Table of Contents

Uhambo olusuka kwingcamango elula ukuya kumthetho onyanzeliswayo luyenye yezona nkqubo zisisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Nokuba ngumthetho odluliswe yiBhunga okanye yimigaqo ekhutshwe ngabameli besizwe, ukuqonda indlela iingcebiso eziba yimithetho emanyanisayo enika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela urhulumente abubumba ngayo ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi luhlolisisa indlela entsonkothileyo apho iingcamango ziguqukela khona kwimithetho nemimiselo elawula ibutho labantu.

Ukuqonda iMizila yeNqanawa: Umthetho ophembelelayo.

Phambi kokuntywila kwiinkqubo ezithile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kukho iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo zikarhulumente ezidala imithetho ebophelelayo: ngomthetho nangomgaqo. Kumthetho wolawulo, ukulawulwa yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngabalawuli kunye namalungu azimeleyo ukwenza imimiselo, ngelixa iintsebenziswano zimisela inkqubo ebanzi kuqala ngokudlulisa imimiselo, kwangoko abameli benza imimiselo eninzi ngokuyila ulawulo. Zombini ezi ndlela zithwala amandla omthetho, kodwa zilandela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zibandakanya imibutho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente.

IBhunga lisoloko linika amaqumrhu olawulo igunya lokumisela iinkqubo zomthetho, kwaye imimiselo enikezelwayo kweli gunya ithwala amandla nesiphumo somthetho kwaye inokuba neziphumo ezithe ngqo zokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Eli qela legunya livumela iiNgqungquthela ukuba zijonge kwiinjongo zenkqubo ebanzi ngoxa abameli besingatha iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziba Ngayo Imithetho

Imvelaphi Yezimvo Zomthetho

Imithetho iqala njengeengcamango, kwaye okokuqala, ummeli uxhasa umthetho. Naliphi na ilungu leKhonkxa - mhlawumbi livela kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeeNdlu zoBameli – onomcimbi womthetho ungenza umthetho, kwaye ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eBhunga-Mbutho ngokwayo okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela olawulo-mthetho. Ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kule nkqubo kuthetha ukuba iingcebiso zemithetho zinokuvela kwimithombo emininzi, kuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zimelelwe.

Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo, kwaye ingcamango yetyala ingavela kwilungu elihleliyo leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali okanye iNdlu yabameli base-U.S., isicelo ngexesha lephulo lonyulo lombutho lombutho, okanye isicelo sabantu okanye amaqela ancomela umthetho omtsha okanye atshintshileyo kwilungu leBhunga eliwamelayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ihlala isabela kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke kwaye ibandakanya neemfuno zoburhulumente.

Ukwazisa nokudwelisa

Xa ummisi-mthetho egqiba kwelokuba aphuthume ingcamango, ityala maliye livakaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Ilungu eliphambili leKhomishini elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor," kunye namanye amalungu axhasayo eli tyala abizwa ngokuba "ngu-co-sponsors". Ukuba ummeli ngumxhasi, ityala liziswa eNdlu, kwaye ukuba iSenator ngumxhasi, ityala liveliswa kwiBhunga.

Xa kuveliswa ityala, linikwa inani: H.R. libonisa irejista yeNdlu kunye neS. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Le nkqubo yokubala inikela indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokulandelela umthetho ngalo lonke uhambo lwayo. Xa kuvezwe ityala, lingafunyanwa kwiBhunga-Mvumelwano.gov, elwenziwa yiwebhsayithi karhulumente esemthethweni evumela umthetho wesizwe, inika ukuvela nokufikelela komthetho kawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yomthetho.

ICandelo neNjongo yeKomiti

Emva kwentshayelelo, amatyala angena kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lokuxilonga ngokunzulu. Imali inikwa ikomiti yokufundisisa. Xa ithe yaziswa ityala, ibhekiswa kwikomiti, kwaye zombini iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu ineekomiti ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela eBhunga elinomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo enjengempilo okanye imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe.

Icandelo lekomiti kulapho umsebenzi omninzi wokusebenza kwemithetho usenzeka khona. Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba okudlula kwalo liphela kwiBhunga, kwaye ikomiti ingakhetha ukuba nokuchotshelwa kwetyala ukuze iqonde iziphumo zomthetho. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye abasemagunyeni noorhulumente, kunye nabachasi bomthetho omele ubhalwe.

Ikomitana engaphantsi kwekomiti ilungelelaniswe phantsi kweekomiti kwaye inezibonelelo ezingakumbi kumbandela othile, kwaye ngokufuthi, iikomiti zithumela amatyala kwikomiti encinci ukuze ifundelwe kunye nokuva kwazo. Le ndlela ibekwe phantsi iqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okucokisekileyo komthetho ontsonkothileyo. Noko ke, asiyomali yonke eseleyo ephunyelelwayo kweli qonga. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nyathelo kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelithi "fe".

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

IiBhili eziphuma ngokunempumelelo kwikomiti zijongene negumbi elipheleleyo ukuze ziqwalaselwe. Ukuba ikomiti ikhululwe, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, liphikiswe okanye lilungiswe. USomlomo weNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ugqiba ukuba ityala lifike kusini na kwaye nini na phambi kwequmrhu elipheleleyo leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu neNdlu, ngokulandelelana, ukwenzela ingxoxo nokulungisa kunye nokulungisa inxalenye yokugqibela.

Amagumbi amabini asebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa imithetho yeNdlu yeNtlanga kunye neenkqubo zivumelana nenkqubo zokucetyiswa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abaLamli ababalulekileyo abasebenzisa inkqubo yemiqathango. Ngelixesha iNdlu isebenza umthetho ngevoti enkulu, iBhunga lenza njalo ngokuqwalasela nangengxoxo ngaphambi kokuba livote.

Ngexesha lonke lenkqubo iinguqu zenziwa kwimithetho yekomiti nakumgangatho weBhunga neNdlu, kwaye ngevoti yokugqibela ityala lisenokuba lidlule kwiimpinda eziliqela zeli thuba lijongeke ngokwahlukileyo kwimali exhasweyo. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngoninzi olulula (218-365), irekhodi ishukuma ukuya kwiBhunga leBhunga.

IiKomiti zoNcedo lweBankara

Ukuba ityala lidluliswa lisebe elinye leBhunga, ngoko lidlulela kwelinye isebe leBhunga, kwaye ityala lidlulela kwakhona kwisebe lesibini leBhunga. Ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba lisiwe kuMongameli.

Xa amagumbi amabini egqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, uxolelwaniso luba yimfuneko. Ukuba lutshintsho oluncinane lwenziwa kwenye igumbi, umthetho udla ngokubuyela kwigumbi lokuvota okuququzelela, nokokuba, xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNtlanganiso yemali iqulathe umahluko omkhulu, ikomiti yengqungquthela ityunjwe ngokusemthethweni ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweinguqulelo ezimbini kwimipu enye.

Kwikomiti yenkomfa, amalungu endlu nganye ayadibana aze azame ukwenza isivumelwano, yaye ukuba ayavumelana ngoko makwenziwe, ikomiti yenkomfa iza kwenza ingxelo. iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka zivume le ngxelo. Ukuba aba banikeli-mali abakwaziyo ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, umthetho uyafa.

Isenzo soMongameli

Lakuba lala maqela omabini evumile umthetho ofanayo, uyaqhubeka noMongameli ukuze enze inyathelo lokugqibela. Emva kokuba ingxelo yenkomfa ivunyiwe yiNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala, ityala lokugqibela lithunyelwa kuMongameli, yaye ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyawutyobela ibe ngumthetho.

Noko ke, uMongameli uneenketho ezininzi xa enikwa umthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iCongress isebuthweni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuchasa umthetho, bangawurhoxisa umthetho. Ukongeza, ukuba akukho nyathelo lithatyathwe iintsuku ezilishumi kunye neCandelo sele ligqunyiwe, kukho i-"pocket"

IBhunga ligcina amandla okuphelisa umongameli. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukukhupha iveto, kwaye ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yeMacana neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu, iveto igqitywe nguMongameli, kwaye umthetho uba ngumthetho. Ngoko ke, kunqabile ukuba iBhunga libe neevoti zokuphakamisa uMongameli.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Indlela Ingxamiseko Edala Ngayo Imithetho

Ukuqonda Amagosa Alawulayo

Ngoxa umthetho udala isiseko somthetho, uzalisekiso oluninzi oluneenkcukacha luyenzeka ngokumisela imithetho. Umthetho yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ekumiseni, ekulungiseni, okanye ekulungiseni imithetho, kwaye iBhunga linika igunya lokumisela amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukumisela imimiselo yemithetho.

Aba bathunywa basebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Oku kunokuba luncedo kwiBhunga, elinoxanduva lokuseka inkqubo kwimimandla emininzi eninzi yembambano yaye alinyanzelekanga ukuba libe nobunzulu obufanayo bobuchule obunokuba nabo abameli. Ukunika igunya kumasebe kunokwenza ukuba iNkqutyana ikwazi ukuqwalasela "umfanekiso ophezulu" kunokuchitha ixesha kunye nobuncwane bayo bexubusha zonke iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezifunekayo ukuzalisekisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke entsonkothileyo.

Ukuqalisa Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ingxamiseko isenokuqalisa ukwenza imithetho ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ingqungquthela ingafuna ngokukhethekileyo umthetho okanye ukusungulwa kwenkqubo yokwenza umthetho ukuze ikhuphe ilungiselelo lomthetho. Umbutho ngokwawo ungachonga ingxaki efana nehambo yoshishino echaphazela abathengi ngendlela engalunganga. Uluntu lunelungelo lokucela umbutho ukuba ucebise, ulungise, okanye uphinde umisele umthetho, kwaye singavumelana ngemfuneko yokwenza okuthile.

Inkqubo yokwenza imimiselo yorhulumente jikelele ineenkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo: ukusungula izenzo zomthetho, ukuvelisa imithetho ecetyisiweyo, nokuphuhlisa imithetho yokugqibela. Noko ke, ukuqhelisa le nkqubo kusoloko kuntsonkothile, kufuna uhlalutyo lomthetho, uhlolo lwangaphakathi nolwesivumelwano, kunye namathuba okugqabaza koluntu.

Isaziso noMthetho wokuphendula

Imbombo yomthetho wezwe lonke yinkqubo yesaziso kunye nenkqubo yolawulo. Imimiselo emininzi yenziwe ngendlela echazwe kwi 76553 yeAPA ebhekiselwa kuyo njenge "ukwenziwa komthetho wokwenziwa komthetho osemthethweni" okanye "ukwenziwa kwemithetho yepesenti kunye nokugqabaza," kwaye jikelele, le nkqubo iquka amanyathelo asisiseko amathathu.

Izicelo kufuneka zipapashe isaziso senjongo yazo yokwenza okanye ukuphelisa umgaqo, kwaye esi saziso sipapashwa kwiFederal Register. I-Federal Register yimpapasho yemihla ngemihla yemithetho, iMimiselo emiselwe, kunye neZimemo zikaRhulumente woManyano. Imithetho emininzi yeFCCC ithathwa ngendlela eyaziwayo njenge "iphetshana negqabaza" ukwenza ulawulo, kwaye phantsi kwaloo nkqubo, i-FCCC inika ulwaziso lukawonke-wonke ukuba icinga okanye iyayilungisa imithetho ethile kumbandela othile kwaye ifuna ingcebisiso sikawonke-wonke.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokugqabaza

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokubekwa komthetho. Ngokudala inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, iNgqungquthela yaseka iqela elithile lolawulo kumasebe, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luza kuba nethuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke efunekayo nguMthetho (APA).

I-arhente zinokuqiqa enoba zifuna ukuva okanye ukwamkela ubungqina obudluliselwa ngomlomo, kwaye amagqabaza amaninzi athunyelwa kumbutho nge-www.gov. Le platfomu ye-intanethi ithe yandisa ukufumaneka kwayo kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho, ivumela abemi nemibutho ukuba babe nenxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na indawo yelizwe.

IKhomishini iqwalasela amagqabaza afunyenweyo ekumiselweni kwemithetho yokugqibela. Eli xesha lokugqabaza linika amathuba kumaqela, iingcali, kunye nabantu ngokubanzi ukunikela ugcino-lwazi, uhlalutyo, neembono abamele baziqwalasele phambi kokuba abameli bagqibe imigaqo.

Ukuvelisa Nokupapasha Imithetho Yokugqibela

Emva kokuhlola amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, amaqumrhu kufuneka aphendule kwigalelo elifunyenweyo. Emva kokuba efumene amagqabaza, eli qumrhu kufuneka lipapashe isaziso soMthetho woLokugqibela kwiFederal Register, kwaye esi saziso kufuneka siphinde sichaze izizathu zokuba umbutho udala okanye uhlengahlengisela umthetho kwaye siphendule kumagqabaza afunyenweyo ngexesha lamagqabaza kawonke-wonke.

Xa le nkqubo igqityiwe, umbutho ungapapasha umthetho wokugqibela kwiFederal Register kunye "nomthetho jikelele odityanisiweyo" womthetho "wokusetyenziswa kwamagama kunye nenjongo," kwaye umthetho awunakusebenza de kube iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokuba upapashiwe kwirejista yomanyano, kunye neentlobo ezithile. Eli xesha lokulinda livumela ixesha elichaphazelekayo ukulungiselela ukuthobelana neemfuno ezintsha.

Ulawulo lwegunya lolawulo

UMongameli udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni inkqubo yolawulo. Ngo-1 1981, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wakhupha uLungelelwano loLawulo oluPhezulu (E.O.) 12291, owamisela uhlolo olusembindini lwemithetho yemibutho emininzi nge-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo loLwazi lweNkcubeko kunye neMicimbi yoLawulo (OIRA).

Ngexesha lohlolo, i-OIRA iya kunxibelelana nokucela amagqabaza avela kwamanye amasebe angaphakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zidityaniswe namanye amasebe kwaye azifaki migaqo engangqinelaniyo, engahambelaniyo, okanye yokukhuphela. ULungiselelo oluLawulayo lukwalathisa amaqumrhu ukuba aphumeze iindleko kunye nokucaciswa okuyingenelo kwemithetho kwaye lunikezele ukuba inyathelo lowiso-mthetho liqhubeke kuphela ngesiseko sokuzimisela okuqinisiweyo ukuba iinzuzo zesenzo sombutho zithethelela iindleko.

Ulawulo lombutho noLawulo

Ukulondoloza Igunya Lomthetho

Kwanasemva kokunika abameli igunya lokulawula, iKhomishini iyaqhubeka ilawula ngendlela ephawulekayo kwinkqubo yolawulo. Kwanasemva kokunika amaqumrhu igunya lokumisela amaqumrhu igunya, iKhomishini igcina amandla ayo owiso-mthetho jikelele, nto leyo enika wona amandla okukhokela, okuguqula okanye okulawula, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo aphantsi komthetho.

IBhunga ligcina ulawulo olugqibeleleyo kwizenzo zabameli besizwe, kwaye iKhonkxa isenokumisela imimiselo eyandisa okanye egunya lesivumelwano, ukuphinda imigaqo ekhoyo, okanye ukunyanzelisa umbutho ukuba unikezele imithetho ethile. IBhunga lingasebenzisa kwakhona iCongressiganal Review Act (CRA) ukubhukuqa imithetho ngokumisela isigqibo esidibeneyo sokungakholiswa.

Izixhobo Zokulawula Nezixhobo Zomatshini

Ngapha koko, amandla eBhunga okubeka iziphakamiso, iKhomishini ingasebenzisa izixhobo zesithethe zolawulo lwequmrhu ukukhokelwa kweziqu eziphambili, kwaye izenzo ezinjalo zombutho zingaquka ukuvalwa kweekomiti okanye ukuqokelelwa kwenkcazelo ngemisebenzi yolawulo lombutho. Ezi nkqubo zolawulo ziqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala benoxanduva kubameli abanyuliweyo, kwaye, ngokongeza, kuluntu lonke.

Ukucaca kwenkqubo yolawulo kubalulekile, kwaye kunceda uluntu luyiqonde kakuhle inkqubo yokuyila nokunceda ekujongeni ubungangamsha. Oku kukhanyisa kusetyenziswa kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokunika ingxelo kunye neesiseko sogcino-lwazi esilandelela inkqubo yokubuyisela ulawulo.

Ukuqwalasela Okukhethekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukwahluka komGaqo-siseko phakathi kwamaziko

Indlu kunye neNdlu yeendima ezichaphazele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Yindlu kuphela enokusungula umthetho werhafu kunye nengeniso enxulumene nengeniso, kwaye yiNdlu yeNdlu yeNyanga kuphela enokumisela umthetho onxulumene nokutyunjwa koomongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Le miGaqo-siseko ibonisa umbono wabameli womelo olulungelelanisiweyo, neNdlu emele abantu kunye neNdlu yeQamrhu elimele amazwe ngokulinganayo.

Izinto Ezikhethekileyo Kwinkqubo Eqhelekileyo Yomthetho

Asiyomimiselo yonke elandela inkqubo esezantsi yesaziso kunye ne-commation. Umbutho awufuni ukulandela isaziso kunye neenkqubo zokugqabaza xa ukhupha imithetho ethile enjengemithetho echazayo, iingxelo jikelele zomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nemithetho echaphazela kuphela abalawuli besebe okanye abasebenzi, kwaye, ukuba "inokwenziwa, ayiyomfuneko, okanye ichasene nomdla kawonke-wonke," umbutho ungaziyeka ezi nkqubo.

Amasebe omanyano adla ngokufuneka apapashe umthetho ocetyiswayo kwiFederal Register kunye namagqabaza kawonke-wonke phambi kokuba kugqitywe imimiselo, noko ke, kukho ukungavumelani nokusetyenziswa komthetho kwiimeko ezithile, njengokufumana uxanduva olungxamisekileyo okanye ezinye "othunywa abalungileyo". Oku kungacaciwa kuvumela abameli ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ngoxa begcina ukuphendula.

Ebusuku

Into ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yolawulo kukukhula komsebenzi ekupheleni kolawulo lomongameli. Amasebe omanyano angakhupha imimiselo engakumbi kancinane phambi kokuba umongameli ashiye iofisi(i.e., "okwenza ulawulo ebusuku," kunye nokubukelelwa kweClinton, iBhwa, i-Obama, kunye nolawulo lweTrump olufunyenweyo, kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo ezili- 120 zala magosa, abameli abapapashe malunga nezihlandlo ezimalunga ne-2,5 njengemimiselo emininzi. IBhunga kunye nabantu ngabanye abangaphandle korhulumente baye bavakalisa inkxalabo yokuba le mithetho ingaphuthuthwa ngokweemfuno zomthetho wokwenza ulawulo oluqhelekileyo nolunotyando oluqhelekileyo.

Isenzo

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

Xa umthetho umisiwe okanye umthetho ugqityezelwa, umsebenzi wokuzalisekisa uqala. Iinkqubo kufuneka ziphuhlise izibonelelo, ukhokelo, kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo ukunyanzelisa iimfuno ezintsha. Oku kungabandakanya ukuqeqesha abasebenzi, ukuyila iinkqubo zokuthobelana, kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo zokufundisa izinto ezilawulwayo kunye noluntu.

Ukuphumeza kusoloko kufuna ukhokelo olongezelelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko ukucacisa indlela imithetho nemigaqo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile. Iimeko zingakhupha amaxwebhu okhokelo, imithetho etolika, kunye neengxelo zenkqubo ezinceda amaqela aqonde iimfanelo zawo ngaphandle kokuqhuba inkqubo yokuyila.

Ukujonga ukuqokelelwa nokunyanzelwa

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okusebenzayo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemigaqo iphumeza iinjongo zayo. Iinkqubo zoluvo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa, kuquka uhlolo, uphicotho-zincwadi, kunye nophando. Xa kufunyaniswe, amasebe asenokumisela izigwebo, afune iziphumo zokulungisa, okanye aphule amanyango asemthethweni ngemicimbi yolawulo okanye ngezenzo zenkundla.

Amasebe amaninzi anikela amathuba okuba abantu bathobele ulawulo lobulungisa, bancedise ngobugcisa, baze baphumelele ekuqhubeni phambili ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bokwaphula umthetho nokuzingisa.

Ukuphengululwa Kwezogwebo Nocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Indima Yeenkundla

Imithetho nemigaqo ifanele iqwalaselwe. Iinkundla zingahlola ukuba imithetho iyavisisana na nemfuno yomgaqo-siseko nokuba imigaqo iyavisisana na nemithetho egunyazisayo. Isebe lezomthetho lisebenza njengengqwalasela amandla owiso-mthetho nawolawulo oluphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihleli kwimida esemthethweni.

Kwimithetho, iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho "engacaciyo nengacaci", zihlolisisa ukuba abameli baqwalasele izinto ezinxulumene nazo, banikele iingcaciso ezaneleyo zezigqibo zabo, kwaye benza ngokwegunya labo elisemthethweni. Lo mlinganiselo wokuhlola uqinisekisa ukuba abameli babandakanyeka ekwenzeni izigqibo ezicatshuliweyo ngoxa behlonela ubuchule babo kwimicimbi yobugcisa.

Ukuma Nokufikelela kwiinkundla

Izabelo ezichaphazelekayo yimithetho okanye imimiselo zingawacel ’ umngeni enkundleni, kodwa kufuneka abonise ukuma okusemthethweni (ukunxulumaniswa okwaneleyo nokuyingozi kwisenzo esicetyiswayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zilungisa iimpikiswano ezicacileyo kunokuba zibuze imibuzo engacacanga, ngeli xesha zisanikela ukuvalwa okunentsingiselo kwemiqathango yabo bachaphazelekayo ngokwenene ngenxa yezenzo zikarhulumente.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu

Ukuqalisa Kukarhulumente Ovulekileyo

EUnited States, urhulumente woManyano uqhubela ekuthumeleni imithetho ekwi-www.refecters.gov, kwaye ngoAgasti 2007 yayikhona kuma-80% okwenziwa komthetho omtsha. Olu tshintsho lwamanani luphucule ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kwabantu kwinkqubo yolawulo, luvumela abemi ukuba bahlole imithetho ecetyiweyo, banikezele amagqabaza, kwaye balandele inkqubela yemithetho echaphazela bona.

Umthetho, I-Conrer.gov inikela ulwazi olubanzi malunga neendleko, kuquka umbhalo, isimo, inkxaso, kunye nembali yemithetho. Ezi zixhobo ze-intanethi zinikezela ngolwazi olwalukhe lwaba nzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukulufumana.

Ingxelo Yomthetho

Ukuba namasebe ajongene nenjongo, ukubekwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kwinyaniso kufuna ukuba kugcinwe ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezibakala kunye nohlalutyo olusemva komthetho, kwaye amaqumrhu kufuneka ahlanganise aze enze uluntu lonke ingxelo yokwenza imithetho equka zonke iinkcukacha ezithathwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokubekwa komthetho. Le ngxelo isebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi: inika ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, yenza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba olunentsingiselo, kwaye yenza isiseko sokuhlola kwezomthetho.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo

Ubuntsonkothile Nofikelelo

Ukunyuka kwenkqubo yokubeka imithetho ngokwayo ngumbandela wempikiswano yezobupolitika, kwaye abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba ukwenza imithetho ecacileyo nentsonkothileyo kudla ngokucutha intsingiselo yedemokhrasi karhulumente ojongwe ngokusondeleyo kwaye obekelwe ityala kubemi bakhe. Ubuchule bemimiselo emininzi nolwazi olufunekayo ukuze kungenelwe ukuthatha inxaxheba lungadala imiqobo ekuthembisenina okunentsingiselo.

Inkxalabo yokuphendula

Esinye isizathu esidla ngokucatshulwa sisokuba, ngokungafaniyo namalungu eBhunga, abasebenzi namaqumrhu abhala imimiselo abangenatyala ngqo kubanyuli. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokusemthethweni kwedemokhrasi, nangona abaxhasi bema ngelithi amaqumrhu ahlala ebuza ngetyala ngokulawulwa ngumongameli, ulawulo lwequmrhu, kunye nokuhlolisiswa kwezomthetho.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nolawulo - melo

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kufuneka ilungelelanise amaxabiso akhuphisanayo: imfuneko yobuchule kwiinkalo ezintsonkothileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo ngokuchasene nomgaqo wedemokhrasi wokunyulwa. Nangona amasebe aphetheyo edla ngokubekwa ityala lokuphumeza, angagunyazi inkqubo yokulawula, ububanzi nobunzulu bomthetho namhlanje buyenza ibe nzima, ukuba kungabi yinto engenakwenzeka, ukuba iintlawulo zichaze iinkcukacha zolawulo lwale mihla, kwaye isiphumo, ukucaciswa kwezi nkcukacha kunikwe abameli abasebenzi bolawulo.

Impembelelo yabaxhasi namaqela anomdla

Ukuqhatha Nokukhohlisa

Kuzo zonke iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunye nomthetho, abaxhasi abahlukahlukeneyo bafuna ukuphembelela iziphumo. Amaqela anomdla, amaqumrhu oshishino, imibutho yolawulo, kunye nabemi ngabanye bonke banenxaxheba kwimithetho ebumba imithetho nemimiselo. Oku kuthabatha iindidi ezininzi, ukusuka kumangqina asemthethweni ekuthethweni ukuya kumagqabaza abhaliweyo angemithetho enconywayo ukukhuthaza abamisi-mthetho namagosa amaqumrhu.

Ngelixesha abangenisi benxaxheba benyusa inkqubo ngokunika iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye nolwazi lobugcisa, ikwanyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo engalinganiyo. Imibutho efunyenwe kakuhle inokuba nobuchule obukhulu bokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunabemi ngabanye okanye amaqela amancinane, iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokutsala.

Unxibelelwano Olupheleleyo

Uninzi lwemithetho yi "permit- kodwa-divse" ingcebiso, ezithetha ukuba i-FCC ivumela iintetho ezidluliselwa ngomlomo nezibhaliweyo kubenzi besigqibo sombutho ukongeza kumagqabaza okuqala nawakuphendula. Iikopi zazo naziphina iintetho ezibhaliweyo kufuneka zigcinwe kwizibuko lenkqubela kwakunye naziphina iintetho zomlomo kufuneka ziboniswe kwisishwankathelo esibhaliweyo esibekwe edokisini. Ezi zimfuneko zokubonisa ngaphaya zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela anonikezelo kulwazi olunye kwaye anokuphendula kwimpikiswano eyenziwa ngabanye.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwalo Lonke Urhulumente

Ukulungelelana

Ulawulo lwale mihla ludla ngokufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwamaziko amaninzi asebenzisanayo okanye asebenzisana. Uhlolo lomgaqo-nkqubo luquka iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli balungelelanisa izenzo zabo kwaye baphephe iimfuno ezingqubanayo. Olu manyano lubaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokukhuselwa kwemekobume, ulawulo lwemali, kunye nempilo yoluntu, apho amaziko amaninzi anokuba nobuchule kunye negunya elifanelekileyo.

Ulwalamano lwesizwe- lwesizwe

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ayenzeki ngokwahlukana norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Imithetho nemigaqo yomanyano isoloko isebenzisana nemfuno yorhulumente kunye neyommandla, maxa wambi iyazikhulula, maxa wambi imisele imilinganiselo encinane enokuthi idlule, kwaye maxa wambi ivelise intsebenziswano elungele ukuphunyezwa. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo yezoburhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela echaphazeleka ngayo ubomi babantu.

Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho nohlolo olunempembelelo

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso- lokulungisa

Izikhululo zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho (ngamanye amaxesha kubhekiselwa kuzo njengohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluyingenelo, uphando lomthetho, okanye uhlolo lomgaqo-nkqubo) ukuwanceda afumanise eyona ndlela ingcono yokufumana iingenelo zomthetho eziya kuthethelela iindleko zawo. Ezi nkcukacha zizama ukuqulunqa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezingalunganga zemigaqo ecetyiweyo, nangona kuvavanywa iimpembelelo ezithile ngaphandle kokwalatha iziphumo ezifana nempilo ephucukileyo okanye ubunjani bokusingqongileyo .

Impembelelo yolawulo kwiishishini ezincinci

Ingqalelo ekhethekileyo isoloko inikwa kwindlela imithetho echaphazela ngayo amashishini amancinci, asenokungabi nabo oovimba bezinto ezinkulu ezikhoyo ukuze zihambelane neemfuno ezintsonkothileyo. Ii-overy kufuneka ziqwalasele ezi mpembelelo kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka, zilungisa iimfuno zokunciphisa imithwalo kwizinto ezincinci ngoxa zisafikelela kwiinjongo zokulawula.

Imilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukuzalisekisa iSivumelwano

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zingaphembelela ukwenza umthetho wasekhaya. Xa i-United States ingena kwizivumelwano, ukuzalisekisa umthetho okanye imimiselo kusenokufuneka ukuze kufezwe iimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe. Indima yomGaqo-siseko yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuvumeleni izivumelwano idala ukungqubana okungaqhelekanga phakathi kwemithetho yangaphandle nomthetho wasekhaya.

Uxolelwaniso lomgaqo-nkqubo

Kulo mhlaba udityaniswe ngokukhulayo, kukho ingqalelo ekhulayo ekumanyaniseni imimiselo kumazwe ngamazwe ukwenzela ukuba kulula ukurhweba nokucombulula iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngoxa ukulondoloza ulawulo kumthetho wasekhaya, oorhulumente baqwalasela imilinganiselo nezenzo zezizwe ngentla xa kuveliswa imithetho nemimiselo emitsha.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Nokubuyiselwa Kwemithetho

Utshintsho lwamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela eyenziwa ngayo kwaye ifikeleleke ngayo imithetho. Ii-operate zogqabaza lukawonke-wonke, ukupapashwa kwemimiselo, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezixhobo zokuhlola ukuhlolwa kweentetho zenziwa zisebenziseke kwaye zifikeleleke. Ubuchule bokwenza umatshini nokufunda kuqalisa ukunceda ekuhlalutyeni imiqulu emikhulu yamagqabaza kawonke-wonke kunye nemixholo engundoqo nenkxalabo.

Ucelomngeni Lobugcisa Obulawulayo

Ukukhawuleza kwenkqubela yobugcisa kudala ucelomngeni lokwenziwa komthetho ocetyelwe ukuzinziswa kweemeko. Abameli kunye nabalawuli kufuneka balungelelanise imfuneko yokulungisa iingozi nokukhusela uluntu ngomnqweno wokuphepha utshintsho oluphazamisayo. Olu xinezeleko luyingxaki ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nobuchule obungeyoyomvelo, ubugcisa bobugcisa, apho ubugcisa butshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bunokusabela iinkqubo zesithethe zokwenza imithetho.

Uhlolo Lokuhlolwa Notshintsho Oluyalelayo

Ukuphelisa Imithetho Ekhoyo

Ulawulo lwakutshanje luye lwalathisa abameli ukuba bachaze imithetho ephelelwe lixesha okanye efuna ukuhlaziywa. Uhlolo lokuhlola ukuba imimiselo ekhoyo iyayifikelela na injongo zayo, nokuba ihlala iyimfuneko kusini na, nokuba inokuba inokuba inokuphuculwa okanye ikhutshiwe. Olu hlolisiso luqhubekayo lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ihlala isebenza kwaye isebenza.

Amalungiselelo Okutshona Kwelanga kunye nohlolo lwamaxa athile

Eminye imithetho iquka amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga afuna ukuba kubhalwe kwakhona okanye kuphinde kuhlolwe.

Ikamva Lokwenza Umthetho

Ukuhlolisisa Inkqubo

Kutshanje, uMongameli Biden wakhupha uLungiselelo oluLawulayo oluyalela i-Ofisi Yolawulo noHlelo-mali (OMB) ukucebisa iindlela zokuphucula nokulungisa inkqubo yokuhlola. Imigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza iinkqubo zokwenziwa komthetho zale mihla ijonge ekuphuculeni impumelelo, ekuphuculeni ukuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu, ubugcisa bokusebenzisa izixhobo zokulwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemigaqo iyazilungisa ngokunempumelelo iingxaki zale mihla.

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki Ezintsha

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kufuneka iqhubeke ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezivelayo, ukusuka kwimozulu ukutshintsha kobunyani ukuya kutsho kwisifo esimandundu. Le miba intsonkothileyo, ukunqumla iziphumo ifuna iindlela ezintsha zokudlula imida yesithethe elawulayo nokudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Le nkqubo

Ukuqonda indlela iingcamango eziba yimithetho nemigaqo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ngummi onolwazi nokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ekulawuleni. Enoba kusetyenziswa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yokudlulisa amatyala okanye inkqubo yolawulo yokukhupha imithetho, ukuguqulwa kwezicelo zibe yimithetho emanyanisayo kubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucinga, ukungeniswa kwegalelo loluntu nokuphendula.

Nangona inkqubo isenokubonakala intsonkothile kwaye ngamanye amaxesha idimaza, ezi nkqubo zisebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: zidala amathuba okuba kuviwe amazwi ahlukahlukeneyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe ekuhlalutyeni nokuqwalasela ezinye iindlela, zibonelele ngokuchasene nesenzo sobungcathu, kwaye zigcine ukukhanya okunceda ulawulo lukawonke-wonke. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo, bamele bakhuthaze izilangazelelo zabo, kwaye bagcine abenzi bezigqibo.

Uhambo olusuka kumbono ukuya kumthetho lubonisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi angundoqo: umelo, uphando, ukucamngca, nokuziphendulela. Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka lize lijongene neengxaki ezintsha, ezi nkqubo ziza kuqhubeka zilungelelanisa, kodwa injongo yalo esisiseko (ukuguqula ukuthanda kwabantu kube ngulawulo olusebenzayo). Abo banomdla ekufundeni okungakumbi ngomthetho kunye nemimiselo yangoku, izibonelelo ezifana ne .Gov kunye kunye [FLT].gov

Nokuba ngaba ungummi oxhalabileyo, umbutho olawulwayo, okanye uthile onomdla kwindlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukuqonda indlela evela kwisicelo ukuya kumthetho onyanzeliswayo kukunika amandla okuba uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulungiseni imithetho elawula ibutho lethu. Le nkqubo isenokuba nzima, kodwa yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke, kwaye inxaxheba yakho ifikeleleke, ngokunxibelelana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ngokunikela amagqabaza ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo, okanye ngokulula ukuhlala usazi (*) iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno nakumaxabiso abantu abakhonzayo.