Table of Contents

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kumela enye yeenkqubo ezisisiseko kulawulo-demokhrasi, esebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweemfuno zikawonke-wonke nezenzo zikarhulumente. Ngale nkqubo intsonkothileyo, oorhulumente bachaza iingxaki zoluntu, ukuphuhlisa iimpendulo zobuchule, nokuguqula ezo mpendulo zibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esetyenziswa ngayo inika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi kwaye kunceda abemi babandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo.

Yintoni Enokwenziwa Komgaqo - siseko Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?

Inkqubo karhulumente ziinjongo zikarhulumente ezinxulumene nempilo nentlalo-ntle yoluntu jikelele, kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwayo ukuze kufezwe ezi njongo. Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke unwenwela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu, ukusuka ekukhuseleni ilizwe nakwimigaqo yezoqoqosho ukuya kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke udla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwemithetho edalwe ukunikeza izicombululo zemiqathango.

Ukubaluleka kokwenziwa kwenkqubo akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Nawu ngamnye olawula ibutho labantu, nawuphi na umthetho okhusela abathengi, kunye nodweliso ngalunye lwenkqubo lukarhulumente olunika iinkonzo luqala njengengcinga yenkqubo emele ihambe ngendlela entsonkothileyo. Le nkqubo igqiba ukuba ziziphi iingxaki ezifumana ingqalelo karhulumente, ukuba ziziphi na izinto ezisetyenziswayo, kwaye ziziphi izicombululo ezisetyenziswa ukucombulula iingxaki zentlalo.

Ukwenza inkqubo kawonke-wonke eUnited States kwenzeka ngamanqanaba amaninzi kwaye kubandakanya iinguqu-ntlobo zabadlali bezomthetho, njengabadlali bezobupolitika abanyuliweyo, abaphathi-mikhosi, amaqela enzala, kwanabemi. Le nkqubo yezakhono zorhwebo ezahlukahlukeneyo iqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyaqwalaselwa, nangona ikwazisa ukuntsonkotha kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nayo yonke inkqubo.

Iingxaki Ezixhokonxa Umgaqo - siseko

UHarold Lassell (1951, 1956) wayengomnye wabaphengululi bokuqala ukucacisa inkqubo yesigqibo ekwiqonga elininzi yenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Amaqondo awawachazayo aye aguquka kodwa aquka la manyathelo alandelayo: (1) ukufanisa ingxaki, (2) ummiselo wesicwangciso, (3) ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo, (4) ukwenziwa kwemigaqo, (5) ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, kunye (6) nohlolo. Ngelixesha la macandelo enika inkqubo eluncedo yokuqonda inkqubo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene kunqabile ukulandela indlela egqibeleleyo.

Ukwazi Ingxaki: Ukuqonda Iimbambano Ezifuna Ukuthabath ’ Inyathelo

Inkqubo yokwenza uhambo iqala ngokuzichaza kwengxaki, inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo apho imiba yentlalo iqatshelwayo kwaye ichazwa. Ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo iqaliswe, ingxaki kufuneka ibekho ebizwa kwingqalelo karhulumente. Asiyongxaki nganye ezenzekelayo ukuba ibe ngumba wenkqubo, ngoko ke. Ucelomngeni lukukwahlula ukuba ziziphi iingxaki ezivumela ungenelelo lukarhulumente kwezo zinokucocwa ngcono ngezinye iindlela.

Ukwenziwa kwengxaki kufuneka kuqukunjelwe ngenkcazo yengxaki ecacileyo, equka unobangela wengxaki. Oku kuchanekileyo kubalulekile kuba indlela ingxaki echazwa ngayo ngokuphawulekayo iphembelela iindidi zezisombululo eziza kuqwalaselwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lolutsha luchazwa ngokuyintloko njengembambano yokunyanzeliswa komthetho, izisombululo ziya kwahluka kakhulu ekuyichazeni njengethuba lokufundisa okanye eloqoqosho.

Ibutho lamaMelika linyamezela umlinganiselo othile wolwaphulo-mthetho; nokokuba, xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lunyuka ngokuphawulekayo okanye lucingelwa ukuba lunyuka ngokuphawulekayo, kuba ngumba obalulekileyo kubenzi benkqubo ukuba bawuphendule. Oku kubonisa ingongoma ebalulekileyo: ukufunyaniswa kwengxaki kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimiqobo yenkxalabo noluvo lukawonke-wonke, hayi nje kwimilinganiselo enenjongo yobukhulu bengxaki.

Iziganeko ezingqalileyo zingabeka ingxaki kucwangciso. Ukuphuphuma kwedolophu kufutshane nomlambo kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba amakhaya afanele avunyelwe ukuba akheke kumgangatho othe tyaba. Ezi ziganeko zijolise ekujoliswe kuzo zinokunyusa imibandela esenokuba ibikho kangangeminyaka kodwa ingabonakali okanye ingabikho ungxamiseko ekuyaleleni urhulumente.

Ucwangciso: Ukuqokelela Ingqalelo Yorhulumente

Xa ingxaki ithe yafunyaniswa, kufuneka ikhuphisane ngesithuba kwimiba ehleliwe ngurhulumente oxineneyo. Umiselo lwe-Agenda luyisigaba sokuqala, iqonga elinomxholo, ngexesha apho ezinye izixakeko zinyuka zijongene nabaenzi benkqubo ngeli xesha abanye befumana ingqalelo encinane okanye betyeshelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukubaluleka kweli candelo kukwisibakala sokuba kukho amawaka ezinto ezinokuthi zifake ingqalelo yabaenzi benkqubo, kodwa ekuqheliseni kusetyenziswa nje kuphela intwana encinane efumana ingqalelo yabo.

Ii-agenas luluhlu lweengxaki zikawonke-wonke ezibaluleke kakhulu kubenzi beenkqubo. Abenzi beenkqubo abahlukeneyo bagcina ucwangciso olwahlukileyo olusekelwe kwimigaqo yabo, izinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika, kunye nezilangazelelo zobuqu. Ucelomngeni lwabameli kukunyusa imbambano yabo kwimiba esekelwe kumaziko abenzi besigqibo abanempembelelo abanamandla okuqhubela phambili inkqubo.

Abadlali abaphambili abakwimimiselo ecwangcisiweyo baquka iinkcubeko, amaqela enzala, amajelo eendaba namagosa karhulumente. Aba badlali bahlukeneyo basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukutsalela ingqalelo kwiinkupho zabo abazithandayo. Cinga ngeetanki uvelisa iingxelo zophando, amaqela anezilangazelelo acwangcisa amaphulo okuyila, amajelo eendaba ahlola kwaye asebenzisa iingxaki zoluntu, kwaye amagosa karhulumente asebenzisa iqonga lawo ukugxininisa imicimbi.

Ingcamango kufuneka iyenze ngamanqanaba aliqela, kuquka udweliso lwenkqubo yezopolitiko ebanzi, udweliso lwengqungquthela kunye nocwangciso lomongameli kunye nodweliso lwezicwangciso zobundlobongela. Esi sakhiwo somgangatho omninzi sithetha ukuba umba ungafumana ulwamkelo kumgangatho omnye ngelinye ixesha uhlala ungabonakali kwelinye, ufuna umgudu oqhubekayo ukufumana ummiselo obanzi.

Iingxubusho zingabaluleka kancinci ngexesha kwaye zishiye ucwangciso luphinde luvele xa ziboniswa okanye ziqwalaselwe iziganeko zinyusa ukubaluleka kwazo. Ukwenziwa kwesicwangciso sendlela yokucwangcisa kuthetha ukuba abaxhasi maxa wambi kufuneka balinde amaxesha afanelekileyo xa iimeko zivumela inkxalabo entsha kwimicimbi yabo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo: izicombululo zobuchule kwiingxaki zikawonke-wonke

Emva kokukhutshwa kwengxelo ekhusela indawo kucwangciso lukarhulumente, inkqubo ishukuma ukuze kwenziwe inkqubo, apho kuphuhliswa khona izisombululo zekonkrithi kwaye zicaciswe. Iqonga lokuqala, elingummiselo wenkqubo, libandakanya ukuphuhlisa uqeqesho olufanelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo lwesenzo sokuqhubana neengxaki zikarhulumente. Ngale nkqubo iimfuno zenkqubo ziguqulwa zibe yimigaqo-nkqubo.

Emva kokuba ingxaki kawonke-wonke ifumene ingqalelo evela kubenzi benkqubo, kufuneka iqaliswe ize icaciswe ngokwenkqubo ebhalwe phantsi. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo. Oku kuntsonkotha kuvela kwimfuneko yokulungelelanisa ulwamkelo oluninzi: ubuchule bobuchule, ukwamkela kwezobupolitika, iindleko zezoqoqosho, ulawulo, kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunesiphumo esibonakalayo: Imali yetyala ihamba phambi kweKhonkxa okanye phambi kwemiqathango yolawulo ecetyisiweyo. Iqonga lokumisela liguqula iinjongo ezingekho ngqiqweni zomgaqo-siseko zibe lulwimi oluthile lowiso-mthetho okanye umbhalo wolawulo onokwenziwa impikiswano, ukulungiswa, kunye nolwamkelo.

Ngexesha lokwenziwa, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokusingatha ingxaki echaziwe. Inyathelo lesibini lenkqubo, ulwahlulo, luvelisa uluhlu olugcin ’ ucwethe lwezisombululo ezinokwenzeka kule ngxaki. Olu hlalutyo luluncedo ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela ekhethiweyo imele eyona ndlela isebenzayo nephumelelayo yesisombululo esikhoyo.

Eli candelo libandakanya ukuhlalutya iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukwenza okanye ukuchaza izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, nokuvavanya ezinye izicombululo. Kukwabandakanya abantu: amagosa anyuliweyo, abasebenzi beekomiti, abamiselwe ngokwezobupolitika, okanye amagosa asemaqumrhu agqibayo ukuba luluphi ukhetho anokulandelwa. Ilungu lomntu lingenisa ubuchule kunye nocalucalulo kwinkqubo yokuyila, njengoko abadlali abahlukeneyo bezisa imbono ezahlukeneyo nezinto eziza kuqala etafileni.

UMthetho: Inkqubo yoMthetho

Ukwenziwa komthetho kumela ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwenkqubo emiselwe ngurhulumente. Ukubekwa kwemigaqo kusinyathelo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo enokwenziwa ngabafundi abasenokuba bafunde ngayo. Iiklasi zikarhulumente waseMerika zifundisa abafundi indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo kwaye eli nyathelo alihlukile. Kulapho izicelo zemigaqo zitshintshwa khona zibe yimithetho ebophelele ngokusemthethweni ngenkqubo yomthetho.

Kuqalwa inkqubo xa iKhomishini idlulisa umthetho, imimiselo isokugqibelela, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo inikela isigqibo kwityala. Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhalisa zibonisa amasebe amaninzi karhulumente anokumisela inkqubo enyanzelisayo.

Uhambo Lwengqungquthela

Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. Ingcamango yemali ingavela kwi: Ukuhlala ilungu leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali okanye iNdlu yabameli · Propacal ngexesha lephulo lonyulo lombutho wombutho owenziwa ngabantu okanye amaqela alwamkeli ancomela umthetho omtsha okanye aphuculeyo kwilungu leBhunga elimele i-·Xa nje umlomo uziswa, inikwa ikomiti enamalungu aya kuphanda, axubushe, alungise, aze enze iinguqulelo kwimithetho yetyala.

Icandelo lekomiti limele ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba okudlula kwalo aqikelelwe yiBhunga lonke. Le komiti ingakhetha nokuba namava ukuze iqonde iziphumo zetyala. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe elilawulayo, iingcali, abanye amagosa kawonke-wonke nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe. Ezi zibonelele ukukhanyisa kwaye zivumele abagcini-mali abahlukeneyo baphembele iziphumo zemali ukuba baphembelele oko kuqulethwe ngumthetho.

Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nxaxheba kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelithi "lifile". Lo msebenzi wokugcina amasango unika amandla aqikeleleyo ukumisela ukuba zeziphi izicelo eziqhubela phambili nezityhafa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela.

Ityala libekwa phambi kwelo gumbi ukuze livotelwe. Ukuba irejista idlulisa iqumrhu elinye leBhunga, iya kwelinye iqumrhu ukuze lidlule kwinkqubo efanayo yophando, ingxubusho, iinguqu, kunye nokuvota. Xa zombini iziqu zivota ukwamkela ityala, mazilungise nakuphi na ukungavisisani phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini. Le nkqubo ye-bidamaral iqinisekisa ukucokiseka ngokucokisekileyo kodwa ikwadala nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo yokufumana inkqubo yokwamkeli.

Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanga kunye neenkqubo, kwelinye icala, zixhasa ukucingisiswa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abaPhathi-mthetho ababalulekileyo abasebenzi. Olu mahluko-mthetho ubonisa iindima ezahlukileyo zabafaki-zixhobo ababoniswe kwigumbi ngalinye.

Isenzo sobuMongameli kunye namandla eVeto

Emva kwamaziko omabini eBhunga avumela izivumelwano ezifanayo zemithetho, iqhubeka ukuya kuMongameli ukwenzela isenzo sokugqibela. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyasayinwa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga lisebuthweni, loo mthetho uba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ukuba uMongameli uyawuchasa lo mthetho, bangawukhupha. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukukhupha i-veto. Ukuba iCathenal neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi ababini-sithathu, iveto ilawula, kwaye umthetho uba ngumthetho. Le ndawo inika isebe eliphetheyo impembelelo ephawulekayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona iBhunga ligcina igunya lokumisela imithetho epheleleyo kumthetho wobumongameli.

Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto angachaphazela okuqulethwe ngamatyala adluliswe yiKhonkxale. Ekubeni kungaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto engumongameli, iBhunga limele ngokusesikweni lihlalise ukuma komongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyiweyo. Oku kukhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokulalanisa phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho nolawulo oluphezulu.

Ukuphunyezwa kweMithetho: Ukusetyenziswa kweMithetho yokuguqulela

Xa inkqubo isetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni, ukujolisa kutshintsho ekuzalisekiseni , inkqubo yokusebenzisa inkqubo. Ukwenziwa kweqhinga kumele utshintsho ukusuka kwizigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo ukuya kwizenzo zekonkrithi. Eliqonga libandakanya ukuguqulela iinjongo zenkqubo kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo, imithetho, kunye nenkqubo ezinokuvelisa iziphumo ezicetyiweyo.

Uzalisekiso okanye ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo kusoloko kuphunyezwa ngamaziko angezo ezo zigqibileyo neziyamkelekileyo. Umthetho odla ngokunika ulwaleko olubanzi lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, iBhunga lingagunyazisa ukuphuculwa kwemigangatho yamanzi, kodwa i-Epatemental yoKhuselo lwemekobume (e) inika iinkcukacha kuloo migaqo kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa ukuthotyelwa kwegunya kumaziko aphetheyo. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba iintlawulo azinakuchaza iinkcukacha zonke ezifunekayo ekusebenzeni kwemigaqo entsonkothileyo.

Ukuphumeza kusenokuquka ukwamkela imithetho nemigaqo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo neemveliso, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukushwankathela iimbambano, njl. Ububanzi bemisebenzi yokuzalisekisa bubonisa uhlobo olwahlukeneyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo eyahlukeneyo abaphumeza ngayo iinjongo zabo.

Inkcazo Engundoqo Yosetyenziso Olunempumelelo

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo esebenzayo kufuna ingqalelo elula kwimiqathango emininzi egxekayo. Ucwangciso lolawulo: Ukuphuhlisa izikhokelo zokusebenza, iinkqubo, kunye nemigca yexesha. Uthunyelo lwezibonelelo: ukusetyenziswa kwemali, abantu, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa ekuzalisekiseni amaqumrhu. Iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa: ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokusebenzisana kunqamlezo lwamasebe kunye namaqondo karhulumente. Ukwakhiwa komsebenzi wobundlobongela: izibonelelo zokuxhobisa nokudala izibonelelo eziyimfuneko.

Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo zibalulekile ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwenqanaba, njengoko benceda abalawuli ukuchaza iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo nokwenza izigqibo zolwazi. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo kuquka imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yequmrhu lorhulumente, enjengokuseka imimiselo nemithetho, ukulungiselela iinkonzo, nokuqhuba amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olucacileyo, abasebenzi basenokuzama ukuqonda injongo yemithetho okanye bangazalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo ngokungangqalaniyo.

Ukuzalisekisa Ucelomngeni Neengxaki

Kulapho imigaqo-nkqubo idla ngokuma ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Ukuxhasa imali kungumqobo ongundoqo wokuzalisekisa okufanelekileyo. Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela ukuba oovimba abaneleyo ababelwanga ukuxhasa ukuzalisekiswa kwayo. Oku kuqhawulwa phakathi kokwamkela inkqubo kunye nolwabiso lwezibonelelo kumele enye yezisilele eziqhelekileyo zokuzalisekisa.

Umzekelo, inkqubo edumileyo yowed kunye ne-Mbewu, ibandakanya "ukuvulela" izaphuli-mthetho (ifake imigudu yokubamba) kunye "nenkqubo zokuvelisa" iinkqubo ezintsha (ekufakeni iinkqubo zesikolo semfundo, izibonelelo zonyango lweziyobisi, njl.njl.). Inxalenye ephambili yocwangciso yaba yimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa ekugqibeleni inkqubo yasilela ngenxa yokungafumani nkxaso ngokwaneleyo kwinkqubo entsha yoluntu. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela ukuvelisa okungalinganiyo okungalula ngayo ukuphumelela kwenkqubo yoluntu lonke.

Inkqubo yayifuna imigudu yokudibanisa amawaka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukwenziwa komsebenzi kumgangatho wengca, ukutshintsha ukuziphatha kwabemi, kunye nenkqubela yokulandelela inkqubo yokuhlola yesizwe. Ubuchule bokucwangcisa kwakufuneka bulungelelaniswe nemeko eyahlukeneyo yasekuhlaleni ngeli xesha ubhekiso phambili kumaxhoba esizwe. Oku kubalaselisa ukuntsonkotha kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenzisa kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo: Ukulinganisa impumelelo nokulungisa izigqibo zexesha elizayo

Isigaba sokugqibela somjikelo wenkqubo sibandakanya uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo lokuhlola enoba iinkqubo ziphumeza iinjongo zazo. Isigaba sokugqibela sibandakanya ukuvavanya iziphumo zenkqubo kunye neziphumo zokufumana impumelelo nokwazisa izigqibo zexesha elizayo.

Kuthetha ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kangakanani, kwaye akuyonto ilula. Abantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokulungisa ukuzama ukufumana impendulo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba urhulumente uchitha iibhiliyoni zeerandi kule nkqubo, ziinzuzo ezifunyenwe kuyo zifanele inkcitho? Oku kuxabisa isiseko somsebenzi wokwakha kunceda abenzi benkqubo benze izigqibo ezisengqiqweni malunga nokuba baza kuqhubeka, balungise, okanye baphelise imigaqo.

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunzima oluya kwingeniso eyahlukileyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha oluphikisanayo, ukutolikwa. Ucelomngeni lokuxilonga lusuka kwiingxaki zokulinganisa iziphumo, ukunika iziphumo, kunye noxanduva lweziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Iintlobo zovavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Zintathu iintlobo zovavanyo: Impembelelo, uMsebenzi, kunye nohlalutyo lwexabiso. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenzisa injongo eyahlukileyo kwaye lunika uluvo olwahlukileyo kumsebenzi wenkqubo.

Isiphumo (ingeniso) igxininisa kutshintsho olukhoyo emva kokuveliswa kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukutshintshwa koqheliselo lwamapolisa lokugada ukujongelwa ukunciphisa umgangatho wokuqhekeza kwiindawo ezithile kuyavavanywa ngokweziphumo zoqhekezo-qhekezo olulandelayo. Ubunzima bokuchaphazeleka kwempembelelo kukungafane kube njalo, ukuba kukhe kwenzeke, ngenxa yomahluko omnye. Oku kuvavanywa kwenza kube nzima ukuchonga iziphumo ezithile zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwezinye izinto ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo.

Uvavanyo lwenkqubo: Ukuvavanya indlela inkqubo eyaphunyezwa ngayo. Inkqubo ivavanya iqonga lokuzalisekisa ukuze kubonwe ukuba inkqubo iphunyezwe ngokwesicwangciso, ukunceda ukufumanisa ukungaphumeleli kokuzalisekisa okunokucacisa iziphumo ezidanisayo.

Uhlolo lwempembelelo: ukugqiba iziphumo ezibanzi, zexesha elide, kuquka iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lexabiso lemali: Uhlalutyo lwempumelelo yemali kunye nexabiso lemali. Iinkqubo zokulondolozwa koovimba: ukunxibelelana kwabenzi-zigqibo ukuze bafunde inkqubo. Olu hlolo lunika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo ngokweembono ezininzi.

Ngubani Oqhuba Uhlolisiso Lomgaqo - siseko?

IBhunga lisebenzisa umsebenzi walo wobuveleli kunye ne-Ofisi yokuThetha ngeeNkcukacha jikelele ukuze lihlole, amaqumrhu ahlola umsebenzi wawo, kunye nabahloli bangaphandle baquka amaqela enzala, amatanki okucinga, i-academia, kunye ne-media. Olu mahluko-ntlobo lwabaqwalaseli unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iqwalaselwa ngokweembono ezininzi, nangona isenokukhokelela kwizigqibo eziphikisanayo malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo.

Injongo yokuqala yovavanyo lwenkqubo kukuqonda ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo kwixesha elizayo. Inceda abenzi-nkqubo benze isigqibo nokuba baza kuqhubeka, balungise, okanye bagqibe inkqubo esekelwe kwimisebenzi yabo. Uvavanyo ludala irhintyela elinika impendulo elidibanisa isiphelo somjikelo omnye wenkqubo ukuya ekuqaleni kwelandelayo.

Uhlolo lusoloko lubangela ukubonakala kweengxaki kunye nojikelezo olutsha locwangciso locwangciso kunye nenkqubo yokwenza. Le ndalo ithetha ukuba ukwenza inkqubo yenkqubela phambili yokufunda, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nokuphuculwa kunesiganeko sexesha elinye.

Inyaniso Yokwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo: Ukuntsonkotha nokungalungelelani

Ngelixesha imodeli yamacandelo inika ulwakhiwo oluluncedo lwenkqubo yokuqonda, inyaniso intsonkothile kakhulu. Ngelixesha imodeli yenqanaba inika isakhiwo esiluncedo senkqubo yeplagi, iinkqubo zenkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene zisoloko zilandela ulungelelwaniso olucocekileyo. Iintlobo eziliqela kufuneka ziqwalaselwe: Ukwenziwa kweminye imigca kubuye emva kwiqondo langaphambili njengoko uzalisekiso lutyhila ukungalungisi okanye ukutshintsha kwemeko kufuna utshintsho. Imisebenzi yemeko ekhoyo: Imigangatho emininzi ingenzeka ngokuhambelana, ngokuzalisekisa kuqalwa phambi kokuba ukwenziwa kolwakhiwo kugqibeke okanye kuvavanywa ukwenziwa okuqhubekayo.

Kodwa ekuqhubeni, imiba yenkqubo idityanisiwe, abaenzi benkqubo bajikeleza befuna izisombululo kumo wokungabikho koqiniseko olukhulu kunye nezithintelo ezininzi zangaphakathi nezingaphandle. Ngokufuthi oko kwenziwa kwixesha elidlulileyo kunesiphumo sokumisa indlela echatshazelwe ngayo imiba emitsha. Oku kuxhomekeka kwindlela kuthetha ukuba ukhetho lwenkqubo yangoku lusoloko lunyanzelwa ngezigqibo ezingaphambili kunye namalungiselelo amiselwe.

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuqondwa kwaye iyakwazi ukwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayiyi kulandela ukulandelana kwamaqondo okuqulunqwa okudla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iinkcazelo ezikwimiba ethile elandela ngoku ukujonga okunenkcukacha ezingakumbi kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo okunokuthi isibhaka-mali sihambe ngawo, kodwa khumbula ukuba iingxaki nolwahluko luxhaphakile ekuqhubekekeni kwayo.

Abasebenzi Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yokwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Ukwenza inkqubo kubandakanya abadlali abahlukahlukeneyo, ngamnye kubo ebangela ukuba kubekho izinto ezahlukeneyo, iingcinga ezingafaniyo nezibangel ’ umdla.

Iinkokeli Eziziintloko Neenkokeli Zezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika namagosa anyuliweyo anempembelelo epheleleyo kulwalathiso nakwiziphumo zalo nakuwo onke amacandelo omgaqo-nkqubo, kuquka imisebenzi yamasebe karhulumente. Imbopheleleko yokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi iinkqubo ezimele ziphunyezwe kwaye ziqinisekiswe ngokunempumelelo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkokeli zobupolitika, kuquka abameli abanyuliweyo, abasebenzi, kunye nezikhundla eziphetheyo. Amagosa acetyisiweyo asebenza njengelungu eliphambili phakathi kokhetho lukawonke-wonke nezenzo zikarhulumente, ukuguqulela inkxalabo ye-ququzo kwiinkqubo zezopolitiko.

Ngeli xesha injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo zemithetho inguMphathiswa ngokwayo, uphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho. Mhlawumbi, ngokuphawulekayo, amandla okulawula umthetho anokuchaphazela okuqulathwe kwityala elidluliswe yiBhunga. Le mpembelelo yomongameli idlulela ngaphaya kwamandla amiselweyo okuqukelela izicwangciso ukutyhubela kwiidilesi ze-Rhulumente ye-Uni, iingcebiso zoqingqo-mali, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho kawonke wonke ukwenzela imigaqo ethile.

Amagosa aseburhulumenteni namagosa e-Arhente

Amaziko alawulayo kunye namagosa asebenza kuwo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokwenziwa nokuphunyezwa. Amasebe oLawulo oluPhezulu (isebe lolawulo) aphumeza, okanye azalisekise inkqubo. Ngaphandle kokuzalisekisa, amasebe akwanikela ngobuchule ngexesha lokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo yedrafti enika imigaqo-siseko ebanzi, kunye novavanyo lwendlela yokusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo.

Amagosa e-arhente asoloko enolwazi olukhethekileyo ngeendawo ezineenkcukacha ezingekhoyo kumagosa anyuliweyo, ewenza abe ngabanikeli abaxabisekileyo kwinkqubela-phambili yenkqubo. Noko ke, obu buchule bukwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphendula ngedemokhrasi xa abasebenzi be-bhulukhwe abangacaciswanga besebenzisa ubulumko obucacileyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo yokubumba.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqela anomdla amela ulawulo olulungelelanisiweyo nezibonda ezithile kwinkqubo ethile. La maqela athatha inxaxheba kuwo wonke umjikelo womgaqo-nkqubo, ukusuka ekuchazeni iingxaki nasekukhuthazeni ukufakwa kwemimiselo yokukhuthaza ukulungiselela izisombululo ezithile zenkqubo kunye nokugada. Amaqela anomdla anika abenzi benkqubo ulwazi, alungiselela inkxaso okanye inkcaso kawonke-wonke, yaye ngamanye amaxesha afumana inkxaso yomthetho engundoqo eba sisiseko seendleko.

Impembelelo yamaqela anomdla iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nomelo kunye nokulingana kwinkqubo. Amaqela anezipheko ezintle anokuba nempembelelo engathethekiyo xa ithelekiswa nokusasaza izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke okanye abantu abaphantsi abanobuncwane obumbalwa boququzelelo.

Cinga Ngezintlondi Nemibutho Yophando

Iinkqubo zophando ezithe zasetyenziswa ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemfundo ezikhoyo, ukuqwalasela iindlela zokusebenza, nokusasaza izinto ezifunyenweyo kubenzi benkqubo kunye noluntu.

Iindlela zokucinga zahluka kwiingcamango neemvelaphi zemali, ezinokuphembelela uhlobo lophando abalwenzayo kunye nemigaqo enconyelwayo. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele iimbono ezinokubangelwa yimibutho yophando xa behlola igalelo labo.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Amajelo eendaba adlala indima ebalulekileyo kucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo ngokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imiba efumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke nendlela ezifakwa ngayo ezo mibandela. Inkcazo yamajelo eendaba inganyusa iingxaki ezingaqondakaliyo zibe bubukhulu besizwe okanye ingcinezelo yabenzi benkqubo yokuthetha ngenkxalabo eqhubekayo. Amajelo-ndaba akwasebenza njengenja egadayo, aphanda ukwenziwa kwenkqubo nokuvavanya iziphumo zenkqubo.

Uluvo lukawonke wonke, olubunjwe ngokwenxalenye yingxelo yamajelo eendaba, lwenkqubo echaphazelekayo ngokuchaphazela ukuba ziziphi izisombululo eziphambili nezizigqala njengezisebenzayo kwezobupolitika. Amagosa ajoliswe ekujongeni amagosa kufuneka alungelelanise umgaqo-nkqubo wawo nxamnye neemvakalelo zikawonke wonke, ingakumbi njengoko kusenziwa ngonyulo.

Abemi neNkqutyana yeeNkcukacha

Abaturali banenxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo: ukuvota abameli, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukunxibelelana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ukujolisa imibutho yobugxwayiba, ukuthelela imibutho yobugxwayiba okanye ezinye iindlela zokulwa.

Intshukumo ye-rasroot inokuzibeka ngempumelelo iziphumo zenkqubo karhulumente nempembelelo, ingakumbi xa ziqokelela amanani amakhulu abantu okanye zitsala ingqalelo kumajelo eendaba. Noko ke, abami balapho bajongana nemiqobo equka ixesha elilinganiselweyo, ulwazi, kunye nobuncwane, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukungalingani kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ebutho labantu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni nokugxekwa okuninzi okuchaphazela ukusebenza nokusemthethweni kwayo.

Ubuntsonkothile Nofikelelo

Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yokwenza inkqubo kunokwenza kube nzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba baqonde baze bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Ixesha Nokungabi Nampumelelo

Umgangatho osisigxina wenkqubo yokwenza, ngelixesha ixabiseke ekuqinisekiseni ukuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo, inokuba neziphumo zokucotha kwiziphumo zeengxaki ezingxamisekileyo. Iincopho ezininzi zeveto kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho zithetha ukuba ukuvala inyathelo kusoloko kulula kunokumisela iinkqubo ezintsha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyusweni kwemithetho kwimiba yempikiswano.

Impembelelo Yemali Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo

Indima yemirhumo yentsebenzo kunye nokubhenela inyusa inkxalabo yokuba ukwenza inkqubo inceda izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ezibanzi okanye izilangazelelo ezimxinwa. Amaqela anomdla okhethekileyo anokuba nempembelelo engathethekiyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo, ezinokutsala iinkqubo zokukhetha izityebi kunye nemibutho.

Name

Ukwanda kokudityaniswa kwamacandelo oluntu kwenza uhlengahlengiso lube nzima ngakumbi kwaye inkqubo yenza kube nengxabano engakumbi. Xa amaqela ezobupolitika enezimvo ezingafaniyo kwimibandela engundoqo, ukufumana iindawo ezifanayo kuba lucelomngeni, okunokwenzeka ukuba kuphumele ekuyekeni kwenkqubo okanye ekujijekeni okugqithisileyo kwemigaqo yemigaqo njengolawulo lwezandla zikarhulumente.

IMithetho

Kwanemigaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle ingasilela ukuba uzalisekiso alunelanga. Umgama phakathi kokwamkelwa kwenkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa okusebenzayo umele ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo, ingakumbi xa imigaqo ifuna ukulungelelanisa ukutyhubela amasebe amaninzi okanye amanqanaba karhulumente, okanye xa ubuncwane obaneleyo bunganikwanga.

Ukuphucula Inkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo

Beqonda ukuba ziziphi ezi ngxaki, abaphengululi noogqirha baye bacebisa ukuba kubekho utshintsho oluninzi ukuze kuphucuke inkqubo yokulawula nokulawula idemokhrasi.

Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina

Ukuqinisa indima yophando kunye nobungqina kwizigqibo ezingokwenkqubo kunokuphucula inkqubo esebenzayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ungenelelo lusekelwe kwimisebenzi esekelwe kwiingcamango okanye kwithuku. Le ndlela ifuna ukuveliswa kophando lwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuvelisa iindlela zokuguqulela uphando kwiifomati ezifikelelekayo zabenzi benkqubo, kunye nobuchule bokwakha ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwamaziko karhulumente.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Okunyusiweyo

Ukunika umbutho amathuba okwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwingingqi yengingqi enentsingiselo kunokuphucula ubunjani nokufaneleka kwezigqibo zenkqubo. Ukukhutshwa kokungasebenzisi mvume, ukubonelela ngeli thuba, kunye nemigangatho yokubophelelana kwi-intanethi kunokukunceda uphelise imiqobo ukuze ube nenxaxheba kwaye uqinisekise ukuba inkqubo yokwazisa eyahlukeneyo.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Ukunyuka kwendlela yokwenza inkqubo yokwandiswa komgaqo-nkqubo kunceda abemi baqonde indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo baze bagcine abaququzeleli benkqubo benoxanduva. Oku kuquka ukutyhilwa ekuhleni kwemisebenzi ekhuthazayo, iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo, ulwazi olufikelelekayo lomthetho, kunye neengcaciso ezicacileyo zemigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukwenza Umgaqo - siseko Olungelelanisiweyo

Ukwakha ububhetye-bhetye nokufunda kwimigaqo kunganceda ekucombululeni ukungaqiniseki kunye nokutshintsha kweemeko. Iindlela zokuguqula ziquka iinkqubo zomqhubi, amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga afuna ukuphinda kubhalwe kwakhona ngamaxesha athile, iimfuno zovavanyo ezakhelwe, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa inkqubo ngokukhawuleza ngokusekelwe kumava okuzalisekisa.

Ukudibana Komgaqo - siseko Nolawulo - melo

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kuhlala kusentliziyweni yolawulo-demokhrasi, kubandakanya ungquzulwano phakathi kwemigangatho ekhuphisanayo efana nokuphumelela nokucinga, ubuchule kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuzinza nokusabela. Indlela abantu abalawula ngayo ezi ngxaki ichaphazela ubunjani bemigaqo-nkqubo nempilo yedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo esebenzayo ifuna ukulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso oluninzi: ukufaneleka kobuchule, ukulawulwa kwezobupolitika, ulawulo, ukulondolozwa kwemali, kunye nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Izithethe ezibalasele kwiimeko zobugcisa zisenokusilela kwezobupolitika, ngoxa iinkqubo ezixhaphakileyo zezobupolitika zinokungqine zibuthathaka okanye zingasebenzi ngokwamandla.

Ukwalathisa inkqubo esetyenziswayo kufuna ubuchule obuphangaleleyo benkqubo, ubuchule bokuhlalutya nokuxoxa, kunye namandla okwenza izigqibo zolwazi. Kubandakanya ubuchule ekuyisebenziseni inkqubo kunye nobuchule bokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemekobume yezobupolitika, ukulindela iziphumo zezigqibo, kunye nokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zentlalo-ntle. Abenzi benkqubo abaphumelelayo baphawulwa ngobuchule babo kwimiqathango yophuhliso lwenkqubo.

Uhlolisiso Lomthetho: Ukusetyenziswa Kwenkqubo

Uhlalutyo lwemizekelo ethile yokwenza inkqubo lunceda ukubonisa indlela amanqanaba engcinga asebenza ngayo ekusebenziseni kwaye lutyhila ubunkimbinkimbi obubonisa ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene.

Utshintsho Kwimpilo

Inkqubo yonyango inika umzekelo onyanzelisayo wenkqubo yokwenza inkqubo. Ingxaki yokufikelela nokukwazi ukufikelela konyango iye yajikeleza yaza yaphelisa ucwangciso lukarhulumente kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngeziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokutshintsha kweemeko zezobupolitika ezidala iifestile zamathuba eenkqubo ezinkulu. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezonyango kubandakanya ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso aphikisanayo afana nokufikelela kwindalo yonke, ukuqokelelwa kwexabiso, ukukhathalelwa, nokhetho lomntu ngamnye, ngoxa kukhutshwa ngamandla okugqithiseleyo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo kuquka iinkampani ze-inshorensi, abaxhasi bezonyango, abanovelisi, abanomonde, nabaqeshi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyango kufuna ukulungelelaniswa koorhulumente besizwe nabameli borhulumente, abaxhasi-mali, abasebenzi bezonyango nezigulana. Uhlolo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyango kufuneka luqwalasele iziphumo ezininzi eziquka intlawulo, iziphumo zempilo, iindleko, nolwaneliseko lomguli, ukwenza uhlolo oluntsonkothileyo noludla ngokukhuphisana.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ibonisa indlela ubungqina benzululwazi, izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nemilinganiselo yezopolitiko edityaniswe ngayo kwinkqubo. Ukufunyaniswa kwengxaki kudla ngokubandakanya uphando lwenzululwazi lokwenza uxwebhu lwengozi yemekobume, ngoxa ucwangciso olucwangcisiwe lufuna ukuguqulela izinto ezifunyenweyo kwimibandela yezobugcisa. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka kulungelelanise ukukhuselwa kwemekobume nempembelelo yezoqoqosho, ukungaguquguquki kwezobugcisa, kunye nokusasazwa kobuqhetseba.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yemekobume kusoloko kubandakanya amaziko avelisa imigaqo emiselweyo kunye nemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo yokunyanzelisa. Uhlolisiso kufuneka luhlole iziphumo zemekobume kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho, ngokufuthi ixesha elide ezingaphaya kwemijikelo yezopolitiko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Inkqubo yemfundo ibonisa ucelomngeni lokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente namaziko asekuhlaleni. Ingxaki yolwazi lwemfundo idla ngokubandakanya iingxoxo ezimalunga nokuphumelela kwabafundi, ukulingana, nokulungiselela iikholeji kunye nemisebenzi. UAgenda ubeka izinto eziphambili ezifuna ukukhuphisana phakathi kwabafundisi-mthetho abahlukahlukeneyo kuquka abazali, abafundi, abaqeshi, nabahlawuleli berhafu.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka kuphendule imibuzo ephathelele imigangatho yohlelo lwezifundo, umgangatho womfundisi, iindleko zesikolo, kunye nobuchule bokuphendula. Ukuzalisekisa kusenzeka ngokuyintloko kwimigangatho karhulumente nakummandla, kudala umahluko kwindlela ephunyezwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Uhlolo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo kufuneka luqwalasele iziphumo ezininzi eziquka uvavanyo, amanani okuphumelela, ukubhalisa ekholeji, kunye nemilinganiso yexesha elide yempumelelo yabafundi.

Ikamva Lokwenziwa Komgaqo - siseko

Ukwenza inkqubo kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nobugcisa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi

Inkqubela-phambili ekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo zidala amathuba amatsha okubekwa kwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina. Ugcino-lwazi olukhulu, ukuqikelelwa kwe-alytics, kunye nobuchule bokufakelwa kunika amandla okuphucula ukubonakala kwengxaki, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo, kunye novavanyo. Noko ke, obu bugcisa bunyusa inkxalabo malunga nemfihlo, i-algorics, kunye nendima efanelekileyo yokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi nomahluko wenkqubo

Ukwanda konxulumano phakathi kwamazwe kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo isenzeka ngakumbi kwiimeko zezizwe ngezizwe namazwe. Abenzi benkqubo bafunda kumava akwamanye amazwe, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe imisela imilinganiselo ephembelela imigaqo-nkqubo yamakhaya, nemingeni yomhlaba wonke efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezifo ezimandunduma kufuna iimpendulo zemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ubuchule obunenxaxheba

Amaqonga amanani adala amathuba amatsha okuzibandakanya kwabemi kwinkqubo. Ukuxilonga ngekhompyutha, ukufakwa kwemiqathango yezomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nezixhobo zokuqwalasela amanani zinokuba negalelo elingakumbi kwaye ziphucule ubunjani benkqubo. Noko ke, ukuqonda oku kusenokufuna ukuchaza ulwahlulo lwamanani nokuqinisekisa ukuba abaxhasi kwi-intanethi kunokuthatha indawo yeendlela zesithethe zokudibanisa idemokhrasi.

Iingxaki Ezintsonkothileyo Nezingendawo

Inkqubo emininzi yanamhlanje inzima . "ingxaki ezingalunganga" ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwaye zifuna iindlela ezintsha zokudibanisa ingxaki, ukudibanisa abantu, ukudibanisa kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani nokungalingani kwezobugcisa.

Isiphelo: Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Owenziwa Njengoqheliselo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukwenza inkqubo kumele idemokhrasi esebenzayo, kwaye kusetyenziswa inkqubela-phambili apho amabutho afanisa iingxaki, ngabom ngezisombululo, kunye nokuzalisekisa iimpendulo zegunya likarhulumente. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze ube ngummi ophumelelayo, njengoko ityhila indlela isenzo somntu ngamnye nesamanyeneyo esinokuyiphembelela ngayo imithetho nemimiselo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Uhambo olusuka ekubonakaliseni ingxaki ngocwangciso lwezicwangciso, ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa, ukuphunyezwa, kunye nokuxilongwa kubandakanya abadlali abaninzi, izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, kunye neengxoxo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoxa olu tshintsho lungaphazamisa abo bafuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, lukwanika namanqanaba amaninzi okufikelela ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwaye lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lwenkqubo.

Inkqubo yokwenza impumelelo ifuna ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nokulawula ngedemokhrasi. Imithetho yomthetho kufuneka ibekwe kubungqina malunga noko kusebenzayo, kodwa kufuneka ibonise amaxabiso abantu kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukulungelelanisa ezi mfuneko kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo olubumba ubunjani bemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nedemokhrasi.

Njengabemi, inkqubo yokuqonda eyenza ukuba sibe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Enoba ngovota, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, ngokujoyina imibutho yezempatho-mbini, okanye ngokusuka nje sizazile ngeengxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo, abemi badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo ezilawula ibutho labantu.

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ayifezekanga, ijongene nocelomngeni lokuntsonkotha, ukungaphumeleli, impembelelo engafaniyo, kunye nokuzalisekisa izithuba. Noko ke, olu celomngeni alunakuthintelwa. Ngotshintsho oluqinisa ukusetyenziswa kobungqina, ukuphuhlisa ulwandiso, ukwandisa ukubonakala, kunye nolwakhiwo lolwakhiwo, ibutho labantu linokuphucula indlela izigqibo eziba ngayo imithetho ngexa ligcina amaxabiso edemokhrasi enza inkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukumiswa kwenkqubo kubonisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngendlela esifuna ukuhlala ngayo kunye njengebutho labantu: Ziziphi iingxaki ezimele ziqwalaselwe ngurhulumente? Ziziphi iimpendulo ezifanele zikhokele kwimpendulo yethu? Sifanele silungelelanise njani izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo neziza kuqala? Ngubani ofanele abe nenxaxheba kwezi zigqibo, yaye njani? Iimpendulo kule mibuzo aziyiyo nje imigaqo-nkqubo yabantu kodwa zibunjwe nangumgangatho wedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga nokwenza inkqubo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, oovimba abaxabisekileyo baquka iSibonelelo senkqubo ye-Provinition yeNkqutyana ye-, enika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngendlela eziba yiyo imithetho, kunye [ neenkqubo ezifikelelekayo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke [ ezinika uphando olunzulu lohlalutyo lwenkqubo yemithetho kunye nophuhliso.