Ukuchaza nokumela kwiNdlu yabameli zintsika ezisisiseko zorhulumente worhulumente waseUnited States. Ezi nkqubo zimisela indlela izinto ezikhethwa ngabemi abahlala kwidemokhrasi eziphembelela ngayo ukusekwa komthetho karhulumente nendlela amashumi amahlanu ahlulwe ngayo amandla phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ezi nkqubo kunika ukuqonda ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kwisiseko semihla ngemihla kwaye, okubaluleke ngakumbi, indlela abemi ngabanye abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ukwenza ukuba amazwi abo aviwe. Indlu yabameli, eyakhiwe njengegumbi elikufutshane nabantu, isebenza phantsi kwemithetho nezakhiwo eziye zavela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Eli nqaku linika ukonakala okucacileyo kwendlela abameli abanyulwa ngayo, indlela abavota, nendlela abasebenza ngayo, nendlela yokumela imithetho elawulayo.

Indlela Abameli Abakhethwa Ngayo

Amalungu eNdlu yabameli anyulwa ngqo ngabavoti abahlala kwisithili ngasinye soburhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo namaqumrhu angoorhulumente, akhethwe ekuqaleni yizindlu zowiso-mthetho, amalungu endlu ebesoloko ephantsi konyulo lwabantu. Le ndlela yayisenziwa ngempazamo: iiFramers zomGaqo-siseko wayefuna iNdlu yeNdlu yoMgaqo-siseko ukuba ibonise okuthandwayo ngokukhawuleza kunalo naliphi na isebe lorhulumente. Umbuso ngamnye wahlulahlulwe ngokwenani lemimandla yephondo esekelwe kubemi bayo, kwaye isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye. Iphondo elinabemi abaninzi, njengeKhalifoni, linemi engamashumi amahlanu-2, ngoxa linephondo elinabemi abancinane, njengoWyombhini, linodwa kuphela kwisithilithi esibanzi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlu ezihlala kuwo, kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli babo baqhubeke ngokusondeleneyo. Oku kumele kungenelele umjikelo wendlu yendlu yezonke, ukuquququququzelela i-mo-mo-mo-mo-ede i-ede i-mo

IMigangatho yeLifa leMveli

Inkqubo yokwahlula izihlalo phakathi kwamaphondo ibizwa ngokuba kukuhlahlelana. Emva kokuba inani labantu behla liphele ngokweminyaka eliqhutywa yi-U.S. Bureau, izihlalo ezingama- 435 eziseNdlu zibekwe ngokwenyani phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kwintlupheko yabemi. Amazwe akhulele ekuhlaleni yabanye abantu asenokufumana izihlalo, ngoxa amazwe athe akhula ngokucothayo okanye aphulukana nabemi banokulahlekelwa zisihlalo. Oku kufumana ukuphumelela kuyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo luhlala lulungelelaniselana nolwabeko lwabantu baseMelika. Kwiphondo ngalinye, umthwalo wokutsala imidabi yemida iye kwindlu yomthetho, ephantsi kweemfuno zemithetho esemthethweni efana neVortians. Umgaqo omnye we-vote, umgaqo omiswe yinkundla ephakamileyo yezo. [Foctivelvel]

Iimfaneleko ZeOfisi

UMgaqo-siseko umisela iimfaneleko ezintathu ezisisiseko zokusebenza kule Home: ummeli kufuneka abe neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ubudala, kufuneka abe ngummi waseUnited States ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye kufuneka abe ngummi welizwe apho anyulwa khona. Ngeli xesha kungekho mfuneko isesikweni yokuhlala kwimiqathango ethile yesithili, isithethe kunye nokusebenza kwezobupolitika okuyalela ukuba abameli baphile ngaphakathi okanye kufuphi nesithili bakhonzayo. Ezi zimfaneleko zincinane ngesiqu, zibonakalisa umnqweno wabasebenzi beFramente abagcina iNdlungela ingubo ilula kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwezi mfuneko zomgaqo-siseko, amaqela ezobupolitika nabangamanyeneyo afuna izihluzi, kuquka ukubonelela inkxaso, amava ezobupolitika, kunye nolungelelwano kunye neqela leqela leeqonga.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Inkqubo yokuvota yonyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu ilawulwa kukudityaniswa kwemithetho karhulumente neyoMvulo. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko unika igunya phezu "kwexesha, iindawo, kunye nendlela" yokhetho lobukhonya, iKhomishini imisele umthetho wokuqinisekisa ukudibana nokukhusela amalungelo okuvota. NgoSuku lwe-Ecostation, olungoLwesibini sokuqala emva kwenkqubo yokuqala kaNovemba yeminyaka ephakathi, abavoti abafanele ukuphosa amabhata kubani abo abathandayo kwisithili-ngqungqungquthela. Umbathi ofumana ivoti eninzi kweso sisihlalo. Le ndlela iyaziwa ngokuba sisininzi okanye okokuqala esitsha se-de se-de-de-deappost. Phantsi kwale nkqubo yokulawula, akukho lunyulo ukuba akukho lunyulo olupheleleyo; uninzi olunolwanolwanoluvo oluninzi.

Ubhaliso olugunyazisiweyo

Imfuno zokubhalisa iVoter iyahluka ngokwemeko, kodwa onke amaphondo amisela imigaqo esisiseko esisiseko: abavoti kufuneka babe ngabemi base-U.S., kufuneka babe neminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala okanye phambi koSuku lokhetho, kwaye kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno zikarhulumente. Amanye amaphondo afuna abavoti ukuba babhalise ngexesha elithile phambi konyulo, ngoxa amanye enikela ubhaliso olusisiseko sosuku olunye. Nangona le mizamo i-National Voter Religister Act ka-1993, ibizwa ngokuba yi-Mort Voter Act, yenziwe ukuba ibhaliswe ngokulula ngakumbi ngokuvumela abemi ukuba babhalise xa befaka okanye behlaziya ilayiselo lomqhubi. Ngoku, abaninzi bachaza ukuba banike ubhaliso lwekhompyutha, nto leyo eye yahlisa imiqobo ukuze bathabathe inxaxheba. Phezu kwayo, izigidi-zigidi ze-Merika ekufuneka zingabhaliswangangeni.

IMini yoKhetho kunye nokuQala

NgoSuku lokhetho, abavoti baya kwiindawo zokuvota ezimiselwe kwiposi. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukhetho lokufaka ibhola luye lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuvota kwangethuba kuvumela abemi ukuba bavote phambi koSuku lokhetho, kunye nokuvota iposi, kwaziwa nangokungabikho, kunceda abavoti ukuba bafumane baze babuyisele iibhola zokuvota ngeposi. Unyulo lwama-202020 lwabona ulwando oluphawulekayo ekuvotelweni kweposi ngenxa yesifo se-COVID, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ayenze ezo nguquko zisisigxina. Amacandelo okhuseleko eBallot, kuquka ukusayina i-verselvectorantssss, kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweposi-ballooti. Xa kukufuphi, ukuvota kuqalwa, iziphumo zibala iziphumo zonyulo zikhuselwa ngamagosa onyulwano.

Umelo Nempembelelo Yalo

Umelo kwiNdlu luqinisekisa ukuba intsabelo ehlukeneyo yabantu baseMerika iboniswa kumthetho wesizwe. Ngenxa yokuba izithili zisekelwe kubemi, imimandla enabemi abangakumbi inenani elikhulu labameli kwaye ngenxa yoko inempembelelo enkulu kwiNdlu. Le nkqubo yolwahlulo yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwemibutho ngeli xesha iqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi lommi ngamnye lithwala ngokulinganayo imilinganiselo yomthetho. Noko ke, ukumela akungombandela wamanani nje. Kubandakanya ubunjani benkonzo be-Ocetting, ukusabela kwabameli kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kwaye ukukwazi ukuxhasa iimfuno zabo kwizakhiwo zelizwe. Abameli bagcina iiofisi kwiphondo labo naseWashington, DC., kwaye baqesha abasebenzi ukusingatha iimeko ezinjalo zokhuseleko, iinzuzo zentlalonke, kunye nokufuduka.

Umelo lwePhondo kunye noLolongo lwabemi

Umgaqo wokwahlula imilinganiselo ufakwe kwisakhiwo seNdlu. UmGaqo-siseko uyalela ukuba izihlalo zabelwe phakathi kwamazwe ngokwamanani awo, ukubala inani labantu abakhululekileyo nokungahlawuli amaNdiya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, indlela yokubalwa kolwahlulo ilungiswe, kwaye indlela yangoku, eyaziwa njengendlela yomlinganiselo olinganayo, yizibalo. Le ndlela yokwahlula izihlalo ngokwendlela elawula ngayo ngokwendlela enciphisa umahluko phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Ngaphandle kwale migudu, umlinganiselo wobunganiselo ungenakuthinteleka ngenxa yokuba inani lezihlalo limiswe liphelele kuma- 435 kwaye abantu abanakwahlulwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Umlinganiselo wesithili umalunga nama-760 000, kodwa imimandla ingahluka kakhulu. Imimandla enjalo, njengokuba abameli abaninzi be-Texandola, kunye nama-Terles, ama-doleska, amancinane, ngexa kusetyenziswa i-Delmarne, kunye nohlobo olufana nohlobo olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwendlu ye-ofisi ye-ofisi.

Ukulungelelana Kwamandla Phakathi Kwamazwe

Ukusetyenziswa kwendlu neCathene kudala ulungelelwano lwamandla olukhusela amaphondo aninzi nangenabemi. Endlweni, kumaphondo amakhulu anempembelelo enkulu ngenxa yokuba anevoti ezininzi. KwiCanter, iphondo ngalinye lineevoti ezimbini ngokuchanekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba linabemi, linika amaphondo amancinci amandla angenakulinganiswa kwelo gumbi. Eli lungiselelo lebhiza elingulwanyana lingukuhlekelelwa phakathi kweVrijini, elikhetha umelo olusekelwe kubemi bazo zombini iigumbi, kunye neSicwangciso saseNew Jersey, esibiza ukumela okulingana. Ukungavumelani okukhulu kwaba-1787 kukwamvotiswa ngokudala iNdlukwano esekelwe kuluntu kunye neBhangezo ezisekelwe ekulinganayo. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uxhase kubo bonke abantu (njengokokumele iHowe) kunye noninzi lwamazwe amele ukuba abe ngabameli bomthetho abamele (njengooooooooomasigqwene bendlu) phambi kolawulo oluncinane.

Imbali Yamalungelo Endlu

Imbali yamalungelo okuvota kunye nokumela eNdlu libali lolwando oluqhubekayo noxanduva oluqhubekayo. Xa umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, ilungelo lokuvota lathintelwa kubaphathi bempahla yamadoda abamhlophe, kodwa kwiinkulungwane, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wezomthetho womthetho kususe imiqobo esekelwe kuhlanga, isini, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho. UMthetho weSindululo seshumi elinesihlanu, wagunyaziswa ngo-1870, wakwalela ukukhatywa kwemiqathango yokuvota okusekelwe kuhlanga, kodwa kwathabatha phantse inkulungwane yokuvota okusekelwe kwizenzo zobuhlanga kunye neemfazwe ezingokwasemthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe eso sithembiso. Unyuso lweSindululo seSinethonga seSinethi se-1992, unyusongezelwe kumabhinqa. Umthetho wokwa-1970-1974, kunye nolwanondo lweNguqulo lweRodmishoni, u-El.

Ukwanda Kwexesha Elide

Ulwandiso lwe-suffgel lukhatshwe lutshintsho kwindlela umelo olwahlulwa ngayo kwaye lwanyanzeliswa ngayo. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1956, kunye nokulungisa kwawo, ufuna ukuba isithili sitsalwe ngendlela engawathathi amandla okuvota amagxalatshana ohlanga okanye ulwimi oluncinane. Ingcamango "yomntu omnye, ivoti enye," emiselwe kuma-1960, ifuna ukuba isithili esikwizwe sisetyenziswe ngokulinganayo. Lo mgaqo wasetyenziswa kwimimandla eqeshiweyo [[FLT: 0]] kwisiphumo sokurhoxaba. Ingcamango ye-Sandmerss b. [1964] [um)] Imigaqo yemithetho yezomthetho, isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo yimigaqo yezopolitistiki, i-Reolders [v [blk].[FFT3] [194]

Indima Yendlu Ekwenza Umthetho

Indlu yabameli idlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Onke amatyala engeniso kufuneka avele kwiNdlu, igunya elinika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwigumbi ngokusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafu yorhulumente. Indlu ikwanamandla okulawula amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka umongameli kunye nabagwebi besizwe. Ngapha koko, amagunya akhethekileyo, iNdlu ibandakanyeka kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho ngokuqwalasela amaphepha, nokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yokugqibela. Umphengululi wendlu, onyulwe liqela elikhulu, onegunya elipheleleyo kumthetho wemithetho yemithetho ecwangcisiweyo, kuquka amandla okucwangcisa iingxoxo zomgangatho kunye nokwabela amatyala. Iqela lidla ngokuba namandla angakumbi kwindlu kuneenkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu lomgangatho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.

IKomiti neSindululo

Umsebenzi omninzi wendlu owenziwa kwiikomiti, ezinamaqela amancinane asebenza kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo, njengezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, amandla, okanye ijaji. Kukho iikomiti ezingamashumi amabini ezimileyo kwiNdlu, nganye inegunya kwiintlobo ezithile zomthetho. Ikomiti ezizimeleyo zisingatha nangaphezulu imibandela ejolisekileyo. Xa ityala liziswa, libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo, apho linokubekwa khona uphawu, lilungiswa, okanye libulawe. Iikomiti zivumela amalungu eekomiti ukuba aphendule amangqina, kuquka abaphathi-ofisi, iingcali, nabameli. Le nkqubo yeekomiti ezikhethekileyo yenza ukuba iNdlundlwane isakhiwo sendlu sisebenze kakuhle. Kodwa abagxeki besithi inkqubo yekomiti inokuba yibhotile, njengeebhulokhwe, njengeebhulokhwe ezinamandla.

Umahluko Phakathi Kwendlu Nendlu Yezindlu

Ukuqonda iNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla kufuna ukuqonda indlela eyahluke ngayo kwiNdlu yeQela. Amagumbi amabini eBhunga enzelwe ukuphelelisana ngelinye ixesha limele izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo. Indlu inkulu, enamalungu angama- 435 asebenza amabinzana eminyaka emibini, eyenza ivumelele ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke wonke. IBhunga linamalungu ali-100 asebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, enika inkqubela phambili nexesha elide. Amalungu endlu amele amaphondo angaphantsi karhulumente, ngoxa abachongi bemela onke amazwe. Lo mahluko kubungakanani obuqhelekileyo uthetha ukuba iiNtsimbi zityekele ekujongeni imicimbi yelizwe ngokubanzi, ngoxa amalungu endlu elungele ukumiswa nokumiswa kombutho, ngoxa ii-ray-rayneawe, ngoxa abameli besebenzisa izivumelwano eziko.

Ukuvunywa Nokubuyiselwa

Ukuvunywa nokuhlaziywa kwabemi ziinkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba izihlalo zendlu zihlala zilungelelaniswe notshintsho lwabemi. Emva kweminyaka elishumi, emva kokuba kugqitywe ukubalwa kwabantu, izihlalo ezingama- 435 kwiNdlu zibekwe ngokwenyani phakathi kwamazwe. Amazwe akhuleyo anokufumana izihlalo, ngoxa amaphondo aphulukana nabemi. Ukuba urhulumente uyazi ukuba zingaphi izihlalo ezibekweyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho itsala imida yesithili ngasinye. Le nkqubo yeyokwezobupolitika, kwaye iye yaba ngumbandela wempikiswano enkulu kuyo yonke imbali yeMelika. Imithetho yokulawula ifuna ukuba imimandla ingakhutshwanga ngamandla okuvota kwabantu abambalwa. I-Cometic Claslaus ifuna ukuba abahlali bemi abalinganayo. Ngaphandle, ezi mithetho ye-Provini i-Provissonsss, i-odmignobond i-od i-od

Ukuqhaqhatha Izilwanyana Nemiphumo Yazo

IGrerymandering kukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukuze kuzuze izobupolitika. Eli gama laqalwa ngowe-1812 xa iGawulayo Elbridge Gerry yatyobela umthetho omile ngendlela engaqhelekanga owenziwe njengesamarander. Namhlanje, iGarrymandering ngumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo oncedwayo wokufumana i-data ye-computer. I-parisan gergergergerman germerder xa iqela elilawulayo litsala izihlalo ukuze landise inani lezihlalo elilingana nelakhe, elisoloko lifumana igosahluzo, ngokupakisha iqela eliphikisayo kwinani elincinane lemibalukileyo okanye ngokuzidlulisa kwimimandla emininzi apho zimbalwa khona. Inkundla ye-Balavilman, ekhutshwe ngokufanelekileyo, ibandakanya ukuzoba ukuthoba imikhosi yokuvota kwezizwe ephakathi kwezizwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaleyixhasa imbono epheleleyo yemithetho-mthetho elawulayo, isebenza ngokungena mvume enkulu, njengoko kuvuselukungeneyo, iziphumo zemithetho ezininzi, njengoko ithetha phantsi kwemi, iziphumo

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Ekukhupheni Nemifanekiso

Inkqubo yokuvota nokumela yaseMerika ijongene nenani elithile locelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Uvota-vota baphantsi, ingakumbi kunyulo lwaphakathi, kuthetha ukuba abameli abaninzi banyulwa ngeqhezu elincinane kuphela labavoti abafanelekileyo. Unyulo lwangonyaka ka-2018 lwasembindini lubone malunga nama-50 ekhulwini eepesenti abafanelekileyo abavoti abaphosayo, ababebe bephezulu phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, kodwa besashiye isiqingatha sabachongi baseMelika eMelika esecaleni. Unyulo oluphambili, olusoloko lunento encinane yokujika, lungakhutshwa kwendlu ngabona bangenamsebenzi omkhulu. Imigudu yokuzithoba abavoti abaphezulu, kuquka imigudu engqongqo yokuvota, ukuhlahlela ii-voti, nokurhoxakeka kovota, kuqhubeke nokuchaphazela kobuncinci kwe-mantwotshi nje. Ukhuseleko lwe-e - intanethi yeminye i-ofisi ye-ofisi yoluntu, i-eventivotivel, ivelayo, isoloko ichazwa ngokulinganayokusetyenziswayoku

Igalelo

Ukuphucula ukuvota nokubotshwa kwemibutho elawula ulawulo-bume lwezoburhulumente kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. I-United States isala emva kwamanye amazwe aphucukileyo ekungeneleni kwenxaxheba, kwaye umsantsa ubalasele kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abaselula nabemi abambalwa. Imigudu yokwandisa iquka ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwandisa, ukwenza uSuku Lokhetho lube yiholide yesizwe. Amanye amazwe abhalise ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, olubhalisa abemi abayamkelekileyo xa besebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba bakhetha. Abanye baye bafuduselwa kuvoteoti bonke abachongi beposi, nto eye yaboniswa ukuba yandisa ukuthoba. Iinkqubo zemfundo zemfundo ezifundisa abafundi ngemo yesizwe nangexabiso lovoti yesizwe zinokuba luncedo ekwakhe ukwakhiwa koomatilo-osi, intlalonke, intlalo-nkqubo yempucuko neyongamele iMelika.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nenxaxheba Ngayo Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuqonda inkqubo linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela kwigalelo elinentsingiselo. Abami bangavota kulo lonke unyulo, kuquka amaPrimmi, amagumbi aphakathi, kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni, hayi nje unyulo lomongameli. Bangaqhagamshelana neofisi yabo yabameli ukuze bavakalise izimvo eziphathelele umthetho obekiweyo, bangene iintlanganiso zedolophu, bathabathe amagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwimimiselo. Abo bafuna ukuhambela phambili, ukunikela ngephulo, ukunikela kwimibutho, okanye ukubhalisa isikhundla zizindlela zokuba nempembelelo engqalileyo. Ukuhlala benolwazi ngemibandela nangaphi na indlela abavoti abanokuyixhasa ngayo imibutho yezovoti, kodwa kufuneka benze umgudu wokwahlula ulwazi oluthembekileyo kwinkcazelo egqwethiweyo. Ukuncedisa inkqubo yezoshishino zesikolo, enoba ngebhungalobhunga, okanye ngebhunga lebhunga lengingingqi, okanye ibhunga lengingqi, kwakhona i-gnogqeshonel, ukuxhasa kolawulo lwezigqesho yezo-denti yezo.

Indlu yabameli ihlala ingumsebenzi omele uphendulelwe ngqo kubantu baseMerika. Umjikelo wayo weminyaka emibini, imimandla esekelwe kubemi, nengxoxo yayo evulekileyo yonke ibonakalisa umbono we-Framers wegumbi elibona ukuthanda kwabantu. Kodwa loo mbono ungabonwa kuphela xa abemi beqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo baze bakhethe ukuba nenxaxheba kuyo. Ukubhalisa nokumela akuyoengcamango ezingaqhelekanga; zizinto eziluncedo ezithi uhlanga olwahlukeneyo luzilawula ngazo. Ngokuzibandakanya nezi nkqubo, bonke abami bayakwazi ukuncedisa ekubumbeni imithetho echaza ubomi baseMerika.