Iindima zabalawuli noosodolophu zisekelwe kulawulo lwamaMelika, kodwa igunya labo elinxulumeneyo lidla ngokuqondwa kakubi. Aba balawuli babini basebenza kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, ngamnye esebenzisa amagunya ahlukeneyo akhiwe ngemithetho esemthethweni, izithethe zembali, kunye neemeko zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani onegunya elingakumbi kufuna ukuvavanya umgangatho wamandla abo, umgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho-siseko wolawulo, kwaye ulawulo lwemithetho-siseko, kwaye ulawulo lwegunya labo luya kuqondwa kakuhle xa irhuluneli kunye negunya loomatilorho. Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso olubanzi, olunegunya le gabernarlator kunye nerelarapial, ngokuqwalasela kwimimiselo olusemthethweni, ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka, ulawulo lwexesha-xakeka, kunye nolawulo lwezikongalo-ograbhusayithi. Ngesiphelo, abafundi baya kuba nobuchule bokufikelela ekuphumelel

Ukuchaza Indima

Phambi kokuthelekisa amagunya, kubalulekile ukuchaza oko kubandakanya iofisi nganye. Abalawuli bangamagunya aphezulu kumaphondo abo, ngoxa oosidolophu besebenza njengezilawuli eziyintloko zoomasipala. Umthombo wegunya labo wahluka ngokusisiseko: abalawuli bafumana amandla kwimithetho-siseko karhulumente nakwimithetho karhulumente, ngoxa oosiyaleli befumana amandla kumthetho-siseko kamasipala nomthetho-mthetho wesizwe.

Indima Yeerhuluneli

Iirhuluneli zinyulwa ukuba zikhokele isebe eliphetheyo lorhulumente wesizwe. Amandla azo abanzi kwaye aquka igunya elisemthethweni elisesikweni kunye nempembelelo engacwangciswanga yezobupolitika. Amandla ohlobo oluthile aquka:

  • Imithetho yombuso egunyazisayo — IRhuluneli ijonge onke amasebe karhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuthobela imimiselo edluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente.
  • uqingqo-mali lwemeko - Bacebisa uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, balawula iimali ezizizigidi ezingamawaka, kwaye babe namandla omgca kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Amagosa karhulumente abeka amagosa — IRhuluneli zizalisa izikhundla zekhabhinethi, amaqumrhu ayintloko, yaye maxa wambi zimisela iijaji, ziphantsi kokuqinisekiswa ngumthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukukhupha umthetho — iirhuluneli ezininzi zingawagqithisela amatyala adluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho; ezininzi zinomtya owenziweyo ovumela ukulwa nento ethile esetyenziswayo.
  • Ukuphelisa iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo — IRhuluneli zingayihlanganisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ukucombulula imicimbi engxamisekileyo efana nobunzima boqingqo-mali okanye oongxamiseko.
  • izivakalisi eziqulunqiweyo nokuxolela — Kumaphondo amaninzi, irhuluneli inegunya elipheleleyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni.
  • Ukuyalela urhulumente woKhuselo lwesizwe — Abalawuli ngabaphathi-ntloko boMgaqo-mkhosi wesizwe, ngaphandle xa begunyaziswe ngumongameli.
  • imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo — IiRhuluneli zingalathisa abameli bakarhulumente ukuba benze izenzo ezithile, ezisoloko zisetyenziswa ngexesha longxamiseko.

Ngokwe[Qumrhu loBurhulumente besizwe, amazwe angaphezu kwama-40 anemodeli enamandla yerhuluneli apho umphathi onegunya anegunya elinamandla abalulekileyo oqingqiweyo nolawulo. Noko ke, kukho umahluko: amanye amaphondo alinganisela ukuba negunya, amandla, okanye igunya lokumisa ngokuvavanya njengogunyazo lomthetho okanye ulawulo oluzimeleyo.

Indima Yezinyosi

Abachongi ziintloko zoorhulumente bakamasipala, kodwa amandla abo axhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo lorhulumente wesixeko. Kukho imizekelo emibini engundoqo:

  • Inkqubo yoosodolophu abahamba phambili — usodolophu unegunya elilawulayo elifana nerhuluneli: ukulawula amasebe esixeko, ukumisa nokususa iintloko zesebe, kunye nokukwazi ukucebisa ngoqingqo-mali lwesixeko. Le nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu kwizixeko ezinkulu ezifana neNew York, Chicago, neSan Francisco.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkqubo ye-Weak usodolophu — usodolophu usoloko enesithethe okanye enika umphathi wesixeko igunya okanye ibhunga elinamandla. Kulo mzekelo, usodolophu angakhokela iintlanganiso zebhunga, amele isixeko kwimisebenzi yasemthethweni, kwaye abe namagunya amancinane amiselweyo. Izixeko ezininzi ezincinane needolophu zisebenzisa le mizekelo.
  • Inkqubo yeCouncil-manager — kule ndlela yesithathu, esoloko isetyenziswa kwizixeko eziphakathi, ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela umphathi wesixeko onobuchule osebenza njengentloko-ntloko. Usodolophu usoloko elilungu lebhunga elisebenza njengomphathi-sihlalo kunye nenkokeli yenkqubo kodwa engenalo igunya lolawulo.

Uxanduva lwezoodolophu oluqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo eziphakathi:

  • Ukubona amasebe esixeko afana namapolisa, umlilo, ucoceko neepaki
  • Ibhunga lesixeko layiphumeza imithetho yesixeko
  • Ukulawula uqingqo-mali lwesixeko nokubeka irhafu yasekuhlaleni (apho kuvumelekileyo phantsi komthetho karhulumente)
  • Ukumela isixeko kurhulumente nakurhulumente
  • Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho namanyathelo okucwangcisa
  • Ukuphendula kwiintlekele zemvelo okanye kwiingxaki zempilo

UManyano lwesizwe lwezixeko luchaza ukuba indima yosodolophu iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo, ingakumbi kwimimandla emikhulu yesixeko apho oomatiloshe badla ngokuthatha ukhokelo lwelizwe ngokubanzi ngenxa yobukhulu nokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho lwezixeko zabo.

Amandla Okuthelekisa

Xa uhlola umntu onegunya elingakumbi, impendulo ixhomekeke kumlinganiselo osetyenziswayo. Indlela irhuluneli elawula ngayo igubungela izigidi zabantu namawaka eekhilomitha; igunya losodolophu lixinene kakhulu ngokwendalo kodwa ngokufuthi linempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngapha koko lithelekiswa ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Umda weGunya

Irhuluneli zinegunya kwilizwe lonke, elininzi kakhulu kunaso nasiphi na isixeko. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli yaseKhalifoniya ilawula inani labemi abazizigidi ezingama-3, ngexesha iMay yaseLos Angeles ikhokela isixeko esizizigidi ezi-3,8.Igunya lengingqi eliphindwe kalishumi kubemi. Kwanakumazwe esinye esinesixeko esilawulayo, njengeNew York, igunya lerhuluneli linwenwa kulo lonke ilizwe, kuquka nasemaphandleni kunye nemimandla yemimandla esemaphandleni esenokuba neemfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, omatiloshe banegunya elilinganiselweyo kwimida yezwe kamasipala wabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abanakunyanzela imigaqo-nkqubo kwizixeko eziselumelwaneni okanye kwimimandla engadityaniswanga. Umthetho karhulumente usoloko unyanzela amandla abo okunyusa irhafu, ukulawula amashishini, okanye ukudlulisela imithetho engqubana nemithetho karhulumente. Umgaqo we [[FLT]] Umthetho [[FLT:]] usebenza kumazwe amaninzi: oomasipala bazizidalwa zelizwe kwaye basebenzisa kuphela lawo mandla agunya agunya agunyazinikwe ngumthetho. Kumthetho omncinane olandelwa [FLT]] [FLT]], amadolobha anegunya lokuzilawula, kodwa kwana, kwanemeko-prediction ihlala ikho.

  • ulawulo lweGovernor: ummandla wonke, kuquka zonke iirejista, izixeko, kunye nemimandla engadityaniswanga.
  • ulawulo lwe-Mayor: Kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida yesixeko; phantsi kokumisela ukhukuliso kunye negunya lengingqi kwimisebenzi ethile.

Amandla ezinto ezijika-jikayo

IRhuluneli ezilawulayo eziqhelekileyo uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente olufikelela kumashumi okanye kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi. Zingacebisa ngoqingqo-mali, ingeniso ekwi-layini-veto, kunye nempembelelo yengeniso ngomgaqo-nkqubo werhafu (ngokuvunywa ngumthetho). Kwakhona iiRhuluneli ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwimijelo yemali yesizwe kwiinkqubo ezilungiselelwe urhulumente ezifana neMedicaid, isithuthi, kunye nemfundo.

Abalawuli balawula uqingqo-mali oluncinane, kodwa iindleko zikamasipala zisalingana namawaka ezigidi kwizixeko ezinkulu. Igunya leMayoral fiscal lidla ngokunyanzelwa yimida yerhafu emiselwe ngurhulumente, iihempe, ii-hempe ezinamatyala, kunye neemfuno ezilungeleleneyo ezifunekayo. Kwinkqubo ezomeleleyo zoosodolophu, usodolophu uqingqo-mali lwesixeko kwaye unomgca wesigqeba se-veto, kodwa ibhunga lesixeko kufuneka livumele uqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Kwinkqubo ye-omatilore, ibhunga okanye ikomiti yoqingqo-mali elawula izigqibo eziqinileyo.

Xa imeko yezoqoqosho iwohloka, oosodolophu basoloko befumana imiqathango enzima kuba izixeko azikwazi ukushicilela imali kwaye azikwazi ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiirhafu zempahla nerhafu yentengiso, ezinokuba shushu. Amazwe anezixhobo ezithe kratya, kuquka iirhafu zengeniso kunye nokufuduswa kwesebe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abalawuli bangabi namali.

Amandla Eengozi

Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zegunya ezahlula abalawuli kubaphathi-mikhosi yiyo ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka. Abalawuli banawo omabini amandla omthetho kunye nomgaqo-siseko wokuvakalisa imeko yongxamiseko, ukuxhobisa uKhuselo lwesizwe, ukunqumamisa imithetho ethile, nokunikezela ngoovimba belizwe. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, abalawuli bakhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhaya, imiyalelo egunyazisiweyo yokunxiba amasigqubuthelo, kwaye balawulwe ukukhulula kwakhona ixesha lokulawula imigca yexesha, `onke izenzo ezinokuphelisa imigaqo yasekuhlaleni.

Abaqhubi bangavakalisa iingozi zasekuhlaleni phakathi kwezixeko zabo, kodwa imiyalelo yabo iphantsi kokugwetywa. Umzekelo, usodolophu angamisela umthetho wexesha lokufika kwexesha okanye wesigqumo sesigqubuthelo, kodwa ukuba irhuluneli ikhupha umthetho omkhulu owenzelwe ukubeka umthetho, umthetho karhulumente uthatha inyathelo lokuqala. Le nqumrhu yaba yindawo ebanzi phakathi konyaka wama-2020-2021 kumaphondo anjengeFlorida neTexas, apho abalawuli basebenzisa khona imiyalelo yokubantela yegunya elilawulayo ifuneke amasigqubuthelo okanye iziqhoboshelo.

Impembelelo Nezenzo Zezobupolitika

Amagunya athetha nje ngenxalenye yeli bali. Impembelelo yezobupolitika ibangelwa ngamajelo eendaba, iinkokeli zeqela, ukukholisa abantu kunye nentsebenziswano, — isenokulinciphisa okanye inciphise igunya lokwenene lesikhulu esiphetheyo.

Impembelelo Yeerhuluneli Zezobupolitika

Iirhuluneli zisoloko zisebenza njengezona zikhoyo kwezobupolitika kwilizwe lazo, zitsala intlawulo ye-amajelo eendaba. Zisoloko zikhokela izixhobo zeqela lazo, zikhuthaza abo bakwi-ofisi zasekuhlaleni, kwaye ziphembelela udweliso lwezopolitiko. Iirhuluneli ezininzi zihamba zisiya kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo okanye kubumongameli, zinika umgangatho wesizwe. Ubuchule bazo bokusebenzisa umthetho weveto kwaye zibiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zibanika igunya lomkhosi kurhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, abalawuli abaninzi bangasebenzisa iqonga eliphezulu lokuhlasela uluntu kwimibandela emikhulu.

Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uTad Kousser uye waphawula ukuba amandla ombuso akami: ayahla aze ahambe ngokusekelwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho esukrukileyo kunye nokuthandwa yirhuluneli. Irhuluneli eneerejista eziphezulu ezivunywayo nendlu yowiso-mthetho edityanisiweyo ingafeza iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo; irhuluneli ejongene nendlu yowiso-mthetho eyahluleleneyo kufuneka ixhomekeke ngakumbi kwimiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo nokusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Yabaqhubi

Abagxadasi bezixeko ezinkulu nabo banempembelelo enkulu kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi xa bemela iziko lezoqoqosho nelenkcubeko. Usibonda wesixeko esikhulu njengeLos Angeles, iChicago, okanye iHouston usoloko efumana ingqalelo yesizwe, kwaye abameli bedolophu bebonke babhenela urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngemibutho efana neNgqungquthela yamaMeya. AmaMeya angenza amaqhina anamandla asekuhlaleni neenkokeli zezoshishino, imibutho yebutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibutho yemisebenzi.

Noko ke, impembelelo yomphathi-dolophu idla ngokunyanzeleka kakhulu kuneyerhuluneli ngenxa yokuba izixeko zingenako ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko wamarhulumente. Ubuchule bomphathi-dolophu bokuguqula impembelelo bungathintelwa kukucinywa kwelizwe, amagunya omgangatho wengingqi, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo (njengezikolo okanye amagunya ezithuthi). Umzekelo, usodolophu usenokufuna ukuguqula isebe lamapolisa lasekuhlaleni kodwa angabi nako ukulawula ngqo umphathi wamapolisa ukuba loo myalelo umiselwe ngurhulumente.

Ukusebenzisana Nengxabano

Ulwalamano phakathi kwerhuluneli nosodolophu lungangabi naluxanduva okanye lungaguquguquki, kuxhomekeke kulungelelwaniso lwabathathi-nxaxheba, ulwalamano lobuqu, kunye nemiba esengozini. Intsebenziswano ephumelelayo isenokuvelisa iingenelo ezifana nokutyalwa kotyalo-mali olulungelelanisiweyo ekuthuthweni, ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho, nakwimpendulo yentlekele edibeneyo. Ngokuchasene noko, kudla ngokuvela iimpikiswano ngokusetyenziswa kwemali, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nokucinywa kwemigaqo-siseko yasekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo ininzi: Ngo-2021, iRhuluneli yaseTexas uGreg Abbott yatyobela umthetho (SB 8) owavala amagqubuthelo okugquma isigqubuthelo sobuso esivaliweyo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ingumyalelo ovela koosodolophu kunye neebhodi zesikolo kwizixeko ezifana neDallas neAustin. Ngokufanayo, iRhuluneli yaseGeorgia uBrian Kemp war Alejan Mayer Keisha Lance Lance Bottoms ekwindawo egqugqisiweyo yeso bhayisekile kwisixeko ngexesha lenkxwaleko. Ngexesha lentlekele yendalo, iirhulukhwe, iirhuluneli kunye needolophu ezidibeneyo ezidiyo zidityana ngamaziko oo oorhulumente abasebenza ngengozi abanoxandongalinganiyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha oomatila bakhala bekhala ukuba oovimba belizwe basasazwe ngokungafanelekanga.

Ukunxibelelana okunjalo kugxininisa ukuba nangona oosodolophu benegunya elibalulekileyo lommandla, abalawuli banelizwi lokugqibela xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Olu lwalamano lolawulo luluphawu lwamagunya azimeleyo lwamaMerika, olunika ulawulo kumazwe athile kwaye luthumela kuomasipala.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala nemizekelo

Ukwenza uthelekiso lwekonkrithi, qwalasela le mizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ebalaselisa amandla phakathi kwabalawuli noosidolophu.

IRhuluneli yeLizwe laseNew York i-v. New York City Mayor

IsiXeko saseNew York sisixeko esikhulu eUnited States, kwaye usodolophu waso udumile kakhulu kwinkqubo yosodolophu esinamandla. Noko ke, iRhuluneli yeSikolo saseNew York inegunya elikhulu kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela isixeko ngokuthe ngqo. Ngomzekelo, irhuluneli ilawula iMetropolitan Transportiauthority Agunyagunyazo zesixeko, eqhuba izititshi zendlela ehamba ngaphantsi komhlaba kunye neebhasi, ngoxa umphathi wedolophu ejonge i-NYPD nezikolo (ngomthetho wolawulo lomlawuli welizwe kufuneka uhlaziswe urhulumente ngamaxesha athile). Ngexesha elithile, iRhuluneli ye-CHOVAID-19, i-Andrence Cuomos yemiyalelo yamakhaya asebe nabasebenzi bezoshishino ngokuqhelekileyo belizwe elinamandla idla ngokulawula okanye ukuvala izenzo zikaMay Bill de Blas. Emva kokuba u-Ericleast, uyaqhubeka uxandor-od ngokomthetho wemigcustool.

Inkqubo yemayor ebuthathaka: Imodeli yomphathi wesixeko

Asingabo bonke oosodolophu abanegunya elilawulayo. Kumakhulu amaninzi aphakathi nasemadolobheni amancinane, oosodolophu baqala ngokulinganayo kwibhunga lesixeko, bengenagunya lolawulo. Umzekelo, eSan Jose, eKhalifoniya, usodolophu unyulwe kwaye unomsebenzi omkhulu, kodwa ibhunga lesixeko limisela umphathi wesixeko oqhuba imisebenzi yemini-mini. Igunya lomphathi-mini lilinganiselwe ekumiseleni inkqubo ephambili kwaye asongamele iintlanganiso zebhunga. Qhathanisa oku neRhuluneli yaseCalifornia, olawula uqingqo-mali, omisela amawaka amagosa esizwe, kwaye uyalela iHighway Patrol ne- National Guard. Kumisebenzi enjalo ebuthathaka, iinkqubo zamandla e-grubrabhulate

Amandla Engozi Ebudeni Bokuphazamiseka

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 sabonisa umqondiso ocacileyo wobukhulu be-gubernar kuxakeka. IRhuluneli kwimimandla enjenge-Ohio, iNew York, neMichigan zakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo evala amashishini, izigqumo, kunye neembutho ezisikelwe umda. Ngokufuthi zikhupha imiyalelo yasekuhlaleni enzima. Amagxamesi kwizixeko ezikhulu njenge Los Angeles neSan Francisco abonisa ukuba ekuqaleni akhupha imithetho engqongqo, kodwa angenako ukugqitha ngaphaya koko urhulumente avunyelweyo, kunye neerhuluneli ezininzi ezithe ngqo zidele imiqathango yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli Doug Ducey Ducy uvie waving uvalela oomati bemidaloshe bemiqatha. Eli thuba libonisa ukuba nangona oomatilo-omatila beno banokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, amandla omthetho kunye nezinto zolawulo eziphezulu kakhulu ngexesha lobume.

Isiseko esisemthethweni nesomGaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda okunzulu igunya lothelekiso kufuna ukuhlolisisa indlela iofisi nganye emiswe ngayo ngokusemthethweni.

ImiGaqo-siseko yeRhulumente kunye namandla okuGubhanatha

Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe umisela isikhundla serhuluneli kwaye ubala amagunya athile. Nangona umgaqo-siseko wahlukeneyo, uninzi lwawo unika irhuluneli igunya elilawulayo kulawulo lwezwe, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto, umsebenzi wokujonga ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, negunya lokulawula umkhosi wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uquka amalungiselelo okubekwa komgca, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kunye nokulandelelana. Amanye amazwe, njengoTexas noMassachusetts, alinganisela ngabom igunya lerhuluneli abanyuliweyo ngokunika abanye amagosa aphezulu (njengerhuluneli okanye igosasaventi) azimele.

I- Ikhonco yoorhulumente belizwe ikhupha uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo kumandla okumiselwa, ulawulo loqingqo-mali, kunye nobude bexesha elide. I-United States enemodeli yerhuluneli enamandla (umz., New York, California, Illinois) inika ukumiselwa kwegunya elitsha neveto, ngelixa abo banemodeli yerhuluneli ebuthathaka (umz., Texas, South Carolina) bekhupha amandla aphakamileyo kunqumla amagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo azimeleyo.

Izixhobo zoMasipala neMayoral Amandla

Amandla eMayoral achazwa ngumgaqo-siseko wesixeko, ogunyaziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe okanye omkelwa ngomthetho-siseko wasekhaya. Izixeko zasekhaya (ezifana neDenver, Seattle, neBoston) zinenkululeko ephawulekayo yokumisa urhulumente wazo, kodwa kwanazo ezi zixeko azinakwaphula mthetho karhulumente. Kumazwe anjenge Colorado okanye iMinnesota, umthetho wasekhaya uvumela amadolobha ukuba amkele nayiphi na indlela karhulumente akhetha ngayo, nokuba ngumphathi-dolophu obuthathaka, okanye umphathi-bhunga. Noko ke, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kuhlala kunguvavanyo olunamandla, ngokukodwa kwimibandela efana nolawulo lwemipu, imivuzo encinane, kunye nemithetho yemeko-bume.

Umphengululi wasemthethweni uRichard Briffault ugxininise ukuba oomasipala “bayindalo yesizwe” kwaye amandla oosidolophu ngokwemvelo angomelelenga kakhulu kunamandla ombuso kuba amagunya ombuso alawula ulawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. izigqibo ezinje uhlolo--hlolo v. IsiXeko sasePittsburgh [197]) siqinisekisa ukuba amagunya anegunya kuomasipala babo, kuquka namandla okuzidinisa okanye ukuguqula amagunya abo.

Isiphelo

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba abalawuli okanye oosodolophu abanagunya elingakumbi akanakuphendulwa ngoewe okanye hayi. Kwiphepha, abalawuli banegunya elibanzi, ulawulo olungaphezulu lwemeko yexesha likaxakeka, ulawulo oluphezulu, nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko kumazwe abo. Abalawuli, ngexa benempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi besixeko bemini-mini, basebenza phantsi kwesambulela somthetho nesezobupolitika sorhulumente. Usigqeba esinamandla kuhlanga akanakuwulawula umgaqo werhuluneli, kwaye uqingqo-mali lukamasipala lungasetyenziswa lula ngoqingqo-mali lukarhulumente.

Noko ke, impembelelo negunya azingobulawuli obuqhelekileyo. Kwimimandla emikhulu yesixeko, oosodolophu bangayalela ingqalelo ebalulekileyo ye-media, ukwenza imibutho enamandla, kwaye babe ngabantu besizwe. Ikomkhulu lezobupolitika lomphathi-dolophu onamandla anamandla ngamanye amaxesha lingalucel ’ umngeni umgaqo wenkqubo yerhuluneli. Kodwa, xa irabha esemthethweni idibana nendlela(ukuhlasela ungxamiseko, ukucinywa kwemeko, okanye kwimicimbi yegunya lomGaqo-siseko phantse ukuba isoloko iphumelela.

Kubemi kunye nabenzi bomthetho, ukuqonda ezi zixhobo zibalulekileyo. Kucacisa isizathu sokuba amaqela omgangatho karhulumente ngokufuthi etsala ingqalelo nenkxaso engakumbi, nokuba kutheni abameli basekuhlaleni besuka rhoqo kwicapitol ukuze baphumeze utshintsho lwenkqubo. Ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kweerhuluneli noomatiloshe alumi ngapha nanganye; luguquka ngemithetho yenkundla, umthetho omtsha, kunye nokutshintsha kolungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko. Kodwa okungundoqo okuhlala: abalawuli bangabalawuli abayintloko bamazwe olawulo oluphezulu, ngexa oomatilosha bekhokelele phakathi kolo lawulo.