Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abangabantu, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Injongo yawo eyintloko kukucombulula iingxabano nokunika unyango, ngokuqhelekileyo ngendlela yokuhlawula imali okanye ukwenza okuthile, kunokuba usohlwaye. EUnited States, umthetho wasekuhlaleni usuka kwizithethe zomthetho wamaNgesi kwaye uye waguquka ukugubungela imicimbi emininzi engeyoyoyomibango.

Umlinganiselo Womthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka amasebe amaninzi aphambili, ngalinye eliqhubana neendidi ezahlukeneyo zeempikiswano:

  • Umthetho ogunyazisayo: ulawula izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela. Iityala zibandakanya ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukutolikwa kwemiqathango, kunye nonyango lokungasebenzeli. Umzekelo, umninimzi umangalela ikontraka ngokungaphumeleli ukuhlaziya ngexesha.
  • Umthetho we- othe wathethwa ngezono zabemi ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa. I-torts eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukungakhathali (umz., iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha), ukunyelisa, kunye netyala lemveliso. Umcuphi ukhangela umonakalo wokubuyisela ingozi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Onentsingiselo: ugquma iimpikiswano ngobunini, ukusetyenziswa, okanye ukuba nempahla yokwenene neyobuqu. Imizekelo iquka ukungavisisani komninindlu, imida, kunye nentengo yetyala.
  • UMthetho woNyango: ujongene nomtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nokukhuliswa kwabantwana. La matyala adla ngokubandakanya ukuntsonkotha ngokweemvakalelo nangemali, iinkundla zibeka phambili ezona zilangazelelo zilungileyo zabantwana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano noMthetho weSebe: ibandakanya iimpikiswano phakathi kwabaqeshi nabaqeshwa ngenxa yemivuzo, ucalulo, ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, nokhuseleko lomsebenzi.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Kumatyala Asekuhlaleni

Enye yeempawu ezichazayo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ngumgangatho ocacileyo. Umngxuma we-play kufuneka ungqine imeko yawo nge- uqikelelo lobungqina, ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa ufanelwe yityala. Lo ngumda osezantsi kunomgangatho wesigebengu. Umthwalo ukwindawo ecacileyo ukunikela ubungqina bokuba imilinganiselo inyuswa kancinane kwinkoliseko yayo. Umzekelo, kwityala lomntu oziphethe kakubi, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba ukungakhathali kommangalelwa kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba kubangele ingozi.

Iziphumo

Amaqela kwityala lasekuhlaleni ngala [ achazayo (umbutho ozisa isuti) kunye neyalelo (iqela eliququzelelwayo] (iqela elimangalelwayo). Ityala liqalwa xa ityala likhalazwa ngenkundla. Ukuphuma kwemali kubandakanya umonakalo (umthetho ogunyazisayo okanye isigwebo), imiyalelo (umthetho wokuyeka ukwenza okanye ukwenza into ethile), okanye ukwenza (ukunyanzela iqela ukuba liphumeze isivumelwano). Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wesigqeba, umthetho wasekuhlaleni awuphumeleli ekuboshweni. Noko ke, ukungaphumeleli kokugwetywa kwenkundla kunokuthi kukhokelwe intengo yetyala, kuquka nokuthotywa kwentlawulo lwetyala.

Ukuntywila ngokunzulu kwimigaqo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, bhekisa kwi ICornell Information yeZiko lezeNkcubeko yoMthetho we-.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubandakanya ihambo ejongwa njengeyingozi kwibutho labantu lilonke. Igwetywa ngurhulumente (urhulumente okanye ulawulo lorhulumente) kwaye ijoliswe ekubohlwaeni abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho, ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, ekulungiseni abenzi bobubi, nasekukhuseleni uluntu.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokumiselwa ngokweemeko eziqatha:

  • Ityala elinzulu eligwetywayo libotshwa ngokuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye okanye ukufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukurhweba ngezixhobo, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi. Ityala le-odoli lisoloko lithwala iziphumo ezinde, ezifana nokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota okanye ukulahlekelwa yimipu.
  • Imisdemers: Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluncinci olugwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, kwityala, okanye kwinkonzo yoluntu. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nokufumana iziyobisi ezincinane.
  • Ukwaphulwa komthetho okuncinane okukhokelela kwilahleko kunokuba kubekho ixesha lokuvalelwa. amatikiti omjaho, i-jaying, kunye nokulahlwa komgqomo zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Zisoloko ziphethwe kwiinkundla zezithuthi okanye zikamasipala.

Ubunzima Bobungqina Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala kufuneka lingqine ummangalelwa enetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuzi obusengqiqweni. Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo esemthethweni, ubonakalisa iziphumo ezinzulu zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingcamango ithetha ukuba ubungqina bungaqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unolwazelelelo oza kuthandabuza ityala lommangalelwa. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na esemthethweni, ijaji yejaji kufuneka ixolele. Lo mgangatho ukhusela abantu ekuvumelweni okuphosakeleyo nokusekelwe kwityala lobumsulwa, kwaye ujongelwe njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala.

Izabelo Nemiphumo Yomthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Amaqela ayi- ukhutshelo . I-Actorney (iqondo elibanzi) kunye i-dendendint[ [ummangalelwa]). Ingtshutshiso isoloko ikhokelwa ligqwetha lesithili (umyinge) okanye iU-U.S. Actorney (umyinge wobukho). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumela ngokwasemthethweni; ukuba akanakufumana igqwetha, omnye kufuneka anikezelwe. Ukufunyanwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuquka ukubanjwa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukuhlawuliswa, ukuhlawulwa, ukuhlaziywa kobuliso kumaxhoba, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ikomkhulu lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuze uqonde isiseko somthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho e-U.S., jonga kwi- U-U.S. iSebe leJaji loMthetho weCriminal.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa zombini ezi nkqubo zifuna ukugcina ucwangco, ziyahluka ngokwenjongo, kwinkqubo, neziphumo. I tafile engezantsi ishwankathela ezi zahlulo, kodwa la macandelo alandelayo anwebela kwindawo nganye.

Injongo Nentanda - bulumko

Umthetho wamakhaya ngu owenziwe wafakelwa `Injongo yokwenza iqela elilimeleyo liphelele kwakhona ngembuyekezo okanye ngokukhululeka okungaguquguqukiyo. Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ngu umtya newokunqanda ] . Ifuna ukohlwaya umenzi wobubi kwaye idimaza abanye ekwenzeni izenzo ezifanayo. Ityala loburhulumente lisenzo sabucala; ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liziswa ngurhulumente ngenxa yebutho labantu.

Imigangatho esemthethweni engqina

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, amatyala amakhaya asebenzisa uphazamiso lobungqina (ngaphezu kwama-50% anokwenzeka), ngexa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho efuna ubungqina ngaphaya kobunyani obusengqiqweni[ [ukunokuba luqiniseki). Olu mahluko luneentsingiselo ezinzulu. Kwezinye iimeko, umntu angafunyanwa ekwinkundla yamakhaya kodwa ekhululekile kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho yesenzo esifanayo .] Umzekelo owaziwayo we O.J. Simpson uxectle oku.

Izahlulo kunye nomelo

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, amaqela ngamalungu azimeleyo (abantu okanye imibutho). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usoloko eliqela lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, abamangalelwa bolwaphulo-mthetho banamalungelo omGaqo-siseko angenawo ngokupheleleyo amatyala angokwasemthethweni anokukwandiswa ngokupheleleyo kubantu abamangalelwayo ngokwemibango.

Imiphumo Nemali

Imigwebo yamakhaya ikhokelela kwityala lemali okanye kwimiyalelo yokwenza/ukungathabathi nyathelo. Izigwebo zezaphuli-mthetho ziquka ukuphulukana nenkululeko, ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwayo, kunye neziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo njengengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho esisigxina. Kwezinye iimeko, ukugwetywa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokukhokelela kwityala likarhulumente/ummangalelwa angayalelwa ukuba ahlawule (oko kufana nengozi yamakhaya) njengenxalenye yesigwebo sakhe.

Umahluko

Inkqubo yamakhaya ilawulwa yimithetho efana neFederal Pagement of Civil Procedure (FRCP) kumgangatho worhulumente, ngeli xesha inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ilandela imithetho yoManyano-mthetho yePhondo yePhondo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olufana neyesine, eyesihlanu, kunye neyeSithandathu. Ukufunyaniswa kwamatyala asekuhlaleni kuphangaleleyo kwaye kudlulwa-drivene; kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ilinganiselwe kwaye ilawulwa, kunye nokutshutshiswa okufunekayo ukubhenca ubungqina bokuqeshelwa phantsi [[FLT: 0] Brady v. Maryland .

Ukuze ufumane uthelekiso olunegunya, bona isikhokelo senkundla yase United States kumahluko phakathi kwamatyala oluntu nolwaphulo-mthetho.[FLT: 1]

Imizekelo Yamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala ehlabathi lokwenene abonisa indlela isenzo esifanayo esinokubangela ukuba kubekho imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye indlela iinkqubo ezizilungisa ngayo iingozi ezahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo yetyala langaphakathi

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Injijiya-yobuqu:[ Umntu ohamba ngezinyawo obethwa ngumqhubi ongakhathaliyo umangalela iindleko zezonyango, ulahleko lwemivuzo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqukumbela kweContract:[[FT:1] Iifayile zomyili okhululekileyo zokumangalela umxhasi ongafuniyo ukuhlawula umsebenzi ogqityiweyo, efuna ixabiso lesivumelwano kunye nomonakalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubalo lwentengiso: Umnini weshishini umangalela umkhuphiswano wokusasaza iintetho zobuxoki ezingcolisa igama lenkampani, zilandela i-complatory kunye nelahleko yesohlwayo.
  • Impikiswano egqithisileyo: Abamelwane ababini baphikisana ngomgca wothango ongenela kwilizwe leqela elinye, nto leyo ephumela kumyalelo wenkundla wokususwa nomonakalo.

Imizekelo Yamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

  • Umva (uMngcwabo): Umntu ubanjwa ngenxa yokurhweba ezivenkileni okuxabisa ngaphezu kwama-500, etyholwa ngokuba ngempazamo, kwaye angajongana nonyaka omnye entolongweni.
  • Assault kunye neBhetri: Umlo we-A bar ukhokelela kwityala lohlaselo olulula, isisongelo, nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka eziquka amaqela okulawula umsindo, iifatyi, kunye nexesha lasetokisi.
  • Ukurhwexana: Kumsebenzi omkhulu wesikali weziyobisi ofukulwe yiDEA iziphumo kwityala letyala lengingqi lengingqi lemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango.
  • ICrime-White-Collar: Umphathi-mikhosi uphambanisa ityala, ujongana neminyaka entolongweni yengingqi kunye nezigidi ezihlawulwayo, kunye nokungahlawulwa kwengeniso kumsebenzi ofanayo we-SEC karhulumente.

Phawula ukuba amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho anokuba sisizathu sokumangalelwa kwemipu. Umzekelo, ixhoba lokuhlaselwa lisenokumangalela umhlaseli ngebhetri (ibhetri yetyala loluntu) ngoxa umhlaseli ekwajamelene nokubanjwa ngetyala. Ezi zityholo zimbini zizimele.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni Kumatyala Angoorhulumente Nawabelele

Ukuqonda ityala kuyanceda ekuyekeni indlela inkqubo yomthetho esebenza ngayo.

Inkqubo yomthetho osemthethweni

  1. u-Plaints kunye ne-Phompons: Ifayile ye-paltiff isaziso esichaza isiseko esisemthethweni sesuti nesothulelo esifunwayo. Ukubiza kuvula ummangalelwa wetyala.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] IRespin: Ummangalelwa ufakela ifayile yempendulo (ukuphendula okanye ukukhanyela izityholo) kwaye angaqinisekisa ukuba iintsontela zichasene.
  3. Intsingiselo: Zombini amacala ulwazi lokutshintshiselana, kuquka amaxwebhu, ii-fireat, kunye nokuncinwa kwemibuzo. Uhlolo lubanzi kwaye lungathatha iinyanga ezigqithileyo.
  4. Imilinganiselo:[[FLT: 0] Imisebenzi ingayifayile yentshukumo ukucinezela, ugwebo lwesishwankathelo (ukungavumelani nyani nempikiswano ekhoyo), okanye ukunyanzela ukufunyaniseka.
  5. : Kwityala lebheri (umgwebi) okanye ukuchophela ityala, kuboniswa ubungqina. Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano, ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bathwala isigwebo.
  6. Ipost-Trial: Iqela elilahlekileyo lingabhena kwinkundla ephezulu, liphikisa iimpazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo.
  7. [[UMTL: 0] Unyanzeliso: Ukuba ummangalelwa uyaphumelela, kufuneka aqokelele umgwebo (ngokungaqeshwa, ngemaxoki, okanye ngezinye iindlela) ukuba ummangalelwa akabhatali ngokuzithandela.

Inkqubo Yasemthethweni Yolwaphulo - mthetho

  1. Ukwenziwa komthetho wokwenziwa komthetho kuqokelela ubungqina, udliwano-ndlebe lwamangqina, kwaye lungafumana isiqinisekiso sokufuna.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Arrest and Booking: Isikroti sithathwa sigcinwe, sifakwe iminwe, kwaye sifotlwe.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela: Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina kunye neefayile ezigwetywa ngokusemthethweni (inkcazelo okanye ukumangalelwa ngabachopheli-tyala abakhulu betyala).
  4. [[UMQONDISO: 0] Umthetho: Ummangalelwa uxelelwe ngetyala kwaye ungena isibongozo (umthetho, hayi ityala, okanye ukhuphiswano). UBail angacwangciswa.
  5. Intshukumo zovavanyo:[ Ukhuselo lungathatha intshukumo zefayile ukucinezela okanye ukukhupha izityholo ezisekelwe kwimithetho egqwethekileyo.
  6. Iziphumo zetyala kufuneka lityhile ubungqina, kuquka nabuphina ubungqina bokuyilwa, ngoxa ukhuseleko lunezibophelelo ezisikelwe umda.
  7. : Ityala livalwa ngabachopheli-tyala (abanokufumaneka). Ingxengxezo inikela ubungqina kuqala, kwaye ingqiniso ingaba ngamangqina okunqamleza i-examine. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala, kwaye ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine ityala ngokungenakuphikiswa.
  8. Isigwebo neSendensitiso: Ukuba ufunyaniswe enetyala, isigwebo esahlukileyo sokuva siqinisekisa isohlwayo (umz., intolongo, ityala, ifashoni). Imigaqo yesigwebo ingasebenza.
  9. [[UMTL: 0] Appals:[ Ummangalelwa angabhena ngetyala kwizizathu ezisemthethweni. Ingxengxezo ngokubanzi ayinakubhenela ukuxolelwa ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini.

Amatyala amakhaya adla ngokuzinziswa ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala; amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho adla ngokuphumela ekufakeni izibongozo, apho ummangalelwa acela ityala elincinane xa ehliswa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni

Ukwahlula umthetho wamakhaya nowakwaphula umthetho akuyonto nje ephambili kwimfundo yemihla ngemihla. Ukufunda okusemthethweni kunika umntu amandla okuqonda xa oniwe, eqonda amalungelo akhe kwaye elawula inkqubo yokusesikweni ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi umahluko kukunceda uqonde ukuba luluphi uhlobo lwesenzo somthetho omawuphunyezwe. Ukuba ulixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho, awunakuzenzela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa uyakwazi ukumangalela urhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka uqonde ukuba urhulumente uthwele umthwalo wobungqina nokuba unelungelo lokungathethi noweli-gqrhwepheshe. Kwimpikiswano yesizwe, umele uthathe ityala lakho uqinisekise ityala lakho.

Ukuqonda Amastake

Imiphumo yahluke kakhulu. Inkolelo yolwaphulo - mthetho isenokuthetha ukuphulukana nenkululeko nehlazo elihlala lihleli; ukugweba okusemthethweni kunokukudiza imali kodwa akuzifaki engozini yokuvalelwa. Oku kuphembelela izigqibo ezifana nokuba uza kuzilungisa, uye kuvavanywa okanye ufuna icebiso elingokwasemthethweni.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kubomi Bobugqi

Ukufundiswa kwasemthethweni kunceda abemi balapho baqonde amatyala aphezulu achazwe ezindabeni, ukususela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumatyala asemthethweni kwiinkampani.

Imibutho efana ne-[[NT:0] Imanyano yeMelika Bar's Division for Public Education inikela ubuncwane bokuphucula ukubhalwa kwasemthethweni. Abami bayangenelwa ngokufunda ngeenkqubo zenkundla zasekuhlaleni kunye neentlobo zamatyala abawaphathayo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala zintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yomthetho wase-U.S. ezineenjongo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo. Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimbambano zangasese kwaye unika iimpendulo, ngelixa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usohlwaya iityala ngokuchasene nebutho labantu kwaye uphakamisa ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda oku kusisiseko sokwazi ukufunda okusemthethweni, kukuxhobisa ukuba ufune uncedo olusemthethweni, uqaphele ukuba ungenelele kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ukuba ungumfundi, ingcali, okanye ngummi onenkathalo, ukukwazi ukuqhuba lo myalelo womthetho ngokunempumelelo nangembeko.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, khangela [[FLT: 0] Iphepha le-II kwinkqubo yamakhaya kunye U.S. isikhokelo seNkundla sokufaka ityala [.