Ukwazisa: Impembelelo Ekhulayo Yengqiqo Yokuqala Kumthetho Ongahlanga

Ukuqiqa koqobo kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiphambili kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika, ingakumbi kucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni oluvela kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Xa iinkundla zihlola ukuba umthetho wesixeko, umgaqo wengingqi, okanye umthetho wesizwe kunye noMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., zijonga ngokuqhubekayo kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yoxwebhu okanye injongo yabalawuli balo. Olu tshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luneziphumo ezinzulu kwimibandela esukela kwimiqathango yokuvota, nakwimpikiswano yokuthetha ngokukhululekile kwiimbambano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela eyaqala ngayo le migaqo isebenza ngayo kule meko kuyimfuneko kubaqululeki bemithetho, amagqwethawe, nabahlali-mthetho-mthetho wasekuhlaleni abaqhuba imicimbi entsokothile.

I-Squatoring asiyontsingiselo epheleleyo kodwa yentsapho ekwaziyo ukuchaza. Embilinini yayo, ikholelwa ukuba umbhalo wesiseko wezomgaqo-siseko unentsingiselo emiselweyo", intsingiselo yokuba abantu abanolwazi olufanelekileyo bebeya kuqonda ngexesha lolwakhiwo. Ngokumisa izigqibo zomthetho kwintsingiselo eqinileyo, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba inkcazo yokuqala ithintela iqhinga lokulawula kwaye igcina idemokhrasi yokuzilawula. Abachasi, nokokuba, baphikisa ukuba inokuzifihla kwimilinganiselo ephelelwe lixesha kwaye ayihoyiki amaxabiso esocineze. Noko ke, imfundiso ifumene igalelo elibalulekileyo kwi-U.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo nakwinkundla esezantsi neyomthetho yorhulumente, ngokukodwa ukususela kumalungiselelo e-Anto ye-Cheastial Scaliasa, nangakumbi, ngokutsha, iJaji Gorence, i-Baltaulk, noGenest Barney.

Eli nqaku lichaza isiseko sengqiqo yoluvo loqobo njengesetyenziswa kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni wezomthetho. Lihlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali zobuQuqu, izigqibo ezingundoqo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo eziye zaguqula kwakhona umthetho wesizwe, indima ekhulayo yobuntlalo-phambili kutoliko lwemeko-mGaqo-siseko, iziphumo eziluncedo kwimimandla ephambili yokuchaza, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ezijikeleze le ndlela yokuchaza. Ekupheleni, abafundi baza kuba noxabiso olunzulu ngendlela eyaqala ngayo ukusebenza kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye namalungelo abantu abahlala kulo.

Isiseko Sengqiqo Yamandulo

Imvelaphi Yembali Nokuguquka Kwemibhalo

UbuGawulayo bavela njengentanda-bulumko engqinelanayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ubukhulu becala njengentsabelo ngokuchasene noko abaxhasi bayo bakugqala njengokutolika kwezahlulelo. Ngexesha leNkundla yaseWarren neBurger, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha izigqibo eziphawulayo kwiindawo ezifana nedesexana, inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namalungelo okuqhomfa, ngokufuthi exhomekeke “kuMgaqo-siseko ophilayo” ovumela intsingiselo yoxwebhu ukuba iguqulelwe. Abagxeki abanjengo-Attanney Geney Edwin Meese III neJastial Justice : Umqulu uScalia wavakalisa ukuba le ndlela inika abagwebi amandla amakhulu kakhulu okubeka izilangazelelo zawo siqu. Kwintetho edumileyo yowayo ngo-1986, uMasi wabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho oqhelekileyo, kunokuba aqondwe yinjongo yenjongo yomthetho wobuGathothoba.

Lo mahluko phakathi kwenjongo yokuqala nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke unzima. Injongo yokuqala ibhekisa kwinto abayikholelwayo okanye enethemba ukuba umGaqo-siseko uza kuyifeza. Ngokwahlukileyo, intsingiselo kawonke-wonke, ngokuchaseneyo, ibuza oko umntu osengqiqweni ngelo xesha ebeyawaqonda amagama ukuba athetha. Owamva ngoku luhlobo oluxhaphakileyo lobuStatusm kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengoko kuchazwe kwiimeko ezifana Diversity of Columbia v. [2008] [2008] kunye [[FLT:] McDonaldd v. [isixelo seChigno yeChig. 20]].

Imfundiso Engaphiliyo: Kutheni Kukho Ingcamango Yokuqala Ngomthetho Wasekuhlaleni?

I-Screastism idla ngokuxoxwa ngokomongo womthetho-siseko wesizwe, kodwa ifuthe layo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni libaluleke ngokufanayo. Umzekelo, i-ogranti kunye noomasipala basebenza phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wabo. Xa umthetho wasekuhlaleni ucelw'ucelwa njengokwaphula i-U.S., inkundla esebenzisa ingqiqo yoqobo izakubuza enoba isenzo esicelwe umngeni singaphakathi kwentsingiselo yokuqala yelungiselelo elifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba isixeko simisela imfuneko yokukhupha i-intelementation kwindibano, inkundla ingahlola enoba ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni ilungelo lokuLungisa uLungisa lokuthula ulawulo ngoxolo kuyakuvumela ukuhlanganisana okunjalo. Ngokunjalo, ukuba urhulumente umisela umthetho wokuqhomfakelwa kwemithetho emva kweeveki ezilishumi elinesihlanu, inkundla yemithetho ye-Clasmaster Clausdia, eyiqonda kakuhle iNkukhundla ekukhuselwani kweNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNtolongo.[2] [2]

I-FLT syndromeism ikwanentsingiselo kwimpikiswano yorhulumente. UHlaliso lweshumi, olunganikwanga gunyazi kumazwe ase-United States okanye abantu, lusoloko luchazwa ngelensi yokuqala. Kwiimeko ezifana Shicilelaz v. United States [1997] kunye [iMiphetho] ye-Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association , iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhomekeke kuqheliselo olungokwembali kunye nokuqonda kokuqala kwegunya lorhulumente ukuba iphumeze imithetho karhulumente efuna ukuya kurhulumente. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela ngqo indlela yolawulo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokulawula ngayo yonke into ukusuka kwimibhobhobho ukuya kwimidlalo.

Izigqibo eziPhakamileyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo eziphazamisa uRhulumente noMthetho kaRhulumente

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ukusuka EHeller Ukuya Entlungwini

Umzekelo obalaseleyo wokuqiqa okuphambili kwemeko kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni ngumgca wamatyala eSibini Sommisi-mva. Igosa laseColumbia v. Helder, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba iSecond Confement ikhusela umntu ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo zobudoda, ngokusekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo. ISigqeba sika-Scilla [umthetho Scilia] uluvo lwakhe oluninzi lwahlola imithombo embalini ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa komphambili ukugqiba ukuba ilungelo aligqibekanga kodwa landisa ukuphatha izixhobo kusetyenziso olufanayo. [Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, [Donald2]. [FFLD] isixeko seChicagov [FLT] [FLT] [3] kwimeko yasekunene kunye noomatisingingqisho-we-Genethi ye-Geneardetic, i-Esclet projectivesstings, i-Exleexpressirder

Ku iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], iNkundla yandisa ngendlela ephawulekayo isakhiwo soqobo. Yathi umthetho waseNew York ofuna ukuba izicelo zephepha-mvume elifihliweyo lokufaka imvume yokubonisa “isizathu esifanelekileyo” soMgqibo wesibini. Inkundla yaluchaza uvavanyo olutsha: xa umbhalo wesiBili-Mguqulo ugqumathelisa ukuziphatha komntu, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho uhambisana nesithethe sembali somthetho wokulawula ukudubula. Oku“ ukuphumelela nokuvavanywa kwesithethe” kuye kwanyanzela imeko yelizwe ukuba likhuphe uvavanyo lwembali xa kukhuselwa imithetho yemipu. [FLT] [FFF] [FFFF], inkundla yemikhosi yelizwe elisongelweyo, i-New Thirdsburg, i-ells wind yemignethi yemithetho yemithetho yelizwe ehambayoburhulumente ehambayo, i-ethe ukurhola i-ondo-mthetho, i-ethe ukurhola

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Intetho, Indibano Nonqulo

Ukuqiqa koqobo kukwachaphazela iimpikiswano zoMphetho wokuqala ezichaphazela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. E-VT-v. i-Gilbert[FLT:] (2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha ikhowudi yemiqondiso yedolophu eyayibeka imiqathango eyahlukileyo esekelwe kwimiqondiso equlunqwayo. Uluvo lukaClarence Thomas lwaxhomekeke ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kweSinyusi soMgunyaziso seFiletho-Clausce, igxininisa ukuba imithetho equlukileyo isekelwe kwi-scioconstitual. Esi sigqibo siye saba nesiphumo esithe ngqo kwimiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango yasekuhlaleni kunye nemithetho ngaphaya kwelizwe, sinyanze umatshini ukuba uphendumise ikhowudi okanye ulwanolwazi lwawokuquluvo lwawo.

Kwindawo yenkululeko yonqulo, ubuGawulayo abunakusetyenziswa kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ithe gqi iSixeko soMthetho we-Ofisi ye- kuMdathi weBoerne v. Flores (1997), apho yayikholelwa ukuba i-Religious Freedom Resotion Active Act (RFRA) ayisetyenziswayo kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuba iBhunga loMbutho wakhona ngenxa yokuba iCandelo lalo lwenziwa lingaphaya kwamandla alo eGqikelezweni phantsi koMphetho we-145. Uluvo lweNkuhlelwa yiNkuhlela yeNkundla, ithathwa yi-Jace Anthony Kennedy, ithelela intsingiselo yokuqala yemithetho yomthetho kunye nolawulo lwamashishini eqhutywa yi-Free Execces. I-Frective trans. Isikolo sokusebenza kwezentelelo sonqulo sigunyaziso se-Es Free.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo kunye nolawulo

UbuGawula-manani buye balandelana ngokukhethekileyo kumatyala okuvota. kuSelby County v. Hoder (2013), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha inkqubo yokuqulunqwa kweSivumelwano samalungelo abantu sonyaka ka-1965, eyafuna amazwe athile kunye nemimandla enembali ekwahlulelwa kuyo ukuze kufumane ukumiselwa kwangaphambili kwemithetho yokuvota. IJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts wasebenzisa uluvo lwayo lobuGawulayo kwi 1450 ne15th Demendments, igqiba kwelokuba imigaqo yomthetho esekelwe kulwazi oludala nakuchasene nemigaqo elinganayo yolawulo. Isigqibo sawodwa sakhulula ngokunempumelelo amaphondo ngaphandle kokwenza imiqatha yemiqathango yokuvota, ukukhokelela kwimiqathango yokurhoxa-okisa, ukurhoxa i-okisa, ukurhola kwemithetho e-okisa i-okisi, ukuquququququza kwale kwimithetho eelwa kwe-utho, ukusetyenziswa koluvo olutsha, ukusetyenziswa koluvo

Brnovich v. IKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic (2021], iNkundla yaxhasa imiqathango yokuvota eArizona nxamnye nocelomngeni phantsi kweCandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo. Uluvo lukaSamuel Alito lwaxhomekeka kakhulu kuqheliselo lwembali kunye nokuqondwa kwasekuqaleni koMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu wokugqiba ukugqiba oko kungumthetho wokuvota. Isigqibo siye sakhuthaza amazwe ukunyanzela imithetho engqongqo yokuvota, kuquka imiqathango yembutho yebhola kunye nokungangeni kwe-precccti.

Umanyano: Imida Yamandla Esizwe

Ukuqiqa koqobo kuye kwanentsingiselo ekuchazeni imida phakathi kwesizwe negunya lorhulumente. Ukushicilela umva we-United States (1997), iNkundla yawabetha amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyafuna urhulumente kunye nabaphathi-mthetho basekuhlaleni ukuqhuba isiseko esingasemva. Uluvo luka-Scialia luphendule iingxelo zembali ukubonisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akazange akwazi ukuwisela umthetho amagosa karhulumente ukuba alawule iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka kamva, kwiNkundla yezomthetho ekwaphula umthetho. IBhotwe yezomthetho i-Atlantic. IBhunga loMerginethi yezomthetho wangaphambili. "INkuphethombo Yomthetho owenziwayo" i-Genelcenti ye-Generstrudentiant" i-Genelcel.[Flight Resoluevent , "irverGenerst syst" i-motional Adverst

Ezi zigqibo zineziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Ngoku urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banendlela eninzi yokubhalisa ngokusemthethweni ukubheja kwemidlalo, ukuseka iinkqubo zokulawula umya, kunye nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwesizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa urhulumente wesizwe ezama ukunyanzela iimeko kwimali karhulumente, uthe waphikisa ngokunempumelelo ````imeko ezinjalo zaphula imigaqo yomthetho yolawulo, njengaku National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

Unqulo lwangaphambili Kwinkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Iinkundla Zelizwe Njengemibutho YobuNtu

Ngoxa ingqalelo eninzi ijoliswe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., iinkundla zeli lizwe ziya zamkela ingqiqo yemvelaphi yangaphambili xa zitolika umgaqo-siseko wazo. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi worhulumente unemimiselo enxulumene nomGaqo-siseko wase-U. kodwa enolwimi olwahlukileyo olunokuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inokhuseleko olubanzi lwelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye ukulwa nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni. Iinkundla zelizwe ezisebenzisa imigaqo yomthetho yoqobo zijonga kwintsingiselo yembali yamaxwebhu okusekwa korhulumente, anokuthi abangele ukuba ahlulele okanye amiselwe amalungelo omntu ngaphandle komthetho.

EFlorida, inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe iye yasebenzisa ingqiqo yokuqala kumatyala abandakanya igalelo lobumfiliba lomGaqo-siseko waseFlorida. Ilizwe [1988], inkundla yathi ilungiselelo lequmrhu lomgaqo-siseko likhusela abantu ekuqaleni kwityala labo elingaqinisekiyo. Ngokukhawuleza, iNkundla yeTexas yeCalgas yenze imigaqo yoqobo yokuchaza ilungelo leTexas Constitution lokuphatha izixhobo, igqibe kwelokuba ikhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuphatha izibhamu kuwonke--wonke. [4] Isigqibo esiphezulu setyala esingumthetho ephantsi koburhulumente. [FLT] BBRG][FF] [FLT] ngokunjalo, isetyenziswa yiNkuqikelelo oluPhakamileyo kwiNkundla [Fog.G.[5] [4])) u-Rog.

Umanyano Olutsha Lwezahlulelo - mthetho NobuGqirha

“ Inkundla entsha yezeeJaji,” eyafumana inkqubela-phambili kwiminyaka yee-1970, yakhuthaza iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zixhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wazo ukunikela amalungelo angaphaya kwalawo aqinisekisiweyo nguMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. imo yoqobo ifaka umaleko owongezelelekileyo wohlalutyo. Xa inkundla yesizwe igqiba enoba ingawuchaza umgaqo-siseko wayo ngokuzimeleyo urhulumente, kufuneka iqwalasele intsingiselo yokuqala yoxwebhu lokusekwa kukarhulumente. Umzekelo, iNkundlalelo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yeKhawunifa yaseCalifornia ukuphendla [FLT]. Abantu bafaka ingxulumanisa ingxubusho ye- 18 ye-ograpintelline[ [ig]] [18] ikholelwa ukuba umgaqo-mthetho wezomthetho wesizwe ufune imvume yokukhangela inqwelo-mafutha, nangona umthetho wesizwe uvumela ukuphendla ityala.

Iziphumo Ezisebenzisekayo Kwizinto Eziqhelekileyo Zasekuhlaleni

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Xa umthetho kamasipala ucelw'elwa phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, isiphumo singaxhomekeka kwindlela inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe eliyichaza ngayo intsingiselo yokuqala. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhase umthetho wezemali yasekuhlaleni kwi-] IsiCizen. FORC, amazwe amaninzi athathe imida yawo kwimida exhomekeke kwinkcitho ezimeleyo. Ngomzekelo, iMontana, ityala elikhulu lenkundla yamazwe ekuqaleni ixhasa inkqutho yemali ezimeleyo, exhomekeke kwintsingiselo yokuqala yoMgaqo-siseko weMontalthian, eyayine sithethe esinamandla esichasene nezonganyani. Noko ke, iNkunganye yeNkundla yeNkundla yezo ye-US.

Isiphumo Esisebenzayo Kucelomngeni Lwasemthethweni: Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Ukulawula imipu emva kokuhlaselwa

Isiqu selizwe lenqanawa yelizwe le-FLT iBruen yilebhu yokuqiqa kwasekuqaleni. Izixeko kunye nezibalo ezamisela imiqathango engqongqo yolawulo lwemipu ngezantsi kwe-"njengesiXeko saseNew York, iSan Francisco, iLos Angeles, neChicago ngoku zijongene noluvavanyo oluninzi lwembali. Umzekelo, inkundla yesithili yephondo eCalifornia yawugawula umlomo umlomo welizwe kurhwebo lwemipu yemipu yabantu abadala abangaphantsi kwama-21, 2 ngoku ithetha ngookruen yovavanyo lwembali. Enye inkundla yalawula ukuba ukuvalwa kwemipu yelizwe laseNew York kwindawo “exesha elifana neSquareareat ne-paki yayingenayo imorekho. Ngoku ilungele ukufaneleka kwemithetho yayo embalini embalini ephambili, ingumzekelo esetyenziswa rhoqo kwimbali, kunye nemiqatha yemithetho esetyenziswa yingxelo yezo esetyenziswa yiMerika.

Umthetho Olandela Izibini Zokuqhomfa

Isigqibo [isigqibo esiphendulweyo], esathi sabhukuqa singumthetho wobunzululwazi. [Wade ne [[FLT]] i-'Casey's Parents v., yayingumntu obalulekileyo olawulayo olawula ukuqhomfa. Umthetho wobulungisa Alito' othe wathi ukholelwa ukuba ilungelo lokuqhomfa alisekelwenga kwimbali nesithethe, njengoko kuyimfuneko ukukhusela iNdlelana phantsi kweMxokelelwano ka- Claus. Isigqibo sigunyazisa ingulo yemeko yasekuqaleni, sikhusela ngoko kulawulo lwemeko lwasekuhlaleni. Ingxelo ephezulu yendlela esekelwe kumgaqo obhaliweyo ngomlomo osisiseko, iqinisekisa ukuvanyanze imposiso, i-Rekhodioktogra i-modustion.

Imali Yephulo Nengqibelelo Yonyulo

Ukuqiqa kokuqala kubangela ucelomngeni kwimithetho yezemali yasekuhlaleni. ICizens United, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa ukwenziwa kolwazi lwangaphambili ukugqiba ukuba inkcitho yenkampani ikhuselekile phantsi kweSindululo Sokuqala. Esi sigqibo siye sasetyenziswa ukubetha urhulumente kunye nemithetho yendawo elinganisela imali esetyenziswayo, enjenge-Montanat's Moractic Proctics Acts. Ngoku, isigqibo seNkuko yeNkundla i-omfa ekhoyo . Thompson v. Heb[FLT[FLD:22] [202])] saphinda isiqinisekiso sokuba intelelo engenayo ingabina intsingiselo esezantsi yembali. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ngoku zicaphula iintsingiselo zokuqala xa kuvavanywa kunye nemiqathango yomnikelo, i-ondleko yomnikelo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Imithetho yokhetho iye yacelw'ucelw'ukusebenzisa iimpikiswano zoqobo. Rucho v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo[[FTLT:1] (2029), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi inyani inyanise ukuba isalatha-mbombo asingomthetho ongowoqobo phantsi kwe-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, inxenye ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweEccostames Claus [FLT:] kwanika igunya elibanzi phezu kokuvuleka. Le sigqibo savumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba ziqhubeke ziva oko kuthethwa phantsi kwemithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni kulawulo olubalulekileyo lwasekuqaleni kumazwe afana nePennsylvania, umNtla Caroline, kunye no-O. [FLT.2] Hper v [FLT] [2012], iNkuMkhosi omkhulu weNkundla yeNkundla yamanzi i-Cromanomeanternalveralvey iqhubekekayo ephethe zomthetho, eguquluenziweyobubububu

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo nokusetyenziswa kwelizwe

Oorhulumente bendawo basoloko bejongene nocelomngeni kwimigaqo yemekobume esekelwe ekuthatheni u-I5 Remendment, efakwe ngokuchasene noorhulumente phantsi koMphetho-mvandezelo weshumi elinesine. Ukuqiqa koqobo kuye kwaphembelela indlela yeNkundla enjenge Cedar Point Liforery v. Hassid[ [201], apho iNkundla yathi ikholelwa ukuba umthetho weCalifornia unika abaququzeleli bokungenisa ulawulo kwipropati yepropati ekhoyo. Ngokunjalo iNkuhlela iNkuhlela uRoberts ijonge intsingiselo yokuqala ye-“ ukuhlasela komzimba, nokuba yexeshana, kufuneka imbuyiselo. Ukuba i-Rodromes transfs transftive, iyaqhubeka nemigaqo yemithetho yelizwe yasekuhlaleni, ngaphandle kokuba isebenzisa imigaqo yemithetho yemithetho yelizwe yasekuhlaleni, i-okhefu, i-og. Ngokunjalo, iNkuhlola iNkuvoluvo-Fog.[2

Ukugxekwa Nezityholo

Enye indlela yomGaqo-siseko ophilayo

Abagxeki bobuGaqo-siseko baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu oluphilayo olumele luzivumelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. IJaji uWilliam Brennan edumileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-ismission “iyi-frequences ethobeke.” Baphikisa ngelithi abasebenzi befreyim basebenzisa ngabom ulwimi olubanzi "ngokuya phambili" kwaye“banokusikhusela” kwaye“ba nenjongo yokuba izizukulwana ezizayo zinike okuqulethwe yimeko. Kumomo wezwe norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, oku kuthetha ukuba isixeko kufuneka sicombulule iingxaki zale njengamanani amanani, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, okanye utshintsho lwezempilo lukawonke wonke lungasetyenziswa ngokungqongqo ekunamatheleni kwiintsingiselo ezilishumi elinesibhozo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa ukuqiqaqalo lokuqala kwi-demidayo kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima nokuba ngabasunguli besakhiwo okanye ukuqokelela i-data elungele ukusetyenziswa kwendlela, ukusetyenziswa koovimba abagwetyiselwayo abagwetyisi.

Ukuqonda Intsingiselo Yokuqala

Ugxeko lwesibini kukuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo idla ngokusetyenziswa. Ababhali-mbali bayaphikisana ngoko kwakukholelwa ngokwenene, kwaye ingxelo yembali ayiphelelanga. UJaji Elena Kagan, umzekelo, uye waphawula ukuba imvelaphi yantlandlolo inokuba neziphumo ezithe zahlala zilula okanye zikhululekile, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngabaphi abagwebi bembali abakhetha ukugxininisa intsingiselo yabo. [[FLT: 0] Bruen [imbali], uninzi nochachasi oluthiswe lungabubungqina obuninzi bembali ukuxhasa iimbono zabo kwisithethe somda wemipu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwembali kuvumela abagwebi ukuba bafikelele kwiziphumo zabo ezikhethekileyo ngoxa besithiyamkela intsingiselo yantlalo- , ngenxa yemeko-more, oku kuya kwenza ukungaqinisekiselwa kwembali.

Inkcitho yemibutho yendalo

Abaqwalaseli abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ubuQala busisixhobo sokufumana iziphumo eziqhelekileyo. Isigqibo se-Dobs esithi siphendu Roe, kwaye [[FLT]] Bruen [[5] isigqibo, esibethelele imimiselo yemipu yale mihla, sicatshulwa njengemizekelo yendalo evelisa iziphumo zerekhotrikithi. Noko ke, uqobo lungavelisa iziphumo ezivulekayo. [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT] [5] [iiv] v [FLT] [irm] [iiiiiiiiimpepho], [20], i-Gorlkism isetyenziswa njengemizekelo yokuqala ye-6] yetyala lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wobuhlanga (indeli, ifuna ukugwebo lwetyala lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kodwa ifuna ukugweba i

Ikamva Lokuqiqa Kwamandulo Kwilizwe Nakurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Utyekelo KwieNkundla Ezisezantsi Zomanyano

Kuninzi oluthe tye kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuqiqa kokuqala kuyafuneka ngakumbi kwiinkundla ezisezantsi xa zigqiba imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko echaphazela urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. “ukuvavanya kunye nesithethe” kusuka ku Bruen[FLT] kunye novavanyo olusuka kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo" [ olusuka kwi-Dobs [[[FLT:]]] [iiiiiiiiimfuno] ezifuna ukuba abagwebi babandakanye nemithombo engokwembali. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwintshayelelo engokwembali evela kubabhali-mbali nakuonjingalwazi-mthetho, kwaye kufuna amagqwethawe-mthetho akwizigqwene eenga eentloko eencwadini yophando. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zakhala ngobunzima bokuhlola iinkulungwane zembali, kwaye iNkuphawula ubunzima obukhoyo kwiimeko zembali, mhlawumbi iimeko ezicacileyo zenkculo.

Ukuqala Kwaseburhulumenteni Nesigxina SeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Iinkundla zelizwe zikwangqubana nobuGaqo-siseko benkcazo, kodwa zisebenza kwimigaqo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Xa inkundla yephondo ichaza umgaqo-siseko wayo ngokuphangaleleyo kunomthetho wesizwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinakusihlola eso sigqibo ngaphandle kokuba ichasene nelungelo lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba la majelo anokuba yindawo yokufundela ukutolika imvelaphi yoqobo, izama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zembali. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseOhio isebenzise indlela eyomeleleyo yokusebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ekuyeni ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomgaqo-siseko, ngoxa iNkuNkundla yezibheno yeZibheno ithe ukuchasa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi nkqubo zinokuyila iquluvo lomgaqo-mthetho wokuqala karhulumente ophembele okanye ukuqhuba inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente.

Indima Yempikiswano Kawonke - wonke Neyoochwepheshe

UbuGawulayo buhlala bungumxholo ophikiswa ngokushushu kwi-academia esemthethweni kunye nobomi bukawonke-wonke. Abaphengululi abaphambili abanjengoRandy Barnett, uWilliam Baude, kunye noSteven Calabresi bakhusela ubukho bendalo njengendlela esemthethweni yokuchaza umgaqo-siseko, ngelixa abagxeki abanjengo-Erwin Chemerinsky noJamal Greene bephikisana ngeendlela ezigqwethekileyo. Ingxoxo ayiyo nje imfundo nje ephambili: iyayilo intsingiselo yendlela urhulumente noorhulumente bengingqini benkqubo yokwenziwa kwemiqathango, indlela abafaki-mali abalawula ngayo imiqathango, nendlela abachaza ngayo abalawuli abaqalayo kwimimiselo yabo, indawo yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni iya kuqhubeka i-enza i-enzalise. Ii-mthetho-gcordists kunye namagqwetha abaqonda imithetho-mthetho yezomforts baya kuhlala kuyo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo yomthetho yomthetho ekujongeni norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuye kwaba luphawu oluchazayo lomthetho waseMelika wexeshana. Ukulawula nokuqhomfa nokukhetha amalungelo ompu nokuphuma korhulumente, iinkundla zikhangela ngokukhula kwintsingiselo yembali yemiGaqo-siseko kunye neenguqu zayo ukugqiba ukuba imigaqo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemithetho karhulumente isemthethweni. Ngoxa iBhosasterism inikela idinga lokuzinzisa nokuthembeka kuxwebhu olusunguliweyo, ikwaphakamisa imibuzo enzima malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa iingcamango zodidi lweshumi elinesibhozo nenkulungwane, ukuyiqonda nokungaqonda okuphambili kwemeko ezikhoyo. Impikiswano engokwakuqala yemithetho kunye nemithetho yomthetho isenokungathathi shwanga, kodwa impembelelo yayo ithetha ukuba nabani na obandakanye kwilizwe okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ummeli, okanye ummibutho, okanye umbutho woluntu, kunye nemigaqo yayo yokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, iintele, iinteleks, iinqobo, iinqobo zayo ezilawula ezibugqwebo ezilungelelanisa iinkundla ezifanelekileyo ezingo zoluntu ezingo zoluntu ezingo zo

[[UMTL] Izibonelelo zofundo oluthe lwaphela:[[UMTL]