Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa koLawulo lwaseMelika

Nsuku zonke, abemi basebenzisana nezigqibo zikarhulumente — ukusuka kwindlela abaqhuba kuyo ukuya kumgangatho wamanzi abawaselayo kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwiindawo zabo zemisebenzi. Sekunjalo abantu abaninzi bakufumanisa kunzima ukuchonga ngqo umgangatho worhulumente onamandla obekek' ityala ngoko. I-United States isebenza phantsi kwesixokelelwano solawulo apho igunya lahlulelwe khona phakathi kwesizwe, urhulumente, nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni. Le sakhiwo siso sisongezelelekileyo asiyomfuneko; ibonisa injongo yokuba abalathisi borhulumente abamele urhulumente ophakathi nolawulo oluphezulu lwamazwe kunye noluntu. Ukuqonda oku akuyo kuphela into ebalulekileyo kukufunda ulwazi kodwa kuluncedo kumazwe oluntu, ukuvota, kunye nokubhalisa uluntu.

Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi yesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, urhwebo, kunye nemali. Urhulumente ulawula imicimbi yangaphakathi njengemfundo karhulumente, iinkqubo zokuthutha, kunye neenkonzo zempilo. Oorhulumente bengingqi `amatyala, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo-(ukujoliswe kwimiqathango yoluntu yemihla ngemihla: ukugada kwamapolisa, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iipaki, kunye nokuthelekisa iimbopheleleko, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwezi ndawo zoorhulumente eUnited States.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ligunya eliphakamileyo kwimibandela engaphaya kwemida yombuso okanye efuna inkqubo efanayo yesizwe. Amandla akhe adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States kwaye aye achazwa ngaphaya kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Isakhiwo sorhulumente sinamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ukubekwa kwemithetho

Isebe lemithetho, iBhunga lowiso-mthetho, yi-biadral: iNdlu yabameli (enezihlalo ezabiwe ngabantu borhulumente) kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso (enabameli ababini kwiphondo ngalinye). Ingqungquthela iyila imithetho kwimibandela edweliswe ngokucacileyo kwiQumrhu I, iCandelo lesi-8, njengesemali, ukumisela imfazwe, ukulawula ingingqi kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle, kunye nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Ikwanamandla afunekayo okumisela imithetho “eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo” yokubulala loo mandla adweli. Umzekelo, iCec Eac Aircep Act kunye noMthetho weNtlalo-Social Secul Act wooct wook awenziwe kwigunya leBhunganiso lokulawula ushishino-ntlalo-ntle, nokulungiselela intlalo-ntle-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: ukhuthuzo nolawulo

Ephethwe nguMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo lizalisekisa kwaye linyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente. Oku kuquka ukuphatha isebe lesizwe eliphetheyo (_iindawo zokukhusela, iJaji, iSebe Lempilo nezothutho, kunye nezothutho. UMongameli uqhuba inkqubo yasemzini, usebenza njengoMphathi-Sikhundla-mikhosi yemikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo elawula indlela ebulawa ngayo. IKhabhinethi kunye namasebe azimeleyo (njengeSikhuseli Sokhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo) athwala umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wemigaqo kunye nolawulo. Umzekelo, iSebe lemfundo limisela imigaqo yolawulo kubafundi namalungelo asekuhlaleni ezikolweni, kodwa alilawuli ulawulo lwezomthetho.

Isebe eligwebayo: Ukucaciswa nokuHlolwa

Ijaji yephondo elikwiNkundla ePhakamileyo nequka iinkundla zezibheno kunye neenkundla zesithili. Ngokuchaza imithetho karhulumente kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Ngamandla okuhlola ityala, amiselwe ku Marbury v. UMadison [183], iinkundla zinokuwisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zesizwe zisingatha amatyala kazwelonke, iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nemibango ebandakanya iqela. Urhulumente njengomzekelo, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Brown v. IBrown yeNkulumbuso yemfundo [FLT] [FLT] [53] [195]) i-deggractive, ingumthetho karhulumente womthetho wolawulo lwesizwe.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zomanyano

  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Isebe lokhuselo lilawula umkhosi, umkhosi wolwandle, umkhosi womoya, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, kunye nomkhosi wesithuba semali, kunye nofakelo lomkhosi kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • [[UMGAQO-nkqubo woMphathiswa] woMgaqo-nkqubo woMnye u- ISebe loRhulumente lilawula ulwalamano lwezobuzwe, izivumelwano, kunye nee- embssion; uMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Urhwebo lweInterstate: IKhomishini yeFederal Trade kunye neSebe lezothutho lilawula urhwebo, ezothutho, kunye nothungelwano olunqamleza imigca yesizwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukunyanzelisa kunye nokuBanki: Iveliswa ngemali kwaye ilawula ityala lesizwe; iFederal Reserve icwangcisa inkqubo yemali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufuduka kunye nokwemvelo: kunye neeNkonzo zobuGcisa zinika iimvume kunye nobumi; iCumstom kunye noKhuselo loMda ukhusela imida.
  • Amalungelo e-Civil: ISebe leJaji linyanzela imithetho yamalungelo oluntu, kuquka amalungelo okuvota kunye nemimiselo echasene nohlanga.

Ngoluhlu olubanzi lwamasebe karhulumente kunye namagunya awo, bona igosa SUSA.gov inkcazo yamasebe karhulumente.

URhulumente WeRhulumente: Imikhosi Yolawulo - melo

Oorhulumente banoko iSimemezelo seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu sikubiza ngokuthi “amagunya agciniweyo”" `igunya elinganikwanga urhulumente okanye elingavunyelwanga kumazwe. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho impembelelo enkulu ekulungiseni ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi babo. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, amasebe amathathu karhulumente, namandla okuhlawula, ukuchitha, nokulawula emideni yakhe.

Amasebe eMithetho yeSizwe, Abaphathi, kunye namaSebe eeNkcukacha

Iphondo ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-biamaral (ingqungquthela kunye ne-senate). Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zimisela imithetho yemfundo, yezothutho, yempilo, yezolwaphulo-mthetho, neminye imininzi. Irhuluneli yephondo isebenza njengentloko-mthetho, inamagunya okutyobela (okanye i-veto), ilawula amatyala esizwe, isiyalela neentloko-komiti zesizwe.. Ngokufuthi njalo iinkqubo zezomthetho zikarhulumente ziquka inkundla ephakamileyo, iinkundla zamatyala, kunye neenkundla zamatyala. (* inkundla yezomthetho nemithetho yezomthetho yelo rhulumente isingatha uninzi lwetyala eU.S., kuquka iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zezemibangoonongevuzolwaphulo-mthetho, iingxoxo zezemiv.

Imfundo: Inkqubo karhulumente- engenisiweyo

Ngokunokwenzeka imfundo kawonke-wonke yeyona mbopheleleko ibalulekileyo karhulumente. Ama-odonga amisela imigangatho yokufundisa, izikolo zemali (ngokufuthi ngerhafu yempahla nangerhafu yengeniso karhulumente), umfundisi- ntsapho oqinisekisileyo, kunye nokuhambisa iimvavanyo ezisesikweni. Urhulumente wengingqi unikela ngemali eyongezelelweyo (umz., iSihlomelo I kwizikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi) kodwa akalawuli oko kuqulunqwe luthelweyo. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu emfundo agqiba iimfuno zemfundo ekuphumeleleni kwisikolo samabanga aphezulu, kunye neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente zimisela imigaqo-nkqubo. Oku kubhekisele ekubonelweni ngokweendleko kunokuthi amava omfundi angane ahluke kakhulu ukusuka kwisizwe ngasinye.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente (i-DOT) ajongene nogcino lweendlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, namazibuko enqanawa. Aqhuba imisebenzi emikhulu efana nolwando lohola wendlela yasentla kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke, ngokufuthi esebenzisana nentlawulo yorhulumente esuka kwi-Infrapublic Respointment kunye noMthetho weSebe lezothutho. Ama-United States nawo ayalawula ubhaliso lwezithuthi, iilayisensi zomqhubi, kunye nemithetho yeenqwelo-transport. Isebe lase-California lezothutho (Caltrans), umzekelo, lijongelathisa inkqubo yenkululeko yendlela yomgaqo karhulumente, ngelixa i-Texa isebe lezothutho lilawula enye yeentlanganiso ezinkulu zendlela zomgaqo-mfolorholo.

ISebe lezempilo nezoLuntu

Amazwe aqhuba iinkqubo ze-Medicaid (ezixhaswa ngurhulumente wesizwe), alawula izibhedlele kunye nabasebenzi bonyango, alawula iilaboratori zezempilo zikawonke-wonke, aphendule nokuqhambuka kwezifo. Kwakhona azalisekisa izindululo zempilo zikarhulumente, njengentengo ye-inshorensi ye-Affordcable Care Act. Amasebe ezonyango eRhulumente alungelelanisa amaphulo okugoma, amanyathelo empilo kamama, kunye nokuthintela izifo ezingapheliyo. Ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-COVOVID-19, amaziko aba ngabadlali abaphambili bokuvavanya, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokuhambisa isitoliki.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni okanye amaziko eendlela alawula imithetho yeetrato ahlola ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezisemagunyeni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhasa iingxowa-mali kunye nokuqhuba iintolongo, iibhodi ezivalelweyo, kunye namaziko okuvalelwa kwabantwana. Kwakhona bamisela imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni. Ngoxa amapolisa asekuhlaleni enyanzelisa imithetho emininzi yemini yonke, amagqwetha-mthetho agweba angqongqo ekwakuchotshelweni kwemiqatha, nokukhusela imithetho yezorhulumente enkundleni. Amanye amazwe, njengoNew York neKhalifoni, aye amisela amaqumrhurhu azimeleyo ukuphakamisa ityala.

Ezinye Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zelizwe

  • Unyulo: Amazwe anika lonke ulawulo lwezwe, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kuquka ubhaliso lovoti, iindawo zokuvota, nokubala kwevoti.
  • Ukwamkelwa kweshishini: amaqumrhu omgaqo-siseko weStates, imisebenzi yelayisensi (oogqirha, amagqwetha, iingcali ngendalo), kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi olunyanzelwayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwe-Environmental: Amazwe azalisekisa imigangatho yengingqi ecocekileyo nacocekileyo yamanzi ne-air, ngokufuthi esebenzisa eyawo amasebe okusingqongileyo (umz., iBhodi yeZibonelelo zenqwelo moya yaseCalifornia).
  • Imali engenisa kunye neNkxaso yabaSebenzi: urhulumente ngamnye ulawula iimarike ze-inshorensi kwaye ulawula iinkqubo zembuyekezo zabasebenzi xa kukho umonakalo onxulumene nomsebenzi.

Kulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wakho, tyelela ulawulo lwelizwe ku-USA.gov.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Icandelo eliphambili lokuhlangula

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngabona basondelene kakhulu nabemi kwaye basingatha ezona nkonzo zikawonke-wonke zibonakalayo. Bazizidalwa zikarhulumente, intsingiselo yamagunya abo anikwa kwaye athintelwa ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nangemimiselo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi: ubalo-mali, oomasipala, iidolophu, iidolophu, iilokishi, izikolo, nezithili ezikhethekileyo (kuba amanzi, umlilo, njl.njl.). Isakhiwo sabo siyahluka-hluka-tshintsha kakhulu, ezinye ziye zanyula oomatiloshe kunye namabhunga, ezinye zisebenzisa abaphathi bezixeko okanye oovimba bephondo.

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke: Amanzi, ucoselelo, ne-Unitimes

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela, ngokungqalileyo okanye ngezivumelwano, amanzi okusela acocekileyo, unyango lwamanzi amdaka, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokuhlanjwa kwezitrato. Umzekelo, iSebe leSixeko seNkundla yendawo engqongileyo saseNew York lilawula enye yeenkqubo ezinkulu zamanzi ehlabathini. Amaqela amaninzi asebenzisa uluntu jikelele ukuze afumane umbane, igesi yendalo, okanye i-intanethi ebanzi. Imimandla ekhethekileyo idla ngokuyila ezi nkonzo kwiingingqi ezininzi.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuzingela

Imimiselo yokulungisa imisela oko kunokwenziwa apho, /indawo yorhwebo, ushishino, ukudityaniswa. Ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kunye neebhodi zolungiso lohlenga-hlengiso lwezicelo zokuhlahlela, zokwahlula, kunye nezixhobo zokwahlula. Ezi zigqibo zibumba ubume bengingqi, ukubonelela, ukulondolozwa kwezindlu, nokulondolozwa kwemekobume. Umzekelo, isixeko singavumela izakhiwo zokuhlala ezinde kufutshane nezitishi zokuthutha, okanye umgangatho ophantsi wokukhusela imimandla embali. Ulawulo lomhlaba lunye lwezona zixhobo zengingqi zengingqi zinamandla zolawulo lwengingqi zasekuhlaleni ukuba zikhokele uphuhlisoluntu.

Ukunyanzelwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo

Iinkonzo zamapolisa kaMasipala zijikeleza izitrato, zisabela kwiimeko zongxamiseko, ziphande ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwemiqathango yesixeko; ingingqi yamaphondo isoloko isingatha iindawo ezingafakwanga zize zisetyenziswe kwiintolongo. Amasebe omlilo (‘onke ahlawulelwe okanye ahlawulelwe'ukukhusela okanye impahla'avumayo.) kwiindawo ezininzi, ezi nkonzo zixhaswa ngerhafu yempahla kunye nerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zekhamera, amanyathelo amapolisa oluntu, kunye nezivumelwano zokuncedana kwimimandla yommelwane zingamaqhinga aqhelekileyo okunyusa ukhuseleko.

Iipaki, Iinkqubo Zokuzonwabisa Nezoluntu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iipaki, amabala emidlalo, amaqula okuqubha, kunye namaziko abantu abahlala kulo. Balungiselela iinkqubo zasemva kwesikolo, imisebenzi yangaphambili, iimarike zamafama, nemithendeleko yenkcubeko. Ezi ndawo zikhuthaza ubomi obuhle kunye nokukhuthaza umanyano. Ngokomzekelo, iSebe lezeNqumlo neMidlalo laseLos Angeles liphethe iipaki ezingaphezu kwama-440 kunye neendawo zokuzihlaziya ezili-180 kulo lonke isixeko.

Imfundo Kumgangatho Wasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa amazwe emisela inkqubo yophangalala yemfundo, izikolo zasekuhlaleni (ezilawulwa ziibhodi ezinyuliweyo) zilawula izikolo nganye. Ziqesha othisha, amaziko, aphucula uqingqo-mali, azalisekise imigangatho karhulumente. Ezinye izixeko, njengeChicago neNew York, zinenkqubo yesikolo sesithili ebanzi; ezinye zahlulwe zaba yimimandla emincinane. Iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni zixhasa kakhulu izikolo, ezikhokelela kwizahlulo eziphawulekayo zobuncwane phakathi koluntu esityebileyo namahlwempu.

Iimbopheleleko Zasekuhlaleni Ezongezelelekileyo

  • Indlu kunye neeNkonzo ezingenamakhaya: amagunya endlu anika iCandelo le 8 leemvavanyo kwaye alawula iindawo zikawonke-wonke zokuhlala; izixeko izikhuseli zemali kunye neenkqubo zokufikelela ngaphandle.
  • Unikezelo:[ izitrato zesiXeko, iimpawu zeetrafiki, iindlela, kunye neendlela zebhayisekile zigcinwa kwindawo ethile, nangona zisoloko zixhaswa ngemali yorhulumente okanye yesizwe.
  • [[UMHLA] Ubomi kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu: amasebe ezonyango ephondo anika ukugonywa, iikliniki ezilungiselelwe intsapho, kunye nokucetyiswa ngempilo yengqondo.
  • Ulawulo lobungcathu: Abaphathi bongxamiseko basekuhlaleni balungelelanisa iziphumo kwintlekele zendalo, iziganeko zezixhobo eziyingozi, kunye nobunzima bempilo kawonke-wonke.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngeenkonzo zikarhulumente ohlala nazo, khangela i i-National Association of Counties’s sikhokelo.

Ukungenelela Nokuwa Ngokugqithiseleyo Phakathi Kwamaziko Orhulumente

Ngaphandle kwala macandelo acocekileyo, ulawulo lwehlabathi lokwenene lubandakanya intsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente, ingxoxo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ingquzulwano. Akukho mgangatho usebenza ngokwawo.

Imali ehlawulwayo kunye noManyano

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke ekudluliseni koorhulumente kunye nemithombo karhulumente kunye norhulumente, ukuze izinto ezinkulu ze-ekhweyithi ezifana neendlela, uthutho, kunye nolwakhiwo lwesikolo. Ezi zibonelelo zifumaneka ngemitya edityaniswe: isixeko esifumana imali yeprojekthi ye-ografiki yeprojekthi yezobume bendalo, imithetho ehlawulwayo, kunye nemigangatho yokufumaneka. Ngokufanayo, amaphondo axhomekeke kwimali engqinelanayo yeMedicaid, kunye neendawo ezixhomekeke ekudibaniseni ingeniso karhulumente. Oku kudala ulwembutho oluntsonkothile lwemali kunye nempembelelo yenkqubo.

Ukuzalisekiswa komgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho karhulumente neyamafashoni ifuna inyathelo lengingqi. Umzekelo, i-Celean Water Act imisela imilinganiselo ekufuneka zihlangatyezene nayo iziko lonyango lwamanzi amdaka. UMthetho waseMerika oneziphene kufuneka ukuba izixeko zenze izithuba zikawonke-wonke zifikeleleke. Amazwe angamisela imiqathango kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ngokufana nokubonelela umyinge omncinane wemali yamapolisa ngaphandle kokunikela ngemali epheleleyo. Oku kungabangela ukuba kubekho uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni kuze kukhokelele kwiimbambano zezopolitiki “ngeyomiyalelo engagunyaziswanga.”

Ukuphendula kweMbali yeNkcubeko noLawulo lwentlekele

Ngexesha longxamiseko olufana nenkanyamba, imililo yelanga okanye iindyikitya zokufa, onke amanqanaba karhulumente ayasebenza. Abaphendula kuqala (ipolisa, umlilo, iEMS) bangabaphendula bokuqala. Ukuba isiganeko sigqithe kumthamo wasekuhlaleni, irhuluneli yesizwe ingavakalisa urhulumente wongxamiseko kunye nogcino-mali lwesizwe. Ukuba le ntlekele yintlekele, uMongameli angavakalisa intlekele kazwelonke, ivula imali kunye namasebe karhulumente. I-202020 COVIID-19 ibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela ukhokelo lukarhulumente, imiyalelo yesizwe, kunye nemibutho yezonyango yezonyango kufuneka ilungelelane ngayo ngokhuthulo-----

Umanyano noLawulo

Iindawo ezininzi zenkqubo zinxulumene. Ukhuseleko lwekhaya lubandakanya amasebe karhulumente (DHS), amaziko obuchule bokudibanisa amapolisa orhulumente, kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni. Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ubona imigangatho ye-EPA inyanzeliswa ngurhulumente we-DEP kodwa iphunyezwe ngokobuqu. Ukhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu luxhomekeke kwiCDC (imeko-ntle), kwisebe lezonyango lesizwe, kunye nakwiikliniki zamaphondo. Ezi zicalulo zimiselwe ngokwesivumelwano somanyano, imikhosi yemisebenzi, kunye nonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo.

Iingqikelelo, Ulungelelwano, Neengxaki Phakathi Kwamanqanaba

Iimpikiswano phakathi komgangatho karhulumente ziqhelekile kwaye zisoloko zifikelela kwiinkundla. Umzekelo, uLawulo lweSihlaziyo seshumi loMgaqo-nkqubo lusikelwe imiqathango karhulumente, kwaye amaphondo aye amangalela urhulumente wesizwe kwiimfuno zonyango, ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka, kunye nemigaqo yemekobume. Maxa wambi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni “bayikhulula i-” imithetho karhulumente ngokuchaseneyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ethintela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimiqathango encinane okanye kwingcwele. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kungundoqo kuye nabani na ofunda ibutho okanye obandakanye nemigaqo-nkqubo.

Ucimo kunye ne-Autonomy yangaphakathi

Imeko iyenzeka xa umthetho karhulumente ugqitha umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, i-Arizona iye yavala oomasipala ukuba bangalawuli iingxowa zeplastiki, ngoxa iTexas iye yavala izixeko ekuhlawuleni ikhefu lokugula elihlawulwayo. Ngokuchasene noko, amanye amaphondo anika “ulawulo lwasekhaya” amandla avumela izixeko ukuba zibe nesabelo esibanzi sokuzilawula kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Umlinganiselo phakathi korhulumente namandla asekuhlaleni usoloko uxoxwa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho nakwiinkundla.

Isigqibo sezomthetho kwiimpikiswano eziphakathi koorhulumente

Xa ungquzulwano lungenakuconjululwa ngokwezobupolitika, luphelela enkundleni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igqibele kwityala elingundoqo: Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) iseke ulawulo lwezwe kumazwe; Prequez v. United States[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [1997]) ibeke imiyalelo yequmrhu lamagosa; kunye neSouthern Pentecostalment Church v. Newsom yavavanywa igunya lokumisela imida yonqulo ngexesha lengxolo. Ezi zimisela ngokutsha imidalo entle yegunya likarhulumente.

Isiphelo: Ukwazi Ulwaneliseko Lolwakhiwo

Inkqubo karhulumente egqunywe ngomaleko waseUnited States ingamandla kwaye ingumthombo wentsonkotha. Ulawulo lomanyano luqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwesizwe kwimibandela efana nokukhusela namalungelo abantu. Urhulumente welizwe uvumelanisa iinkqubo zeemfuno zengingqi, esebenza njengeelaboratori zokuphucula. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla. /ingingqi ezikhuselekileyo, amanzi acocekileyo, izikolo ezilungileyo, kunye neendawo zikawonke wonke ezichukumileyo. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna yonke imigangatho emithathu ukunxibelelana, ukusebenzisana, kwaye maxa wambi bakhuphisana.

Kubemi, ukwazi ukuba ngubani obeke imbopheleleko ngoko kumele ukuba nenxaxheba kuqala. Xa ufuna ukutshintsha ikloko yemoto, uqhagamshelana nebhunga lesixeko sakho. Ukuze uphembelele uqeqesho lwemfundo, uya kwintlanganiso yequmrhu lesikolo okanye uvote kunyulo lwesizwe. Ukuxhasa inkqubo yempilo yesizwe, ubhalela abameli bakho bequmrhu. Ukuqaphela ezi ndlela kuguqula imigaqo engaqhelekanga ibe lulwazi olusebenzayo. Njengoko inkqubo yeMelika iqhubeka iguquka, uluntu olunolwazi olunolwazi oluthe kratya luza kulungisa ikamva lalo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nolawulo lwamagunya, jonga i- Conreg.gov isikhokelo kwinkqubo yemithetho kunye nocalulo lweHome yeWhite House karhulumente wezwelonke.