Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Komanyano LwaseMelika

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelombuso lwakha umva we-United States ’ inkqubo yokulawula. Eli candelo lamandla, elaziwa ngokuba yi-constanceism, yayiyicebo lokuzikhethela ngenjongo nguMgaqo-siseko i̱ izifekethisi, ezafuna urhulumente wesizwe onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukumanyanisa urhulumente ngeli xesha ulondoloza ulawulo lwelizwe nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ukwahlukana phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente akuyonto nje yemfundo; kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo bonke abami abawanyana ̱ ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, kwirhafuthelo kunye neendlela abaqhuba kuzo ukuze bafumane umgangatho womoya abaphefumle kuwo kunye nemilinganiselo yezikolo zabo. Eli nqaku linikeza ushwankathelo olubanzi, olusebenzayo phakathi kwala manani olungeleneyo, ingxube-gracwe, imimandla elungeleneyo, kunye nolungeleneyo, imigaqo yemithetho, intlanganiso, kunye nemithetho eqhubekayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya oMbutho

Igunya lomanyano lisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., uxwebhu olwadala urhulumente wesizwe wamandla alinganiselweyo, anikezelweyo. Abasebenzi befreyim babenobuchule bokubala iindawo ezithile apho urhulumente wesizwe anokusebenza khona, beqinisekisa ukuba isebenza ngokunempumelelo kwimicimbi yohlanga logama ishiya lonke ulawulo kumazwe. Lo mgaqo wesiseko yindawo yokuqala ukuqonda inkqubo yonke.

Amandla Anempembelelo

La ngamandla adweliswe ngokucacileyo kwinqaku I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko. Akha umqala woxanduva lolawulo lorhulumente. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka amandla ku:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imali eninzi [[UMTL:1] kwaye ilawula ixabiso layo.
  • iquka isalathisi somhlaba kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle , ngokufuthi ebizwa ngokuba yiClaus yezorhwebo.
  • Imfazwe kunye nokuphakamisa nokuxhasa amajoni kunye nomkhosi wamanzi.
  • Imithetho efanayo yendalo nemithetho yokufuduka.
  • Ezinokufakwa kwiposi kunye neendlela zeposi.
  • Imvume ezisemthethweni nemvume yamalungelo asemthethweni ukukhuthaza inzululwazi nobugcisa.

Amandla Asetyenzisiweyo

Ngapha koko amagunya ayo abhaliweyo, urhulumente wesizwe unawo amandla achaziweyo. La mandla awachazwa ngokucacileyo kodwa athathwa njengayimfuneko nafanelekileyo[[FLT: 1] ukwenzela ukuphumeza imisebenzi yawo edwelisweyo. Le ngcamango, ethathwe kwi-Edict and Sed Claus (kwakukwiSiqendu I, iCandelo 8), ebengumthombo wolwandiso olukhulu lwegunya likarhulumente. Umzekelo, lo gama umgaqo-siseko ungatsho ukuba urhulumente wesizwe ungayimisi ibhanki, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [[FLT:] Mcloch. Mary v[FLT] [18]]) wagweba okokuba ukwenza oko bekuyindlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa amandla okhuthulelo, ukuboleka imali, kunye nemali.

UClaus Oneengcungela

Intsika egxekayo yegunya lezwe nguSuprematy Claus, efunyenwe kwiGatya lesi-4 loMgaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente eyenziwe yaluxanduva kuyo, kwaye le zivumelwano zingumthetho onyusiweyo welizwe . Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho wesizwe usemthethweni osebenzayo kunye nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe ukho. Lo mgaqo wokukhulula uqinisekisa ukudibana kwesizwe kwimicimbi yorhulumente kwaye uthintela ukuthomalalisa inkqubo yolawulo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya kaRhulumente

Igunya lesizwe lifumana ilungelo elisemthethweni ngokuyintloko kuMgaqo-siseko weSigqibo seshumi ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko. Igunya leSihlalo seshumi leSigqibo seSidlo seMigaqo-siseko ngo1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, iDemende leshumi eliLandelayo lichaza ngokufutshane: i̵]; Amandla angagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngoMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe e-United States ngokulandelelana, okanye kubantu. i-” Le yindlela isebenza njengesikhumbukiso esinamandla sokuba urhulumente worhulumente ungomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, agunya agunyazwe, nangona urhulumente enikwe urhulumente omkhulu.

Amandla Agciniweyo Namagosa Amapolisa

Olona didi lubanzi nolubalulekileyo lwegunya likarhulumente lingu amandla alawulayo. Eli asilogunya elinxulumene nokugcinwa komthetho ngomngcipheko omxinwa; kunoko, ligunya elisemgceni lokumisela imithetho nemigaqo yokukhusela nokukhuthaza , ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle yabemi babo. Le yisiseko sombuso omkhulu kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Impilo entle: ukugoma okugonyayo, ukulawula izibhedlele, nokulungisa iingxaki zempilo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: Ukwenza ikhowudi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumisela isantya, nokulawula ukhuseleko lomlilo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Morals kunye neNtlalo-ntle: ukulawula ukungcakaza, ukuthengiswa kotywala, kunye nokuqokelelwa kweendawo zophuhliso loluntu.
  • Licens: Ukukhupha amalayisensi oogqirha, amagqwetha, abachebi beenwele, kunye neenkomfa.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente neMiqathango

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wawo, osebenza njengoxwebhu oluphakamileyo lwasemthethweni lwelo zwe. Lo mgaqo-siseko usoloko unikela ukhuseleko oluneenkcukacha kumalungelo omntu ngamnye kunomGaqo-siseko wezwe. Amazwe anikwe imbopheleleko yokudala iindlela zawo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka ubalo-mali, izixeko, neelokishi, kunye negunya lokunika igunya elintsonkothileyo. Oku kwenza umaleko ontsonkothileyo wolawulo apho igunya lisuka kurhulumente lihla lisiya koomasipala basekuhlaleni.

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kweGunya loManyano noRhulumente

Ngoxa omabini amanqanaba karhulumente enosukelo olufanayo lokukhonza uwonke wonke, izakhiwo zawo nomgangatho wegunya uyahluka ngeendlela ezisisiseko.

Dimension Federal Authority State Authority
Source of Power Constitution (enumerated and implied powers) Tenth Amendment (reserved powers)
Scope of Power Limited to powers granted by the Constitution Broad and general, covering all matters not prohibited
Geographic Reach Applies uniformly across the entire nation Applies only within that state’s borders
Law Creation Federal laws are largely consistent in all states State laws can vary widely, creating a patchwork of regulations
Primary Focus National defense, foreign policy, interstate commerce Local health, safety, education, intrastate commerce
Conflict Resolution Federal law is supreme under the Supremacy Clause States can challenge federal overreach in court

Igunya lomanyano kwiNkxaso: Iindawo eziPhambili zoLawulo lweSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya lakhe kwimimandla apho ukufana kwesizwe okanye enye, ukusabela okulungelelanisiweyo kugxeka. Nantsi imizekelo emininzi ebalaseleyo.

Ukufuduka Nokuziqhelanisa

Amandla akhethekileyo okulawula ukufuduka nokumisela imithetho yobumi axhomekeke kurhulumente wesizwe. Amasebe omanyano, kuquka i-Immigration Services (USCIS) kunye ne-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), alawula le mithetho. Ngoxa amaphondo eye azama ukuyila imithetho yawo yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka, inkoliso yaloo migudu iye yabethwa ziinkundla njengokwaphula umthetho karhulumente we-̱ igunya elipheleleyo kwimigaqo yokufuduka.

Urhwebo lwangaphakathi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho

IChommerce Claus ibiyinjini enamandla yokwandisa igunya lesizwe. Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula yonke into ukusuka kwiimarike zokuvalwa kwetyala kunye nomthetho ochasene nomthetho-siseko ukuya kusasaza kunye nokuthunyelwa kweempahla phakathi kwelizwe. Ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo njengeSecurities kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) kunye neKhomishini yeNkqubano yePuvilements (FCC) kubonisa indlela urhulumente wesizwe ajonge ngayo imibalwano, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho emininzi yelizwe.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle

UMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla aphantse aphele kumthetho wangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. UMongameli usebenza njengoMyaleli-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye iBhunga linamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe nokuxhasa umkhosi. Amazwe awavumelekanga ngokungqalileyo ukuba angene kwizivumelwano okanye angenele imfazwe, ngaphandle kwaxa kukho ingozi ekufuphi.

Umanyano lwerhafu

Urhulumente umisela irhafu, kuquka iirhafu zobuqu nezemali ehlawulwa ngamaqumrhu, ukuhlawula irhafu yezokhuseleko loluntu nezotywala, kunye nokukhupha irhafu kwizinto ezinjengepetroli notywala. Ezi ngeniso zixhasa iinkqubo ezingundoqo zesizwe ezichaphazela wonke umntu waseMerika, njengemali esetyenziswayo yokhuseleko, iingenelo zeNtlalo-ntle, imisebenzi yezentlalo-ntle, kunye neeprojekthi ezininzi zokunikezela kwiinkqubo eziyehlela kumazwe.

Igunya leSizwe liyasebenza: Iindawo ezingundoqo zoLawulo lwangaphakathi

Igunya lesizwe lilawula imisebenzi yemini yonke enempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi babemi. Ukwahluka-hluka kwemithetho yesizwe kubonisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo nezinto eziza kuqala kubemi babo.

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

Uninzi lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ngumthetho karhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unekhowudi yakhe yesohlwayo echaza ulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo. Ukusukela ekuphathweni kwemiba enzulu yezithuthi ukuya ekubulaleni nasekuphangeni, ityala eliyintloko lokunyanzelweni komthetho, ukutshutshiswa, nokuvalelwa entweni lilelene namazwe. Yiyo loo nto imithetho ephathelele isohlwayo sokufa, ukuphatha intsangu, kunye nokulawula imipu ingafani ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente.

Imfundo

ISindululo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sigcina amandla okumela imfundo kawonke-wonke kumaphondo. Ngoxa urhulumente wengingqi enikela inkxaso-mali aze amisele imigaqo ebanzi enjenge-Everses Foundes Act (ESA), oorhulumente belizwe bamisela eyabo imilinganiselo yemfundo, iimfuno zokufundisa, iinkqubo zokufundisa, kunye neenkqubo zemali yesikolo. Oku kukhokelela kwingxube-jabange yomgangatho wemfundo nokusondela kulo lonke ilizwe.

Umthetho Wentsapho Noweentsapho

Amazwe aphantse alawule umthetho wentsapho, kuquka umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana, nokufumana umntwana. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela amalungelo athile omgaqo-siseko karhulumente kulo mmandla (njengelungelo lokutshata), iinkqubo neemfuno ezikhethekileyo ezisemthethweni zimiselwa ngurhulumente ngamnye.

Impahla Nomthetho Ogunyazisayo

The fundamental rules governing property ownership, landlord-tenant relationships, real estate transactions, and business contracts are established by state law. This is why the process of buying a house, forming a corporation, or suing for breach of contract differs depending on the state.

Amandla ahambelanayo: Apho iGunya loMbutho nelaseSizwe lithe tye

Imimandla emininzi yolawulo ayingonorhulumente worhulumente okanye urhulumente kuphela kodwa yabelana. La magunya aziwa njenge akhoyo. Kule mimandla, omabini amanqanaba karhulumente anokuthatha inyathelo, ukuba nje awawuchaphazeli umGaqo-siseko okanye angquzulwano nomthetho wesizwe osebenzayo.

  • Utshintsho: [ Bobabini oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente banganyanzela irhafu. Uninzi lwabemi luhlawula irhafu yengeniso yerhafu yorhulumente kunye nerhafu yengeniso karhulumente (kwimimandla emininzi).
  • Iinkqubo zeCurt: iUnited States inenkqubo yenkundla ezimbini. Iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, lo gama iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Ummiselo wesibonelelo: Urhulumente wezwe umisela imilinganiselo yemeko- bume (umz., Clean Air Act), kodwa ulawulo lusoloko lunikwa igunya lokumisela nokunyanzelisa le migangatho kwaye lungamisela nemimiselo engqongqo.
  • Ukunika imvume: Urhulumente wezwe ulawula iibhanki zesizwe, kodwa ulawulo lwamazwe nolawulo lweebhanki zikarhulumente.
  • Isakhiwo se- i- urhulumente unika imali engundoqo kwiindlela zaseburhulumenteni, kodwa amazwe anomthwalo wokwakha nokugcina iindlela neebhulorho zawo, ngokufuthi ngoncedo lukarhulumente.

Ukulungelelana Okunamandla Kwegunya: Ingxabano Nentsebenziswano

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente norhulumente alumi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Lulungelelene olunamandla nolusoloko luthanda ukukhuphisana oluye lwatshintsha ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. UmGaqo-siseko unika iinkqubo eziliqela zokulawula olu lungelelwano.

Ingqwalasela Yomthetho Namatyala Ayintloko Enkundla

INkundla Ephakamileyo inendima ebalulekileyo njengomxhasi weempikiswano zorhulumente. Amatyala aliqela aphawula iziganeko ezithile achaza indlela enamandla ahamba ngayo.

  • [FLT]] McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): yaseka imfundiso yamandla ajongiweyo kwaye yaqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wequmrhu uphezulu kunomthetho wengingqi ongqubanayo.
  • [FLT] Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): ichazwe ngokubanzi iCongress & #8217; amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995): Ifakwe kumandla orhulumente ngokutyumba umthetho ogqitha iCongress ’ iphawula igunya lorhwebo, eliphawula umgudu obalulekileyo wokukhusela amandla karhulumente.
  • IFOCE of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) waxhasa ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye loMthetho we-Affordive Care Care Act kodwa uthintelwe iiKhomplare & #8217; amandla okunqanda yonke inkxaso yemali yeMedicaid ekhoyo kumazwe akhetha ukungayandisi inkqubo.

Ucelomngeni Lwaseburhulumenteni Nokusetyenziswa Kwalo

Amazwe anezixhobo ezininzi zokuziphindezela emva kwigunya likarhulumente. Angafaka izityholo ezicelw' umGaqo-siseko wemithetho karhulumente. Angabandakanyeka kumthetho wezoburhulumente , ingcamango ephikisayo ethi inelungelo lokuya kwi “ iinterpositose ” ukuzithintela ngokwayo ukugcinwa komthetho wesizwe abawugqala ungekho semthethweni. Ngokuthe ngqo, ithetha ukuba isoloko isebenzisa inkqubo yezobupolitika, ibhenela iBhunga lomthetho wolawulo okanye ukufuna iinguququ kumthetho worhulumente okanye ukufuna ii-transports kukwenziwa kwenkqubo yolawulo.

Indima YamaGcisa Asemkhosini

Umqhubi obalulekileyo wempembelelo karhulumente kumazwe ungaphakathi kwe- kwe-consticalism . Urhulumente wengingqi unika amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ukuba zinikwe inkxaso nyaka ngamnye. Ezi zibonelelo zidla ngokuvela kwiimeko, zifuna ngokunempumelelo amazwe afuna ukuhambisana neenjongo zenkqubo karhulumente etshintshisana ngemali. Umzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe olungele ukunyusa iminyaka yabo yokusela esemthethweni ukuya kuma-21 ngokubophelela le mfuneko kwimali yemali ye-ografini. Ngoxa ivunyelwe ngumthetho, lo msebenzi uhlala ungumthombo woxinezeleko, njengoko uvumela urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukuba aphembele imimandla ebekelwe ulawulo.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nekamva LobuProtestanti

Iipolitiki zanamhlanje zaseMerika zibalasele ziingxoxo ezinzulu ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo kwegunya phakathi kweWashington namazwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

Umthetho we-Affordible Care Act (ACA) wadala umanyano oluntsonkothileyo lwesizwe. Urhulumente worhulumente umisela imithetho emininzi, i-inshorensi encinane, kwaye uqhuba intengiso yesizwe, kodwa uchaza ukuba kukhethwe iintengiso zabo ze-inshorensi kwaye ube nengqiqo ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zabo zeMedicaid. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuphunyezweni okuqhekekileyo, amanye amazwe ebambelele kumthetho ngokupheleleyo namanye axhathisa ngokukhutheleyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya aye asebenzisa igunya lawo ukumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha imoto ngaphezu kokuba kufuneka ngurhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumadabi angokwasemthethweni enoba urhulumente wesizwe angayiphelisa kusini na i-’ unika i-ever ukumisela le milinganiselo, ebalaselisa ukuxinana phakathi kwesizwe kunye novavanyo lorhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wale mihla wemfazwe karhulumente ngumgaqo-nkqubo womjumba. Amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa umya ukuze asebenzise unyango okanye ukuzonwabisa, ngokuchasene ngqo nomthetho karhulumente, othi ulwahlulo lweShedyuli Ndilulawula. Urhulumente wengingqi ukhethe kakhulu ukungawunyanzeli umthetho wawo ngokweemeko eziwubhalise ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umlinganiselo ongakhululekanga nongaqiniseki ngokusemthethweni wemoriom.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Elungiselelwe Ukuxinezeleka Okungapheliyo

Umahluko phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelaseburhulumenteni asiyompazamo kulwakhiwo lorhulumente waseMerika; ziimpawu zalo ezichazayo. UmGaqo-siseko wadala ngabom inkqubo yolawulo olubini, ulindele ukuba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luzakuphikiswa kwaye luxoxwa ngexesha elithile. Kubafundi kunye nabemi ababotshelelweyo, ukuqonda olu lungiselelo kubalulekile. Ichaza isizathu sokuba imigaqo ethile ilungelelene lelizwe ngelinye ixesha, ngoxa abanye behlukene nemeko ukuya kumbuso. Inika imeko-mo yemfazwe engundoqo esemthethweni neyopolitiki. Ibonisa inyaniso engundoqo: eUnited States, amandla asoze aqikelelwe ngokupheleleyo. Isoloko ithenjiwe, ivavanywa, kwaye ilungelene phakathi korhulumente wesizwe nolawulo, amandla alonke olulungeleneyo olulungise ilizwe . [uninzi lwamazwe amanani oluntu:[3]