Indima yokubuyiselwa kweprojekthi ekulungiseni iziphumo zempilo yoluntu

Imimiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke iphakathi kwezona zixhobo zinamandla ezinazo ukukhusela impilo yabemi. Kwimithetho yokugutyulwa kogutyulo kwinkulungwane ye-19 ethintela ukuqhambuka kwekholera ukuya kwimiyalelo yale mihla yomoya ococekileyo kunye neemfuno zemichiza, le mithetho ijolise ekunciphiseni izifo, ekuthinteleni ingozi, nasekukhuthazeni intlalo-ntle. Kodwa ubukho bomthetho nje obungaqinisekisi impumelelo yayo. Ukusebenza komgaqo wempilo kawonke-wonke kufuna ukuqwalasela ngenyameko ekusebenzeni, ekunyanzeleni, ekunyanzeleni, ekuthobeleni, kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphucula impilo.

Ulungiso kwimpilo kawonke-wonke lusebenza ekudibaneni komthetho, inzululwazi, kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu. Xa imiselwe kakuhle kwaye inyanzeliswa ngokufanelekileyo, imimiselo ingenza impumelelo ephawulekayo kubude bobomi kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Nangona kunjalo, imimiselo eqwalaselwe kakubi okanye enyanzelekileyo ingachitha ubuncwane, ibangele ukungathembani koluntu, kwaye ingakwazi ukufikelela iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo. Ukuqonda into eyenza ukuba imithetho iphumelele kuyimfuneko kubenzi bezonyango, iingcali zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye noluntu ngokufanayo.

Ukuchaza umgaqo-nkqubo wempilo kawonke wonke

Umthetho wempilo kawonke-wonke ubhekisela kwimithetho emiselwe ngokusemthethweni ekhutshwa ligunya lasekuhlaleni, elombuso, okanye elosizwe efuna okanye enqanda okanye enqanda ukuziphatha, iimveliso okanye iimeko zemekobume ukukhusela impilo. Le migaqo ifumaneka kumthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho nakukwenziwa kolawulo. Iquka imisebenzi emininzi, kuquka ukhuseleko lokutya, umgangatho wamanzi, ukujongwa kwezifo, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto eziyingozi njengecuba notywala.

Ngokungafaniyo nemigaqo yempilo yokuzithandela okanye amaphulo okufundisa, imimiselo ithwala impembelelo yomthetho, ngokufuthi kunye nezigwebo zokungahambelani. Le misebenzi ibangela uvavanyo lube lubalulekileyo: xa oorhulumente bemisela inkululeko yabantu okanye bebeka iindleko kumashishini, kufuneka babonise ukuba iingenelo zempilo ziyakuthethelela ukungenelela. Ukujonga ngokunzulu kwiziseko ezisemthethweni, bona ushwankathelo lwe-World Health Organization lomgaqo wempilo [.

Ummandla ongundoqo womgaqo-siseko wempilo kawonke-wonke

Umthetho osebenzayo ujolise kwimiqathango yempilo ebalulekileyo nenokusetyenziswa. Ummandla omkhulu uquka:

Ulawulo Lwezifo Ezasulelayo

Imizekelo ebalaseleyo yokugonywa kwesifo sokugonya irhafu ukuze ingene ezikolweni, imiyalelo yokuhlaliswa kwabantu ngexesha lembubhiso, kunye nengxelo yeemfuno zabanyamekela impilo yempilo yezonyango. Le migaqo ithenjiwe ngokutshayela ukutshayela ingqakaqha, ukuphelisa ipoliyo, kunye nokuncitshiswa ngokuphawulekayo kwezifo ze-okleumthe. Ukuphumelela kwezo miyalelo kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokunikezelwa kwemali, nto leyo efuna ukuthenjwa nofikelelwa koluntu.

Ukutya Namanzi Akhuselekileyo

Imithetho yolawulo lokulungiselela ukutya, ukuphatha, nokunika amagama amagama, kwakunye nemigangatho yamanzi okusela, ikhusela izigidi zemeko zokugula okufumaneka ekutyeni nasemanzini ngonyaka. I-Food and Drug Administration yase-U.S. kunye ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) emisela imilinganiselo emele ihlangatyelwe ngabavelisi nabasebenzi kunye nezikhuseli-zixhobo. I-2011 Food Safety Modertization Act yasusa ukugxininisa ekusabeleni ekuthinteleni, ifuna amaziko ukuzalisekisa uphando kunye nemigaqo ekhusela umngcipheko.

Impilo yokusingqongileyo neyomsebenzi

Ucoce umoya kunye namanzi, imiqathango ekwimiphunga enetyhefu, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, kunye nokuvalwa kwemiqathango kwizinto eziyingozi njengetshetshe-thes, inciphise isifo esinganyangekiyo nomonakalo. UMthetho woMoya ococekileyo wase-U.S., umzekelo, uboniswe ukuthi uthintela amakhulu amawaka abantu abafa ngaphambi kwexesha nyaka ngamnye. i-EPA] ixabiso lexabiso lexabiso elilinganayo [ ngokusoloko ifumana ukuba inzuzo yezoqoqosho yale mithetho igqitha iindleko ezifunekayo.

Icuba, Utywala, Nolawulo Olusemzimbeni

Irhafu ekhutshwayo, imiqathango yokubhengeza, imithetho yomoya engenamsi ngaphakathi, iimfuno zobudala obuncinane, kunye nokubekwa kwemveliso ziphakathi kwezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthwalo wezifo ezisasazekayo. ISivumelwano seSizakhelo soLawulo lweToba (WHO FCTC) siqhubele phambili inkqubela yomhlaba wonke kulo mmandla. Uhlolo lwale migaqo-nkqubo lubonisa ukuba ukuvalwa okubanzi kwezibhengezo zecuba kunye nomgangatho werhafu ephezulu yerhafuthekileyo kuyasebenza kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Ukuphumelela kokulawula: Imida esesikweni

Ukucaphula enoba umgaqo wempilo kawonke-wonke uyasebenza kudinga indlela yokuthatha inyathelo. Le nkqubo ilandelayo inika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuhlola:

Iziphumo zempilo

Umlinganiselo ogqibeleleyo womgaqo wempilo yimpembelelo yawo ekuguleni, ukufa, kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Umzekelo, emva kokuvalwa kwamafutha kwesiXeko saseNew York, ukulaliswa kwezibhedlele ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo kunye nokubethwa zizifo ezibethwayo kwancipha nge 6,2% kwiminyaka elandelayo, xa kuthelekiswa nobalo lokulawula. Uvavanyo lokulandelela izifo, ukutyelelwa kwecandelo longxamiseko, okanye ibhanki ye-biologi (ezifana nemigangatho yegazi) lunika ubungqina obungqalileyo bokusebenza.

Ukunikezela kunye nokunyanzelwa

Umthetho unokuba ngogqibeleleyo ephepheni kodwa ungabi namsebenzi ukuba awulandeli. Inkcazo ingalinganiswa ngohlolo, iingxelo zobuqu, okanye ugcino-lwazi lokuthengisa − tyhila indlela uluntu olumathelelwe phantsi ngayo kwimithetho. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa, ezifana nentengiso okanye ukuhlawulwa kwephepha-mvume, ukuphawula ubunzulu bokwaphula umthetho. Ukunyanzeliswa kokungasebenzi kusoloko kuchaza isizathu sokuba eminye imimiselo ingaphumeleli ukuvelisa impumelelo yempilo, njengokuba kubonwa kwiindawo ezinemiqathango yokutshaya ephantsi kwamapolisa.

Ukwazisa uluntu nokwamkela

Imithetho isebenza kakuhle xa uluntu luqonda indlela olucinga ngayo kwaye luxhasa ukuphunyezwa kwalo. Uhlolisiso kunye namaqela ajolisekileyo angavavanya ukuqondwa kwemithetho (umz., imithetho ehleli kwisihlalo, imithetho ekhululekileyo) kunye nokuvuma koluntu ukuthobela. Ukungaqondi okanye inkcaso enamandla, ingakumbi xa imimiselo ithathwa njengefikelela phezulu, ingathoba kwanezona miyalelo zisekelwe kubungqina.

Isiphumo Sexabiso Nempembelelo Yezoqoqosho

Imithetho imisela amaxabiso kubantu, amashishini, kunye noorhulumente. Oku kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuchasene neengenelo zempilo. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lexabiso lemali lubonisa inzuzo yempilo ngedola nganye echithwayo, ngokufuthi njengexabiso ngonyaka wobomi obuhle (ngokulula) obugciniweyo. ISebe leNkonzo zokhuselo loMsebenzi lisebenzisa iindleko zokukhokelwa kwemali ukucebisa. Imithetho evelisa iinzuzo zemali zemali (ngokunciphisa iindleko zempilo, imveliso eyandayo, kunye nobomi obude bokusebenza) isenokusetyenziswa ngokwezobupolitika.

Imiphumo Yokungalingani Neyokungacetyiswanga

Umthetho osebenzayo akufunekanga ube yiminya ephantsi ngokungenakulinganiswa kweminye imibutho ephantsi. Umzekelo, irhafu yecuba ethambekileyo inganciphisa ukutshaya phakathi kwamaqela afumana imali ephantsi kodwa ikwakubangela uqingqo-mali lwasekhaya ukuba aludityaniswa nenkxaso yentsimbi. Iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. "ezifana nentengiso emnyama zezinto ezivaliweyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kotywala okwandayo ekhaya emva kokuvalwa kotywala obala kufuneka kujongwe kwaye kulungiswe.

Ucelomngeni Olunokusikel ’ Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Kwanemithetho egcinwe kakuhle ingasilela. Ukuqonda imiqobo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukwenziwa nokuphunyezwa.

Inkcaso Kwezobupolitika Neyasemthethweni

Imisebenzi ebangela ukulahlekelwa zingeniso idla ngokunyusa imingeni esemthethweni okanye ivuselelo kwimithetho engekho ngqiqweni. Iinkampani zecuba ziye zalwa nokuvalwa kokutshaya irhafu kamashumi eminyaka; ushishino lweswekile luye lwaxhathisa irhafu yesoda. Ukukhululwa komthetho, apho imigangatho ephezulu yemiqathango karhulumente ethintelayo yasekuhlaleni, yenye into ethintelayo. Ngokomzekelo, amaziko amaninzi ase-U.S. aye amisela imithetho ethintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamkele irhafuthelo lwerhafu eneswekile, ecubanisa iiprojeksi ezibangela iingcinga zempilo kawonke.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Imithetho yokunyanzela ifuna abahloli abaqeqeshiweyo, ubuchule belebhu, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nabasebenzi abafikelela ngaphandle. Amazwe asezantsi naphakathi afumanayo asoloko engenabo obu buncwane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni angahambelani nolwandiso. Kwanakumazwe afumileyo, uqingqo-mali lungashiya amaziko alawulayo angaphantsi kwabasebenzi. Indyikitya yokufa ye-CHOVAD ebhenqweni ebonakalisa izithuba ekunyanzelweni kwemithetho yokhuseleko nomsebenzi kunye nemiyalelo yokuzinxila.

Ubuntsonkothile Nokwahluka

Imithetho ingaba nenkcukacha ezigqithisileyo, iquka amasebe amaninzi kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Umvelisi wokutya kufuneka athobele imigaqo yezonyango yasekuhlaleni, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko karhulumente, imithetho karhulumente, izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqhwaba okanye ukuphikisana kusenokudida izinto ezilawulwayo kunye nokufumana umntwana ofanelekileyo. Ukuwenza lula nokuvisisana nemithetho, njengoko i-Global Health Security Agenda ikhuthaza, kungaphucula ukuthobela.

Ukuchaswa kwendlela yokuziphatha nenkcubeko

Izixhobo ezingqubanayo neenkolelo ezisekelwe ngokunzulu, izithethe, okanye ukuzilawula komntu ngamnye zisoloko zijongene nokungaqiniseki. Ukungaqiniseki, ukuxhathisa ukugquma isigqubuthelo, kunye nokuchasana nokukhutshwa kwamanzi yimizekelo. Umthetho wempilo kawonke-wonke osebenzayo kufuneka ubandakanye uluntu ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo, ulwakhiwo lokuthembana, kwaye, apho kufanelekileyo, ukukhulula okanye ukuphembelela kunokuba unyanzelise ngokunyulu.

Uphando Ngetyala Olunempumelelo

Ukuqwalasela impumelelo yehlabathi lokwenene kunika izifundo ezisebenzisekayo zokuyila imimiselo yexesha elizayo.

Imithetho yeseatbelt kunye nokhuseleko lwemoto

Imithetho yokusebenza yabasebenzi abaphambili, evumela amapolisa ukuba amise abaqhubi ngenxa nje yokunganxibe isihlalo, iye yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwebhanti elingaphezulu kwama-90% kwimimandla ethile. ISigqeba seNtlalo-ntle yoKhuseleko loMngcipheko-ntle woMsebenzi weNtlalo-ntle wase-mthetho eUnited States siqikelela ukuba isihlalo sasindisa abantu abamalunga ne-15 000 ngonyaka ka-2017 kuphela. Imithetho iyasebenza kuba idibanisa imithetho ecacileyo, ukunyanzelisa okubonakalayo (ngokufuthi kusoloko kusetyenziswa ii-chekerset), kunye namaphulo emfundo kawonke wonke abenza ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo.

Imithetho yomoya engenamsi ngaphakathi

Ukuvalwa komsebenzi, iivenkile zokutyela, kunye nee-bar ziye zanciphisa ukuchanabeka komsi otshayayo ngama-80-90% kwiindawo ezininzi. Ufundo oluvela e-Ireland, eSkotlani, nakumazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. lubonisa ukuhla okuphawulekayo ekuhlalisweni kohlaselo lwentliziyo kunyaka omnye wokuphunyezwa. Le mithetho ixhaphakile naphakathi kwabangatshayiyo, kwaye ukuthotyelwa kuphezulu xa ukunyanzelwa kubandakanya intsonkotha yezaphuliso nenkqubo yoluntu.

Inkqubo yokulawula icuba yaseKhalifoniya

Indlela ejikeleleyo yeKhalifoniya `iirhafu eziphezulu ezidityanisiweyo, amaphulo osasazo olunamandla, kunye nemithetho yomoya ococekileyo yasekuhlaleni--------waye yaphelisa ukuxhaphaka kokutshaya kwabantu abadala ukusuka kuma-2% ngowe-1988 ukuya malunga ne-10% namhlanje. Uvavanyo lwe- Independent luthi impumelelo ixhaswe yinkxaso eqhubekayo, umanyano olunamandla loluntu, kunye nokukulungela ukwamkela amanyathelo asekelwe kubungqina phezu kwayo nje inkcaso yezoshishino. Le nkqubo ikwanciphisa umahluko kumlinganiselo wokutshaya ngokuhlasela ingeniso ephantsi kunye neencukuthu.

Ukuphucuka kobonelelo lwamanzi oLuntu

Ukongeza ifluoride kwiinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke wonke kumgangatho ofanelekileyo ngumthetho oqhelekileyo oye wanciphisa kakhulu iikhareji zamazinyo. Iziko lolawulo lwezifo kunye nothintelo (CDC) liyibiza njengenye yeempumelelo ezinkulu zempilo kawonke wonke ezilishumi zenkulungwane yama-20. Lo mthetho uyasebenza kuba awufuni nyathelo linye, ufikelela kuwo onke amaqela entlalo-ntle, kwaye uhlawulwe kamashumi eminyaka eliso lokhuseleko. Indleko yomntu ngamnye ngonyaka ingaphantsi kwexabiso lokuzalisa amazinyo elinye.

Iindlela zokulinganisa ukuphumelela kolawulo

Uvavanyo oluqatha lufuna ukuxutywa kwemiyili yofundisiso nemithombo yogcino-lwazi. Iindlela ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Uphando lwezifundo zemfundo: Ukuthelekisa intsingiselo yempilo kumazwe azalisekisa umgaqo kunye nalawo angawusebenzisiyo, kusetyenziswa umahluko-kwindawo, uthotho lwexesha, okanye ulungiso lokubuyela umva.
  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo lwento: inkqubo yokutshintsha iinguqu ezingekho phantsi kolawulo lwabaphandi, njengombuso onyusa ixesha lokuthenga icuba ngeli lixa amazwe angommelwane engakhange ayenze.
  • iCost-benfit kunye neziphumo zexabiso: Ukunyusa inzuzo yempilo ngokwemali okanye amaqela empilo kwaye zithelekisa ekuzalisekiseni amaxabiso.
  • I-' Ivavanya ukuthembeka kokuzalisekisa, ukufikelela imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa, kunye nemiqobo yokuthobela udliwano-ndlebe, uphicotho-zincwadi, kunye nohlolo lweerekhodi.
  • Ugcino-lwazi olubanzi: Usebenzisa amanani abalulekileyo, iirekhodi zokothula isibhedlele, iireji, kunye nophando lwe-data ukulandelela iziphumo zexesha elide phambi nasemva komthetho.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yokulungelelanisa Impilo Kawonkewonke

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, uhambo lwehlabathi, ukuxhathisa kweziyobisi nokukhula kobugcisa bempilo bamanani. Ukuze kulondolozwe kwaye kuphuculwe inkqubo yolawulo kufuneka ivele.

Ulungiso logcino-lwazi-lokwenza ulungelelwaniso

Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene olusuka kwiingxelo zempilo ye-elektroniki, uphando lwe-syndrom, kunye neziva-mvo zokusingqongileyo zingavumela abalawuli ukuba bafumane izisongelo ezivelayo kunye nemithetho elungelelaniswayo. Umgaqo ozinzileyo.

Ukulingana Kwempilo Njengomgaqo Onezono

Imimiselo yexesha elizayo kufuneka iqwalasele ngokucacileyo indlela eyichaphazela ngayo intsebenziswano ekhoyo. Iingxelo zempembelelo ye-Equot, ezifana neempembelelo zempilo, zingafakwa kwinkqubo yokulawula. Imithetho enciphisa umahluko, njengokusebenzisa unyango lokubuyisela iswekile kwirhafu yecuba, inokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ifumane impumelelo yempilo yabemi ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokwenzakala kwabahlwempuzekileyo.

Ubungqina nomthetho

Imiqathango ephezulu ingabangela ukuphazanyiswa kwemiqathango. Amalungu oluntu, abameli bamashishini, kunye nebutho labantu ekusebenzeni kwemimiselo yomthetho anganyusa ukufaneleka nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Iimodeli zomanyano, apho ulawulo loshishino loshishino lungalawulwa ngurhulumente, luye lwasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezifana nezibhengezo zokutya kubantwana kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo yempilo kwi-intanethi. Ukubonakala kwamalungu omthetho, amaxesha okuphendula ngokuvulekile, kunye nokuva uluntu kuhlala kuyimfuneko.

Ulawulo lwehlabathi kunye nomgaqo-siseko wolungelelwano

Umngcipheko omninzi wempilo (umzekelo, ungcoliseko lomoya, ukuxhathisa kweziyobisi, kunye nokurhweba ngecuba (ukunqamleza imida yesizwe). Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ezinjenge WHO FCTC kunye nemithetho yezonyango yezizwe ngezizwe, zinika izicwangciso zokusebenza ngokumanyeneyo. Ukuqinisa intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke, kuquka ukuqwalaselwana kwemigangatho kunye nolwazi, kunganyusa ukusebenza okungaphaya koko kunokwenziwa lilizwe elinye. [[FLT:]] Iqhinga leWHOP elikuchasa ukuxhathisa kwe-atho-DBP]

Isiphelo

Ukuvavanya ukusebenza komgaqo wempilo kawonke-wonke asikokwenza imithambo yexesha elinye kodwa inkqubo eqhubekayo yovavanyo olugxekayo, ukufunda, kunye nolwamkelo. Eyona mithetho inempumelelo yileyo isekelwe kubungqina obunamandla, yenziwe ngegalelo lomchasi, enyanzelisayo, kwaye ivavanywe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo ezichaza iziphumo zombini ezinjongo nezingacwangciswanga. Ngelixesha imingeni efana nenkcaso yezopolitiko, imiqathango, ukuchasa, nokuchasa kokuziphatha kuyaqhubeka, ukubhalwa kwemithetho ephumelelayo yolawulo lwecuba, qhawelta, kwaye ibosheke ngokunjalo imigaqo esetyenziswa kakuhle ingasindisa ubomi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Abenzi-nkqubo, abaphandi, kunye noluntu kufuneka baqhubeke bebuza imibuzo enzima: Ngaba lo mthetho ufikelela iinjongo zawo zempilo? Ingaba iingenelo zilingana neendleko? Ngaba bonke abantu basetyenziswa ngokulinganayo? Ngokuyila isithethe solawulo olusekelwe kubungqina kwaye sihlala sivuleleke ekuphuculeni, singaqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yempilo kawonke-wonke ihlala inamandla okukhusela nokukhuthaza impilo kwihlabathi eliqhubekayo.