Ukuqonda iqumrhu lorhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika, ukusuka kwibhunga elincinane likamasipala ukuya kwelona liphezulu kwigunya likarhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indaleko ukusuka kwizixeko ukuya kumakomkhulu, libalaselisa indima nentsingiselo yezakhiwo zorhulumente ezahlukeneyo nendlela ezisebenzisana ngayo ukubumba ubomi besizwe nobusekuhlaleni.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Ngobuqhophololo Kurhulumente

Iqela lezabelo zolawulo lorhulumente libhekisela kuququzelo lwegunya namandla kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Imisela indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo, ezizenzayo, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwemigangatho ecacileyo, imigangatho elungelelanisiweyo kunye neentlalo-ntle yegunya ingenza ukuba kungasebenzi ulawulo. Umzekelo, kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana neUnited States, uMgaqo-siseko ukhupha amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe, ngelixa oorhulumente befumana igunya labo kumthetho karhulumente. Olu cwangciso luhlenganye luqinisekisa ukuba imiba yemicimbi ilawulwa kumgangatho ofanelekileyo: imicimbi yasekuhlaleni efana nokulawulwa nococezeko lwesizwe ilawulwa ngamaxesha athile, ngoxa ulawulo lorhulumente nomthetho wesizwe uhlala nowamanye amazwe uhleli kurhulumente ombindindindi, njengoko umgangatho ophezulu unakho ukuqhuba okanye umgangatho ophantsi wezinziwawo wonke.

Ukusuka Ezixekweni Ukuya Emakomkhulu

Ukuguqulwa kwezixeko ukuya kumakomkhulu kumela ukutshintsha okuphawulekayo kokulawula. Amakomkhulu adla ngokuba yindawo yezopolitiko yesizwe, ngeli xesha izixeko zinokusebenza iindima ezahlukeneyo, kuquka inkcubeko yezoqoqosho nezenkcubeko. Kodwa ke, asizizo zonke izikhulu ezikhulu ezikhulu ezikhulu okanye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. IWashington, D.C., ngokomzekelo, kwakhiwa njengekomkhulu elakhiwe ngenjongo elahluke kakhulu kumaziko amakhulu ezorhwebo njengeNew York okanye iChicago. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwekomkhulu nezinye izixeko ezikhulu kufuna ukuhlalutya imisebenzi yazo, imvelaphi yazo, nentsingiselo yayo engokomfuziselo.

Iziko loLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Izixeko zinendima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo zilawulwa ngoosodolophu namabhunga esixeko, alawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengemisebenzi kawonke-wonke, ukuphuhliswa kwengingqi, ukhuseleko loluntu noluntu. Inkululeko yezixeko iyahluka ngokubanzi: amanye amazwe anika izixeko ulawulo olubanzi lwekhaya, ngoxa amanye ezilawula ngokungqongqo ngorhulumente okanye ngolawulo lwesizwe. Imimandla yeMetropolitan isoloko ijongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga ezifana noxinezeleko lwezithuthi, izindlu ezinokulinganayo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume. Ngenxa yoko, izixeko ezininzi ziye zavelisa imizekelo engaqhelekanga yokulawula, kuquka i-counil-coc, iinkqubo zebhunga lenkqu, okanye uomatiloshe oonozakuzo abanyulwa ngqo nabalawuli bentlalo-omati.

Indima Yeekomkhulu

Amakomkhulu amiselwa njengekomkhulu elisebenza njengekomkhulu likarhulumente welizwe okanye ummandla. Amakhaya karhulumente angundoqo, kuquka ulawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, namasebe agweba. Amakomkhulu asoloko enikela ingqalelo kulawulo lwezopolitiko, iintlanganiso zezobuzwe, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. Ngapha koko ulawulo olusebenzisekayo, amakomkhulu anemiqathango enzulu yomfuziselo. Asoloko eyindawo yezakhiwo zesikhumbuzo zesizwe, iipalamente, kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni. Amakomkhulu amaninzi aye akhethwa ngabom okanye akhelwe kumanyano lwesizwe, umzekelo, iBrasília yakhiwa ngoomatilo-50 ukuze iphuhlisezwe eliphakathi kwelizwe kwaye ifuzisele ikamva leBrazil.

  • Ngokufuthi amakomkhulu afuzisela igama lesizwe nekratshi.
  • Ngokuqhelekileyo zidla ngokuba yindawo yeziganeko ezibalulekileyo nemisitho engokwembali.
  • Amakomkhulu atyekele ekubeni abe nezinto ezininzi nezibonelelo xa zithelekiswa nezinye izixeko, kuquka iinqwelo - moya zamazwe ngamazwe, iinkonzo zokhuseleko, nezithuthi zikawonke wonke ezithe chatha.
  • Amanye amazwe anamakomkhulu amaninzi amasebe awahlukahlukeneyo karhulumente, anjengoMzantsi Afrika (iPuria yegunya, iKapa yeDown ukwenzela umthetho, iBloomfontein ukwenzela ikomiti yowiso-mthetho).

Indlela Iikomkhulu Ezahluke Ngayo Kumaziko Amakhulu Ezoqoqosho

Ngoxa amakomkhulu eziziko zezopolitiko, amandla ezoqoqosho asoloko egxininisa kwenye indawo. Amakomkhulu emali anjengeShanghai, iMumbai, okanye iFrankfurt angenza amakomkhulu awo angabi ncinane kwinani labemi kunye nemveliso yezoqoqosho. Oku kwahlukana kungenza ulungelelwano olusemgangathweni: izigqibo zezobupolitika ezenziwe kwikomkhulu zinokugqunywa kwingcinezelo ekhawulezileyo yezorhwebo, ngoxa izikomkhulu lezoqoqosho lihlala lingabi nakumgangatho wokugxabhatha kwezopolitiko. Kodwa ke, inkxaxazo ingaphakama xa ikomkhulu ligqalwa njengeyahlulwa kwizinto zezoqoqosho zelizwe. Umzekelo, ukuxanduva phakathi kweZixeko-li ne-Albany kwiphondo eNew York State kubonisa indlela isikhulu esinokuthi sigqunywe ngayo ngurhulumente. Ukuqonda oku ngamandla kuqwalalsa ulawulo lwelizwe.

Iintlobo Zezakhiwo Zorhulumente

Oorhulumente bangahlelwa kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, nganye inemigangatho yayo kunye nemisebenzi yayo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo nasetyenziswa ngayo. Ukwahlulwa okuqhelekileyo kusekelwe kumlinganiselo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabemi nokuxinezeleka kwegunya.

Oorhulumente Bedemokhrasi

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, amandla athathwa ebantwini. Abemi banenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo ngovota nangokumela.

  • Imela ulawulo-mpukane oluthe ngqo: Abameli abanyuliweyo abaza kwenza izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Olu yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo, esetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-United States, iJamani, kunye neIndiya.
  • I-Drectiveravity: Abami bathatha inxaxheba ngqo kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ngokufuthi ngezohlolozo kunye namanyathelo. I-Switzerland ngumzekelo ophawulekayo, apho abemi bavota kwimicimbi emininzi yesizwe neyobulali ngqo.
  • I-Constituality : ukumkani usebenza njengentloko yesizwe phakathi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko, ngexa kunyulwa amagosa elawula. Imizekelo iquka iUnited Kingdom, iJapan, neSweden.

Inkqubo yedemokhrasi ifuna amaziko omeleleyo, amagosa azimeleyo eejaji, kunye nokucofa okukhululekileyo ukuze asebenze ngokunempumelelo. Imigangatho yabefundisi kwezi nkqubo ichazwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngomgaqo-siseko onika amagunya phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo namanqanaba orhulumente.

Oorhulumente Abagunyazi

Ulawulo lobugunya lugxininisa igunya kwigunya elinye okanye kwiqela elincinane. Ingingqi zinenxaxheba elinganiselweyo ekulawuleni. Iintlobo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Inqanawa ezilawulayo: Amandla abanjwe yinkokeli enye, ngokufuthi ngenkxaso yasemkhosini. Imizekelo iquka umntla Korea kunye neBelarus.
  • Imikhosi yelizwe: Amandla abanjwa liqela elincinane lekhethe, elisoloko lisekelwe kubutyebi, kumanyano lwentsapho, okanye kulawulo lomkhosi. IRashiya phantsi kwePutin isoloko ichazwa njenge-oligarchy, nangona imigqa efinyeleyo kunye ne-denalism.
  • Icandelo elinye: Iqela elinye lezobupolitika lilawula urhulumente, licinezela inkcaso. ITshayina yeyona mizekelo mikhulu ehlabathini.

Kwinkqubo ezinjalo, imigangatho yabefundisi iqinile kwaye iphezulu, inemigangatho esezantsi karhulumente esebenza njengezixhobo zolawulo olusembindini kunokuba ibe ngabenzi besigqibo abazisebenzelayo. Amakomkhulu kumazwe alawulwa ngegunya asoloko efana neempawu zamandla olawulo, kunye neentlukwano zikarhulumente ezinwenwayo kunye nemimandla yokhuseleko.

Iinkqubo ze-Hybrid okanye ze-Semi-Dmocratic

Oorhulumente abaninzi bawa phakathi kwedemokhrasi egqibeleleyo kunye nolawulo-mabhodlo. Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo zidibanisa iimpawu zedemokhrasi (izibonelelo, amaqela amaninzi) noqheliselo lobuzwilane (iinkqubo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iinkqubo zokukhetha ezingafanelekanga). Imizekelo iquka iHungary phantsi kwe-Viktor Orbán kunye neVenezuela phantsi kweNicolás Maduro. Kule nkqubo, imigangatho yemigangatho yeqela isenokubonakala isebenza ngedemokhrasi ephepheni, kodwa kuqheliselwa, amandla agxininiswe kakhulu phezulu, ngokufuthi kunye nekomkhulu elidlala indima ephambili ekulawuleni ingingqini kwengingqi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi karhulumente kumaqondo awahlukeneyo

Oorhulumente basebenza kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo, nganye inemisebenzi neembopheleleko ezithile. Ukuqonda la manqanaba kunceda ekucaciseni indlela ulawulo oluchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekulungiseni izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulawula iimfuno zoluntu neenkonzo ezichaphazela abahlali ngokuthe ngqo.

  • Imfundo (isikolo samabanga aphantsi, iibhodi zesikolo)
  • Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke (amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zongxamiseko)
  • Ugcino-nkqubo (iindlela, iibhulorho, ukubonelelwa kwamanzi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma)
  • Ucwangciso lwelizwe nokuhlahlela
  • IMiphaka neNkxaso

Kumazwe athile, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukuhlawula irhafu nokusebenzisa imali eninzi; kwamanye, baxhomekeke kwimali enikwa abemi.

Urhulumente okanye urhulumente wengingqi

Urhulumente ujonge iindawo ezinkulu kwaye uneembopheleleko ezibanzi, eziquka:

  • Impilo (iMedicaid kumagunya ezempilo engingqi)
  • Izithuthi (indlela ephakamileyo, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, amazibuko enqanawa)
  • Ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho (iinjongo zamashishini, uqeqesho lweenkonzo)
  • Imfundo ephakamileyo (iiyunivesithi zaseburhulumenteni)
  • Ukukhusela okusingqongileyo (ubuncwane bendalo, ulawulo longcoliso)

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana neUnited States, iJamani, okanye iOstreliya, amazwe anenkululeko ephawulekayo yaye anokumisela imithetho kwimicimbi emininzi engagcinelwanga urhulumente wesizwe. Kwinkqubo yengingqi enjengeFransi okanye iJapan, oorhulumente bengingqi bafumana igunya labo kurhulumente ophakathi kwaye banokuphinda bahlaziywe okanye batshitshiswe ngumthetho wesizwe.

Urhulumente weSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi echaphazela ilizwe lonke. Imisebenzi yabo iquka:

  • Umgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini (ukusetyenziswa kwemali, izivumelwano, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe)
  • I-Ofisi yeSizwe (ukhuselo lomkhosi, ubuncwane bezokhuselo)
  • Imithetho nemithetho yomanyano (amalungelo eeNtlanga, amalungelo ombhali,
  • I-Monetary (iibhanki ze-central, imali)
  • Intlalo-ntle (Ukhuseleko lobuGcisa, iMedicas kwiNkxaso yempilo yehlabathi lonke eUnited States kumazwe amaninzi)

Oorhulumente besizwe banezibonelelo ezininzi nezixhobo ezibanzi. Izigqibo zabo zingawuphelisa urhulumente okanye iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye yezorhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi.

Ulawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe

Kwihlabathi eliya lidibana, amaqumrhu angoozwelonke njenge Yurophu, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye ne-Afrika Union adibanisa omnye umaleko kwimigangatho yecawa. Nangona engengorhulumente ngokwengqiqo yesithethe, umzekelo, iEU, inemithetho yowiso-mthetho, igqwesiswano, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo anokuyila imithetho ebophelela amazwe angamalungu. Oku kwenza ukuba izakhiwo zesixeko ezikwisigqeba-ntloko-siseko zidibane ngokumisela umgangatho ongaphezulu korhulumente wesizwe. Umzekelo, imimiselo ye-EU yorhwebo nemilinganiselo yemekobume yelizwe kufuneka ilandelwe ngurhulumente wesizwe kunye nowengingqi yeYurophu. Ukuqonda le miqatha ephezulu ibalulekile kumfanekiso opheleleyo wolawulo lwanamhlanje.

Indaleko Yeekomkhulu

Indaleko yamakomkhulu ibonisa iinguqulelo zembali, ezopolitiko nezobuntlalo, izixeko ezininzi ziye zashukunyiselwa okanye zamiselwa ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifanelekileyo, kuquka ukhuseleko, ukufumaneka, ukulungelelana kwabemi nomanyano lokomfuziselo.

Imeko

Ukutyhubela imbali, amakomkhulu aye aguqulwa ngenxa yeemfazwe, ukuhla kwelizwe kunye noothunywashe bezoqoqosho. Emva kokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, amakomkhulu amaninzi eYurophu atshintsha njengoko amagunya amatsha evela ngezantsi, iConstantinople (ngoku yi-Istanbul) yasebenza njengekomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantine kangangeenkulungwane phambi kokuba yoyiswe buBukhosi be-Ottoman, eyayigcina ihlala njengesihlalo solawulo solawulo. Kumazwe aseMerika, amaphondo amisele amakomkhulu anjenge Mexico City (entla eTenochtitlan) kunye neLima, ngokufuthi ikhetha iindawo ezikufuphi nemithombo okanye inzuzo yokukhusela. Ukunyuka kwezizwe kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwabandakanya ukukhethwa kwekomkhulu elinobumba elinobumba elinokwakhiwa yindawo eyahlukeneyo, njengeBern yase-Stawase-Australia okanye i-Ottan

Iikomkhulu Zale Mihla

Namhlanje, amakomkhulu adla ngokukhethwa ukuze afumaneke, akhuseleke, nakwaziyo ukuqoqosho.

  • Brasília, Brazil: yakhiwa ngo 1960 njengesixeko esicetyiweyo ukufudusa ikomkhulu elizweni ukusuka eRio de Janeiro, ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa komphakathi nokuncitshiswa kolawulo lwezixeko ezikunxweme.
  • Caberra, Australia: Ulalaniso phakathi kweSydney neMelbourne, lwamiselwa njengekomkhulu elakhiwe ngenjongo ngo1913.
  • Astana (ngoku yiNur-Sultan), Kazakhstan: yasuka kwi Almaty ngo1997 ukuya kwindawo esembindini, efuzisela umanyano lwesizwe kunye nolwezi nkonzo.
  • Berlin, eJamani: yaba likomkhulu leJamani eyaphinda yavuselelwa ngo1990 emva kwamashumi eminyaka yolwahlulo, ibuyisela indima yayo yembali.

Amanye amazwe anamakomkhulu amaninzi emisebenzi eyahlukeneyo okanye amasebe karhulumente. Umzekelo, uMzantsi Afrika unesithathu: iPretoria (ukubulala), iKapa (iBlegistive), kunye neBloemfontein (i-judial). IBolivia ikwanamakomkhulu amaninzi: i-Sucre (constigal) neLa Paz (iSebe).

Utyekelo kwikomkhulu

Izixeko ezikhulu namhlanje zijongene neengcinezelo ezahlukeneyo. Kufuneka zihlalise amaphondo amakhulu karhulumente, zinike oorhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni izindlu, zilawule iingozi zokhuseleko ezifumaneka ngokujoliswe kwimicimbi yezopolitiko. Ucwangciso lwekomkhulu langoku lugxininisa ukukhuthala, ubuchule, kunye nokuzinzisa inkqubela-phambili[. Umzekelo, i-Indonesia ngoku yakha isakhiwo esitsha sekomkhulu esibizwa ngokuba yiNuntara kwisiqithi se-Borneksi. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ezobupolitika kwimimandla ethile yeso sixeko esinye, kungadala izikhalo zentlalo-ntle okanye amakomkhulu amatsha.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda imigangatho karhulumente ukusuka kwizixeko ukuya kumakomkhulu kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika. Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente ufeza indima eyahlukileyo, unegalelo ekulawuleni lonke uhlanga. Izixeko zilawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neenkonzo zengingqi, amaphondo okanye imimandla ilungelelanisa iinkqubo ezibanzi, oorhulumente besizwe baphatha ulawulo nemicimbi yomhlaba wonke, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe idibanisa umaleko wendlela yokusebenzisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Iikomkhulu zisebenza njengentliziyo yomfuziselo neyolawulo lwale nkqubo, kodwa indima yazo ayikhawulezi nembali, ezobupolitika, kunye neemfuno zentlalo-ntle. Ngokuqonda ukudibana kwezi miphakaliso, abahlali, abahlali bayakwazi ukuqonda kakuhle apho izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo zinokwenziwa khona nendlela yokuzilawula. Nokuba uhlala kwidolophu encinane okanye kwisixeko sekomkhulu, ii-ofisi zemali, ii-ofisi ze-ofisi zorhulumente, iimbopheleleko zakho ezibonakalayo, neembopheleleko zakho ezibonakalayo, zombini ezibonakalayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya kumalungiselelo karhulumente okuthelekisa, bona [[FLT: 0] iphepha le-WPIP kwimigangatho karhulumente kunye Britannica's compression[. Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kunika amandla ubumi obunolwazi kwaye kunceda ukuguqulela kwilizwe elintsonkothileyo lezobupolitika.