunyanzela ukuntsalela, njengokuba zisithintela inkohliso yokhetho.

Ngoko, umthetho uhlala ungenaziqwenga kwaye usoloko ungenamazinyo. De imilinganiselo yesizwe ecacileyo ithathwe ngokusemthethweni (idityaniswe nokunyanzeliswa komthetho onamandla)

Isiphelo

Uphando lophulo-goqo lumela ukungqubana okumnyama kwenkcubeko yengqondo kunye nezobupolitika. Ababhenqisi, abenzi beenkqubo zoluvo; balufihla uphando kwiphulo lokuphanda. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwiindlela zephulo ezingalunganga kunciphisa ukuvota, kuhlwayelela ukugxeka, kwaye kusenokude kudandatheke. Ngoxa imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni nengokokuziphatha ikhona, ayiguquguquki kwaye ayinyanzelekanga. Abaqeqeshi, abafundisi, nabenzi benkqubo yezomthetho kufuneka bahlale bephaphile. Ngokuqonda oko kunyanzelela uphando, ukuqaphela ubuchule babo, nokukhuthaza ukhuseleko olunamandla, singanciphisa impembelelo yabo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.