IGood Wear Agreement, eyatyikitywa ngoApril 10, 1998, ijongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zingqinelano zoxolo eziphumelelayo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaphelisa ugonyamelo lwamahlelo angamashumi amathathu awaziwa njengeZiphelo zeMerika eMntla Ireland, iseka isiseko sokulawula amandla, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo. Isivumelwano esihlala njalo siphembelele abaphengululi, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye neengxwabangxwaba kwizivumelwano ezikhoyo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso olucacileyo phakathi kwesivumelwano se-Oslo Recouditions, i-Dauaybons, i-Day Colonstion, kunye ne-uragenity e-Olday. Ngokuhlola ezi zivumelwano zesivumelwano, ii-odolances macala esecaleni, sinokufumana izifundo eziluncedo kwiinkqubo zoxolo ezizintlobo ezininzi ze-oin.

Iinkalo Eziyintloko Zesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-Belfast Agreement, sasiyincopho yengxubusho edibeneyo ebandakanya oorhulumente bamaBritane nama-Irish, kwakunye namaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika kuMntla Ireland. Isakhiwo saso sasibanzi ngabom, singathethi nje ngokuqukumbela ugonyamelo kodwa kwanotshintsho lwexesha elide lwezopolitiko kunye nolwentlalo.

Iziko lokwabelana ngegunya

Embindini wesivumelwano yayikukudalwa kwengqungquthela yemithetho ehlaziyiweyo kunye negunya eliphetheyo, nezigqibo ezinyanzelisayo ezilawula amandla phakathi kombutho kunye namaqela esizwe. Le nkqubo yaqinisekisa ukuba abantu bobabini babenomthi wokulawula, ukunciphisa amathuba okuba icala elinye libeke ukuthanda kwalo kwelinye. UMphathiswa wokuqala noSekela-Mphathiswa wokuqala banyulwa kunye, kwaye izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna inkxaso enqamlezayo, mhlawumbi ngemvume enxulumeneyo okanye ngobukhulu bokuvota.

Ukutshintshwa Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nokusesikweni

Isivumelwano sagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa okupheleleyo kweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), eyabonwa ngabaninzi abaxhasi besizwe njengomkhosi wobuhlanga. Ingcebiso zeKhomishoni yePatten zakhokelela ekusungulweni kweNkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland (PSNI), ngokugxininisa okungakumbi kumalungelo abantu, ulawulo loluntu, kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. IBhunga elitsha lePolitiki kunye ne-ofisi ye-Ombudsman yamiselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.

Ukupheliswa Kwezixhobo Kwamaqela Asemkhosini

Onke amaqela azinikele ekurhoxeni izixhobo zomkhosi, inkqubo eyayicothayo kwaye izele kukungathembani kwezobupolitika. I- Independent International Commission on Decoming (ICD) yajonga ukutshatyalaliswa kwezixhobo, ngoMkhosi we-Irish Republican (IRA) egqiba ukuthotywa kwazo izixhobo ngo-2005. Eli nyathelo lalibalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe intembelo yokuba iindlela zezobupolitika ziya kuthatha indawo yemfazwe.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano saqulunqwa kwiNkomfa yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu kumthetho wasekhaya, saseka iKhomishini yamaNgeniso aBantu eMntla Ireland, saza sasungula iKhomishini yokuLungisa. IBhili yamaLungelo eNyakatho Ireland yacelwa ukuba imisele, nangona isaza kumiswa ngokupheleleyo. Isivumelwano saphinda sayiphucula inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yaza yazisa iinkqubo ezintsha zamaxhoba nabasindileyo.

Uthelekiso neSivumelwano se-Oslo (1993-19995)

I-Oslo Sceds, etyikitywe phakathi kwe-Israel kunye ne-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), imela elinye ilinge eliphezulu lokucombulula umlo ongapheliyo wezizwe ngezizwe. Njengesivumelwano esilungileyo sangoLwesihlanu, inkqubo ye-Oslo ibandakanya uthethano olungqalileyo phakathi kwababephambili kwintshabalaliso ecwangcisiweyo ejolise kuxolo. Noko ke, iziphumo zezivumelwano ezibini zimi ngokuchaseneyo.

Izinto Ezifanayo Kwisakhiwo

Zombini ezi zivumelwano zadala amalungiselelo okuzilawula: iGunya lase-Palestina lasekwa kwiNtshona Bank nase Gaza, njengeNdibano yasemntla Ireland. Zombini ezi ziko zazinombono wemeko yokulungisa imicimbi engundoqo enjengemida, iYerusalem, kunye neembacu (kumo yePalestine yase kwaSirayeli) okanye ubume bomgaqo-siseko weNowentla Ireland (kwisivumelwano esintle saseLwesihlanu). Zombini zathetha ngolungiso lwecandelo lokhuseleko kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zemidlalo engekho mazwe.

Oondoqo

I-Oslo Reauditions zabandezeleka ngenxa yokungabinamdla kobuhlanga kuphela kodwa kwanamaqela anyanisekileyo emikhosi yezopolitiko kumacala omabini, uHamas kunye neminye imibutho yakwaSirayeli, zazingeyomibutho kwisivumelwano kwaye zayenza yanezo zenzo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iGood Wesihlanu Active Auntellignence yakhiwa kumanyano olubanzi olwalungaquki nje kuphela amazwana aphakathi kunye namaqumrhu athembekileyo kodwa kwakhona imikhosi yamajoni emfazwe emfazwe enyanisiweyo ehamba ngamaphiko ayo ezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, yadala ungquzulwano oluqhubekekayo, i-United States eMntla Ireland, kunye ne-Norway neUnited States e-Oslo. Inkqubo yeOslo yaveza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

Imiphumo Nezifundo

I-Oslo Revolutions ekugqibeleni yawa kwi Intifada yesibini, kwaye izivumelwano ezalandelayo ezinjenge mephu yoxolo aziphumelelanga ukuvuselela le nkqubo. Isifundo esingundoqo ekuthelekiseni i-Oslo ne-Goold Wearling Accounting sinokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwe , okuqinisekisiweyo, ukubekwa phantsi kwezixhobo [ kunye ne-'i-'i-' yemibambo yokugqibela yemeko yokugqibela' [[[FLTLT] [[FLTL:3]] phambi kokuba ukuthembana. Inkqubo ye-Oslo ishiye eyona miba yoxandulo kwisigaba sokugqibela, engazange yenzekelelwe phantsi i- proft Revelvelces Icesment isort (unyaka wasentlarentiat) izakuhlala ingatshintshangayekangalo ngaphandle kwevoti enkulu) kwaye isakhiwo esiqinileyo.

Ukuthelekisa iMithetho Yosuku (1995)

I-Dayton Synows yaphelisa imfazwe yase Bosnia, enye yemfazwe ezibulalayo eYurophu ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Isivumelwano saxutyushwa phantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu yezizwe ngezizwe eMkhosi womoya weWright-Patterson eOhio, USA. NjengeGood Wear Apligument, yaseka ilungiselelo elintsonkothileyo lokulawula amandla enzelwe ukuhlalisa amaqela eentlanga ezininzi.

Izakhiwo Zokwabelana Ngamandla

IBosnia neHerzegovina zahlulwa zibe ngamaqumrhu amabini: iFederation yase Bosnia kunye neHerzegovina (ngokuqhelekileyo iBosnia neCroatia) kunye neRepublika Srpska (ngokubanzi iSerpka), edityaniswe ngurhulumente obuthathaka phakathi. I-designentine lilungu lesithathu elinommandla omnye we-Bosniak, i-Croatia, kunye nenye yase-Serbia. Le mizekelo i-consociation ingumzekelo onzima we-Nordreland, kodwa enomahluko omkhulu: u-Dayton-ston usekelwe kulwahlulo lommandla oluphakathi, kanti i-Partment isebenza kummandla omnye, oxubeneyo kunye nenkqubo eguqukayo yenkqubo (i-union, yesizwe, okanye enye).

Ukusebenza nokuzinza

ITreamsbons yeDayton yaphumelela ekupheliseni ugonyamelo olusikali esikhulu, kodwa inkqubo yezobupolitika iye yangqineka ingasebenzi kakuhle. Ukwahlulwa kweentlanga kuhlala kusekwe; izixhobo zikarhulumente zigqunywe kakubi, zimoshakele, kwaye zisoloko zixhonywa ngezixhobo. Ukwenza izigqibo eBosnia kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kohlanga, kodwa okusoloko kusilela. Isivumelwano asizange siquke amalungiselelo anamandla okuthotywa kwezixhobo okanye okusesikweni, kwaye uluntu sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe (* ngokusebenzisa i-Ofisi yoMmeli oPhezulu) kwakufuneka sinyanzele imithetho ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze kugcinwe isebenza urhulumente.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Good Wear Agreement elungelelanisa amandla ilungelelaniswa ngakumbi. Ngelixesha iye yajamelana neengxaki zamaxesha (ukuwa koMlawuli oMsebenzi oPhezulu ukusuka ngo-2017-2020, umzekelo), amaqela angqineke eqinile, kwaye amaqela ezobupolitika amkele ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba semthethweni kwesakhiwo. Isifundo esingundoqo kuDayton kukuba ulwahlulo lobuzwe ludityaniswe nomlinganiselo oqinileyo wohlanga [[[[FLTLT:1]] lungaqinisa ungquzukisa ingxabano kunokuba lusombulule. Imodeli ye-commony comption-commony kunye negama lokuzithandela le-emplognobonke inika ulungiso oluthe ngakumbi ngenxa yokuzichaza okuqhubekayo kwe-politiki.

Ukuthelekisa neSivumelwano Soxolo SaseColombia (2016)

Isivumelwano soxolo saseColombia phakathi korhulumente kunye neRhoodential Armeadss zase Colombia (FARC) sinikela umzekelo wakutshanje wenkqubo yoxolo olubanzi. Satyikitywa ngo2016, saphela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu yemfazwe. NjengeGood Wear Accounting, yayiquka amalungiselelo okupheliswa kwezixhobo, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kunye namaxhoba.

Ukuphulukana Nezixhobo Nokusesikweni Okudluliselwa Ngokwahlukileyo

Zombini izivumelwano zabeka ukupheliswa kwezixhobo kwindawo ekusetyenziselwe kuyo iprojekthi. EColombia, iFARC yanikezela izixhobo kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye nolawulo olukhethekileyo loxolo (JEP) lwadalelwa ukuzama ukuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. I-Good Wesihlanu Actrigion yadala inkqubo yokuphelisa igalelo lamazwe ngamazwe, nangona amaqela emikhosi yomkhosi angaphandle kwenkqubo yezopolitiko (umz., amaRoffrandmentanmentanism) aye ahlala ekhuthele. Noko ke, inkqubo yeColombia iye yanemaphambili ekuthetheleni iingcambulo zotshintsho, inkqubela yasemaphandleni, kunye nesivuno esingekho mthethweni kwe-mthethweni kwezobupolitika (e.)

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Isivumelwano saseColombia savumela iFARC ukuba iguqulele kwiqela lezobupolitika, ibanika izihlalo ezilishumi kwiNgqungquthela ngaphandle konyulo lwemiqathango emibini. Oku kuyafana nendlela iGood Wear Agreement eyanika ngayo amaqela anxulumene namaqela emikhosi (njengeSin Féin) ukhuphiswano. Kuzo zombini, ukufakwa kwangaphambili kwamajoni kwizopolitiko zedemokhrasi kuye kwaphikiswana ngempikiswano kodwa ekugqibeleni kwafak ’ isandla ekuhlaseleni ingxubeko.

Iingxaki Nokunyamezela

Inkqubo yoxolo yaseColombia ijongene nocelomngeni olunzima lokuzalisekisa: ukubulawa kwababesakuba ngabalwayo, ukucotha kwelizwe, nokunyuka kwamaqela amatsha axhobileyo. Isivumelwano sika-2016 sathi saphela ngokufutshane kwi-andersum kawonke-wonke, sandula ke saxhonywa kwiNgqungquthela-mhlaba. Kodwa iye yasinda, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izivumelwano ezininzi. IGood Wearth Comment nayo ngokufanayo yamelana nokuwa kweNdibano kwaye iyaqhubeka isongezwana esiphantsi. Imeko eqhelekileyo ibonakala isomelele kwinkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe: i-European Union neUnited States zadlala iindima ezinkulu kuNyakatho kwaSirayeli, kwaye iZizwe zezizwe eziphanamrhulu.

Ukuthelekiswa neNguquko eDityanisiweyo yaseMzantsi Afrika (1993-19994)

Ukuguquka komGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika ukusuka kucalucalulo ukuya kulawulo-melo kudla ngokuchazwa njengenkqubo yoxolo, nangona yayingeyosivumelwano soxolo sinye kunothotho lweengxoxo ezafikelela kwisiphelo somGaqo-siseko we-1993 kunye nonyulo lonyulo luka-1994. Sekunjalo, yayabelana ngeempawu ezininzi neGood Wear Ad Reavention.

Ukudibana nokuxinana

Zombini iinkqubo zaziquka iingxoxo ezininzi ezaziquka abadlali abanembali zogonyamelo. I-African National Congress (ANC) norhulumente wocalucalulo waba nenxaxheba kwiintetho emva kweminyaka emininzi yemfazwe nengcinezelo. KuMntla Ireland, onke amaqela amakhulu omkhosi abizwa ngokuba yi-registers, kwaye abameli bawo bezobupolitika bathabatha inxaxheba kwiintetho. Inkqubo yoRhulumente yeSizwe soBunye beSizwe iminyaka emihlanu, idibene nombutho wemiqathango eNyakatho Ireland.

Okusesikweni Okungaqhelekanga Nokuxolelaniswa

IKhomishini yeQiniso ne-Reconciliation (TRC) yaseMzantsi Afrika yathembisa ukuxolelwa ngenxa yenyaniso epheleleyo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Umntla Ireland uye wabuzwa imibuzo emininzi kodwa akukho nkomfa yenyaniso ebanzi. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi isivumelwano esiLungileyo sangoLwesihlanu besingangenelwa kwinkqubo yokuchaza inyaniso esesikweni, ngoxa abanye bephawula ukuba iTRC yaseMzantsi Afrika yayinokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla kwavumela ukuhlawulelwa imikhosi yokhuseleko kunye neenkokeli zabanqolobi ngokufanayo.

Imilinganiselo Yezoqoqosho Nentlalo

Utshintsho loMzantsi Afrika lwadityaniswa neenguqu ezinkulu zentlalo nezoqoqosho , ngezantsi i-constructionon and Development Programme, uhlaziyo lwelizwe, kunye nokuxhobisa kwezoqoqosho ezimnyama. Isivumelwano esiLungisa ngoLwesihlanu saquka ukulingana namalungelo abantu kodwa asizange sicombulule ngokuthe ngqo ukuwohloka okunzulu kwezoqoqosho kuMntla Ireland. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulwahlulo loxolo luye lwabalasele, kunye nolwandiso-mali kunye nokhenketho. Isifundo sisithi izivumelwano zoxolo kufuneka zidibane neenkqubo ezithelekelele ekuxhathisweni kwezoqoqosho ukuze zixhaswe.

Izifundo Eziye Zafundwa Kwizivumelwano Zoxolo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Ngokuhlolisisa iSivumelwano esiLungisa ngoLwesihlanu ecaleni kwenkqubo yeOslo, Dayton, iColombia, neMzantsi Afrika, kuvela imigaqo emininzi yendalo iphela:

  • Ingxoxo equkayo ukususela ekuqaleni: Ukucima abadlali abangundoqo (njengoko kwenzeka nge Oslo/isikhokelo kubaphangi. Isivumelwano seGood Lantree saquka onke amaqela alahla ugonyamelo, emisela umqobo ocacileyo.
  • Isicwangciso sokucacisa ulwahlulo lobuhlanga oluqinileyo lwe-Daytton luvelise ilock efileyo, ngelixa inkqubo yeZiko le-Good Wear Act ivumela ukujikeleza kwe-IP. Izihlalo ezikhethekileyo zeColombia zabanqolobi bangaphambili ziye zadityaniswa iFARC.
  • Izixhobo ezivunyiweyo zokuphelisa izixhobo kunye nokhuseleko: zonke iinkqubo eziphumelelayo ziqinisekisa ukuba amajoni anikezela izixhobo kwaye amapolisa nomkhosi ziguqulwa ukuba zidibane kwaye ziphendule. I-Good Wear Agreement ye-oyile ethobayo kodwa eqinileyo ikhupha ukuthembana.
  • Amalungelo oluntu noxolelwaniso: I-TRC yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-JEP yaseColombia ibonisa ixabiso lokuthetha ngezenzo zenkohlakalo zangaphambili. Ukunqongophala kwenkqubo yenyaniso ebanzi yase-Ireland kuhlala kungumsantsa ochaphazela ubudlelwane boluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano soxolo sezizwe ngezizwe: Zonke izivumelwano zoxolo eziphumelelayo zazinabanikeli bangaphandle okanye abanikeli ababehlala bebandakanyekile iminyaka. IEU ne US bezisoloko zigxeka eNorthern Ireland; iUN ne Norway eColombia; i-US kwinkqubo yeDayton.
  • ingcambu yedilesi ezibangela: Ezoqoqosho, umhlaba, kunye nokungalingani kwentlalo kufuneka kujongwe kwicala lotshintsho lwezopolitiko. Isivumelwano senkqubela-phambili yasemaphandleni, nangona sasingaphunyezwanga kakuhle, sasiyilungu eliyimfuneko.

Isiphelo: Ukuzukiswa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwesivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano esilungileyo soLwesihlanu sisaqhubeka sisisibonelelo sokulungisa uxolo kuba sidibanise ulungiselelo oluqinileyo lweziko kunye nomnqweno wezobupolitika ukuba lulalanise. Aluzange luphelise amahlelo okanye ugonyamelo ngokupheleleyo.