Ukwazisa

Amanzi angundoqo wemeko-bume, izithethe, kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye kubemi bomthonyama, athwala ubunzulu bomoya, obusebenzisekayo nobukhulu obuphezulu. Kodwa ukulawulwa kobuncwane bamanzi kuhlala kungelinye lamabala alwayo kulawulo lwelizwe lemveli, apho ukugxothwa kwembali kungqubana nemithetho yale mihla. Amazwe omhlaba ajongene neengxaki ezingapheliyo ekukhuseleni ukufikelela okungena kumda, ukugcina umgangatho wamanzi, nokusebenzisa amalungelo awo angokwemvelo emanzini. Eli nqaku lihlola ukudibana kwemigaqo-nkqubo yamanzi enzima kunye nolawulo lwelizwe, ukuhlola imiqobo yangoku, imiqobo engokobubulungisa nokulawula okungaguquguqukiyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziyimfuneko kubambi bemi, abaxhasi bemekobume, abaxhasi bendalo, kunye nabantu abasebenza kulo lonke ixesha lokuzisebenzela ukukhuthulula ulwazi.

Imbali Engobupolisa Bamanzi

Ukungathathi Mathanga Nokukhanyelwa Kwamalungelo Amanzi Elizwe

Imvelaphi yenkqubo yamanzi yanamhlanje enzima inwenwela kwiinkulungwane. Oorhulumente bamathanga e-Mantla Merika, e-Ostreliya, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye iindawo bamisela imithetho yamanzi ecwangcisiweyo engazihoyi iinkqubo zokulawula zobuGcisa. EUnited States, iDictrine of Discovery kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zisoloko zigcinelwe izizwe kodwa zisithi zimbalwa ngamanzi aphumayo kwaye ziwaqinise amazwe akwilizwe lawo anokulwa ngenxa yamalungelo awathi anqabileyo. Isindululo seZizwe ezihlangene kumalungelo abantu base-IOpulani (UNDRIP)[FLT] ngoku siqinisekisa ukuba anelungelo lokugcina nokuqinisa amaziko asemthethweni ahlukeneyo, kodwa ahlala engekho mthethweni.

Imfundiso Egciniweyo Yamalungelo Nemilinganiselo Yawo

Kumthetho wase-U.S., iTreennes Doctrine (1908) yaseka ukuba xa kuveliswa amathandabuzo, amanzi aneleyo aye agcinwa ukuze afezekise injongo yeso sabelo. Noko ke, ukulinganisa loo malungelo `ayaziwa njengeIndiyandian Lavement Water Rights(a) angqineka enzima kakhulu. Izizwe ezininzi zijongene namashumi eminyaka ezifundo zezemfundo, iizifundo zemadrogiat, kunye nokuchasana kwezopolitiko kumazwe aphantsi komhlaba. Ngokunjalo, eCanada, iCandelo lama-35 loMthetho-Mithethotho-siseko livumela ukuba abekho abemi base-Orienfly Act, kodwa iinkundla ziye zawamkela amalungelo amanzi, kodwa ziye zashiya izizwe ezininzi zingenazokuqala ezicacileyo. Isigqibo sikaMabo Criolee (1992) siqwalalth Coography) sinoreast processssssssssss proviorororordiersssssssssss proans pro

Ukukhutshwa Kolwazi Lwesithethe Nezithethe

Imimandla yelizwe, ukusuka kwiMāori waseNew Zealand ukuya kwiAnishimaabe yeMava amakhulu, yaphuhlisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwamanzi ezintsonkothileyo ezisekelwe kwinani lohlolo kunye noxanduva lokomoya. Iinkqubo zeKoloni zaluthintela ngokukhutheleyo olu hlobo, zithathe indawo yazo ngemodeli ephakathi, ejongene nokhuphiswano. Iziphumo zaba kukulahleka okubini: ulawulo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni lwancitshiswa, kwaye ubulumko bendalo obusekwezo zithethelo lwaye ludibene. Namhlanje, iqumrhu elikhulayo lamaxwebhu ophando lungaphucula indlela olunga ngayo ugcino lwamanzi olukhoyo, kodwa izakhiwo zenkqubo zisoloko zinganyanisemzi.

Ucelomngeni Lomgaqo - siseko Wamanzi

Emashumini eminyaka emva kokuba kuqaliswe ukupheliswa ngokusemthethweni, ulawulo lwamanzi oluntu luhlala lukho phakathi kwemigibe esemthethweni, engokwendalo, neyokwendalo. Olu celomngeni alulodwa okanye alunalo uhlobo oluthile lobukho bendalo; luyahluka-hluka ngokwemimandla, ngokwesigxina sesivumelwano, kunye nenkcazo. Kodwa kuvela iindlela eziqhelekileyo.

Iimpikiswano Ezingokwasemthethweni NezobuGqirha

Impikiswano ngamalungelo okwabiwa kwamanzi, imigangatho yobunjani, kunye negunya lokwenza izigqibo zigqugqisile i-Infold-panel. E-United States, i- iColorado River Basin yindawo ebhanyathiswayo: izizwe ziphethe amanye amalungelo amadala kakhulu, ukanti ezininzi azinazo izibonelelo zokusebenzisa amanzi abekelwe indawo yazo, ngelinye ixesha, ngelinye ixesha abasebenzisi abangawasebenzisiyo base-Indiyans bayaphambuka. Ngaphandle kolawulo olucacileyo, urhulumente wezizwe uququluko lwesizwe uyaqhubeka. Umzekelo, ucocango lwamanzi Amalungelo oLucocococo lweMithetho lweMithetho yeMimiselo njengeSizwe (TS) luvumela izizwe ukuba zimisele imigangatho yamanzi, kodwa kuphela iqhezuke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kolawulo olucacileyo, ungconiso olusuka kwimithombo yezizwe ezifanelekileyo lusoloko lungahlangahlanga.

EKhanada, [[FTL:0] i-Tsilhqot'in Nation v. iBritish Columbia (2014 Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo saqinisekisa ukuba abemi bomthonyama banelungelo lokuhlala emhlabeni, kodwa amalungelo amanzi anxulumene nalo mxholo ahlala esemthethweni. Iintlanga zokuqala zisoloko zifumana iinkundla ukuze zikhusele okanye zihlawule ukunqumla imibhobho, imirhubhe, imirhubhe, kunye nokurhoxa kwemizi - mveliso esongela amanzi azo. Ezimfazwe zomthetho zikhupha izibonelelo zoluntu, zilibazisa izibonelelo ezifunekayo, kwaye zishiye ulawulo lwambutho olweyo kumsebenzi.

Ukusikelwa Imilinganiselo Elinganiselweyo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibonakalisa ukungaphumeleli kwamanzi kukungalingani kwamanzi asisiseko kunye neenkonzo zokugutyula. Kunyaka we-Navajo, eyona ndawo inkulu eUnited States, malunga nama-30% abemi balapho abanawo amanzi okuhamba. Umlinganiselo ophezulu kunakumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. Iintsapho zitsala amanzi kwimithombo esekuhlaleni okanye zithenge amanzi ebhotile ngexabiso elikhulu. Le ngxaki ayiyodwa kuMzantsintshona we-Canada: Iintlanga zokuqala eKhanada ziye zafumana amanzi aqhotyozela ahlala ehleli iminyaka emininzi okanye amashumi eminyaka. EOstreliya, abantu boMdakishini abahlala kude bajongene nokungakhuseleki kwamanzi angapheliyo, kunye nemithombo exhomekeke kwiiroli okanye kwimithombo engachananga.

Ingcambu ezingundoqo ziquka iinkqubo zezibonelelo eziphantsi kwemiqathango, imiqobo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nokungaxhomekeki kwengingqi ezininzi. Iimbopheleleko zomanyano zokukholosa azisoloko zingekho; ukwenziwa kwentlanganiso zenkonzo yamanzi e-Indiya kunqabile kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, izisombululo ezisemgangathweni zonyango lwamanzi ezilungiselelwe amaziko asedolophini azisebenzi kakuhle kwindawo eyomileyo okanye ekwanti. Imiyili-nkqubo yoluntu equka ukuvunwa kwamanzi ngokwesithethe okanye ukudityaniswa kwemali inqabileyo ayisoloko ibekwa ngamaziko exhasa inkxaso-mali.

Ukudityaniswa Kwemeko - bume

Amazwe oluntu namanzi achaphazeleka ngokungenakulinganiswa yimigodi, ukukhutshwa kombane, ezoshishino, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. I-Dakota Access Pipeline eSigqeni se-Octock yabonisa indlela iprojekthi enye eluncedo enokuthi isonge ngayo wonke umthombo wamanzi wesizwe, kodwa ungquzulwano olunjalo luyenzeka imihla ngemihla kulo mhlaba. I-Merikirethi esuka kwimigodi yegolide ingcolisa imilambo kwi-Amazon esetyenziswa ngabantu basePeru. Imisebenzi yokuzikomkhulu eMntla Dakota idityani idityaniswe ukuchitha izithuba ezikufutshane neendawo ezikhoyo. I-Agricumetic trans nefssssss, ingcolisa ubunjani bamanzi kwi-Great Lakes, ichaphazela i-malboards namanzi angcwele.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwa zezi zinto ziyingozi. Ukunyibilikisa amakhephu kunciphisa ukunyuka kwehlobo kwimilambo exhomekeke kwimilambo yase-Alaska nakwiAndes. Ukudumba kolwandle kwandisa ukhuphiswano lwamanzi kuMzantsi ntshona Merika, apho izizwe ezinamalungelo aphezulu anyanzeleka ukuba ziwaqelele ukwandisa izixeko. Ukwanda kolwandle kubeka engozini iidolophana zaselunxwemeni eLouisiana nase-Arctic, kunyanzelisa ukuhla kolwalamano lwamanzi ngeenkulungwane. Ukusabela komgaqo kuhlala kuhlala kucotha kwaye kuqheke; amazwe amaninzi angenazo izakhiwo eziqinileyo zokukhusela imithombo yamanzi e-Iomin ngenxa yokuqukulwa kwemizi yoshishino.

Imiqobo Yenkqubo kunye nokupheliswa kwesakhiwo

Kwanaxa imithetho ikhona ephepheni ukukhusela amalungelo esizwe, ukuzalisekisa kudla ngokungabi namandla. Inkululeko, iMimandla, kunye neInbibioding Convice Conface (FPIC), umgaqo ongundoqo we-UNDRIP, kunqabile ukuba unyanzeliswe ekunikezeleni amanzi izigqibo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oorhulumente neenkampani bayaqhubeka besenza imisebenzi echasene nemithetho yobuzwe, bethemba ukuba iinkundla ziya kunika abantu intlawulo kunezindululo ezisemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wamanzi kumazwe amaninzi uhlala ubophelele kwimfundiso ezizimeleyo kunye nokulawulwa ngurhulumente, ushiya igumbi elincinane lemifuziselo ejonge amanzi njengelungu okanye into ekhoyo. Ngokomzekelo, uMlambo waseNew Zealand uya kuzuza umgangatho osemthethweni ngo-2017, ukhunjululwa njengophuhliso-Māi, uyaqhubeka nokulwa kweminye imilambo efana nawo ngenxa yemilambombo yawo.

Iindlela Zokucombulula Ucelomngeni Lomgaqo - siseko Wamanzi

Ukuguqula indlela yangoku esetyenziswayo kufuneka indlela edityanisiweyo ethetha ngolwazi olusemthethweni, umbutho woluntu, utyalo lwezibonelelo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nolawulo olusebenzisanayo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo azigcinwi, kodwa zimela iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo okanye ezithembisayo.

Ukwamkelwa Ngokusemthethweni Nokubaluleka Kwamalungelo Oluntu Amanzi

Cacileyo, amalungelo amanzi anyanzelisayo asekelwe kwisiseko. EUnited States, inkqubo ye- WaterSMART ye-Bureau of Reclasantion ixhase ukuhlaliswa kwamalungelo esizwe okulinganisela izakhiwo, izibonelelo, kunye nokuyila imibutho yolawulo. Phakathi kowe-1978 nowama2023, iindawo ezihlala emanzini zasungulwa yiKhonkxalakhelo, ukuhambisa uqinisekiso kunye nemithombo yemali. Noko ke, izizwe ezininzi azikaqukwa. Ukwandisa imithetho yokuhlalisa, ukuququkuqela kwenkqubo ye-projectal systeo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokuhlala ziquka amalungiselelo okuzinzisa imozulu kunye nokhuseleko lomhlaba zinyathelo elibalulekileyo. EKhanada, ukuqamkelwa kwamanzi aboMdabuni ngokweencwadi yenkundla yezomthetho kufuneka ziqukunjelwe.

Ulawulo lwamanzi agcinwe ngoLuntu kunye noNxulumaniso loLwazi

Abemi belizwe abangenisi nje kuphela kwimibutho yamalungelo kunye nabagcini bolwazi. Xa izizwe zilawula ulawulo lwazo lwamanzi, iziphumo ziphucukile. IWhite Earth Band yase-Ojibwe eMinnesota, umzekelo, iveze icebo elibanzi lamanzi elisekelwe kwingcamango yeAnishimaabe ekwindawo ekwiTropiki, i-[FLT]] UNiba Gigami[ [iiichibi] [iichibi] [ii-inqanawa ezinkulu] [i-Lakesssssss njengelungu lobuzalanewane) kwaye isebenzisa umthetho wesizwe ukulawula ukurhoxakeka kwamanzi. Ngokufanayo, iKamayoq ye-Ayisinaq ye-Peru ivuse ivuse ubugcisa bokuphatha amanzi obugcina izibonelelo kwiidolokhwe zabo. Abenzi be-IProbian, kufuneka baxhase inkxaso yamanzi, iindlela zolawulo zenkculome.

Inkcitho yemali yokwenziwa kwelizwe

Ukuvala isithuba sokungena emanzini kufuna inkxaso eqinileyo, ethambileyo. I-2021 yeNkqutyana ye-U.S. uMthetho woLawulo lweNguqulo kunye noMsebenzi wawuquka imali entsha ebalulekileyo kwiiprojekthi zeNkonzo ye-Indiya yezempilo, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwayo bekucotha. Ngaphezu kobuninzi, ubunjani: izibonelelo kufuneka zenziwe ngegalelo loluntu, usebenzisa ubugcisa obufanelekileyo obufana nempompo zamandla elanga, ukuvunwa kwemvula, kunye neenkqubo zonyango olufanelekileyo. Uqeqesho lwabasebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imali yokugcina ixesha elide ibalulekile. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-EPA's Tribational Water Infraclastrust [FLD:1] umgaqo woncedo lobugcisa kunye noncedo lwe-I-IOctive zimele zandisiwe kwaye zandiswe.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo olomelezweyo kunye negada le-ankile emanzi

Uluntu lwelizwe kufuneka lube negunya elinentsingiselo lokukhusela amanzi alo ekungcoleni. Oku kuquka ukukwazi ukumisela imigangatho yobunjani bamanzi phezulu kuneemfuno ezisisiseko zesizwe `a amandla anikwa yinkqubo ye-TAS kodwa aphantsi kwemiqathango ngenxa yokungalawuleki. Amalungiselelo e-co-governance anokuguqula ingxabano ibe yintsebenziswano. Umzekelo, uMlambo iKlasimath uBasin eKhalifoniyani kunye ne-Oregon yabona ukususwa kweda eninzi e-U.S. imbali eqhutywa ngamashumi amabini eminyaka e-Tasvoccy ukusuka kwi-Yurok, iKaruk, kunye nezinye izizwe ezazingaba ngabasebenzi abasebenzisa i-maquququ kwinkqubo. Ukubuyiselwa kwendalo kuthembisa inzuzo kwintlanzi, ubunjani bamanzi, nemisebenzi yenkcubeko. Iimo ze-odefigracsss, ifuna ukuthemba, ukuphatha igunya.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo ontlolayo kunye nokuthathelwa Inxaxheba kwezasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yamanzi ayinakwenziwa yemibutho yelizwe ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwayo ngqo. Intsebenziswano esebenzayo ithetha okungaphezulu kunokujongana nomqondiso; ifuna umthetho odityanisiweyo, isiqu sokwenza izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nomelo olulinganayo kwiibhodi zamanzi. Ingxoxo zeNational Water Policy yase Canada iquke ukhokelo lokuqala lwezizwe, kodwa impembelelo ekhoyo ihlala ingangqinelani. URhulumente we-Hawaii’s Commission on Water Resourmed Ulawulo ngoku uquka umelo lwamammi bomdabukhokhokho e-Hawaii, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni akwi-Australia afumana isihlalo kwitafile ngeNational Water Incopection. Le migudu kufuneka inyuswe kwaye ikhuliswe.

Uphando lwemeko kulawulo lwamanzi oluntu

Uhlanga LwamaNavajo: Imigudu Yokubaleka Kwamanzi

INavajo Navajo Nation, ehamba eArizona, New Mexico, nase Utah, ibonisa ubunzulu bezithuba zezibonelelo. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, inkxaso-mali yemisebenzi yamanzi kwingingqi iye yaphela. Umthetho wezibonelelo wama-2021 wanika i-R3,8 amawaka ezigidi zemali engakumbi ze-R3,1 ze-Indian Health Service kunye neprojekthi zogusholo lwe-oxination kuzo zonke izizwe, kodwa iNavajo yodwa iqikelela ukuba kufuneka idibene namakhaya onke. Okwangoku, abemi baxhomekeke kwimi bakhashela-mali engalawulwanga, basebenzisa isahlulo esiphezulu sengeniso yabo kumanzi. Amaqela afana ne-Navajo iProgractis afake amanzi amanzi asemagqwelweni angamakhulu ee, kodwa afuna utshintsho lwezopolitiki oluqhubekayo kwaye olusetyenziswayo.

IMāori noMlambo iWhangui: Ukuba Ngumntu Osemthethweni njengesixhobo

Ngo-2017, iNew Zealand yadlulisela unxulumano olunzulu lokomoya phakathi kwe-Whanui iwi (isizwe) kunye noMlambo. Ngoxa umsebenzi unconywe njengombutho ophilayo onamalungelo awo. Umthetho waseka ibhodi enamalungelo alinganayo eMāori kunye noMnum, kwaye wavuma ukuba lunxulumene okunzulu komoya phakathi kweWhangui iwi (isizwe) kunye nomlambo. Ngoxa umsebenzi uye wanconywa njengosungulo, ukuphumeza kwawo kuveza imingeni: ibhodi isebenza phakathi kwemimiselo ekhoyo yolawulo lwemibhobhosholo karhulumente, kwaye amalungu e-iwi axela ukunxunguphala okucothayo ngenkqubela ephezulu yamanzi. Ngoko ke, imodeli esemthethweni ikhuthaza imigudu efanayo eKhana yaseKhana yase-Indiya (kusenze uMlambo) kunye neIndiya, ebonisa ukuba iingcamango zomthetho ziyakwazi ukulawula kwakhona xa kulawula umgaqo-mthetho.

Ukulawulwa kwamachibi amakhulu esizwe

I-Anishimaabe izizwe ezingqonge iGreat Lakes iqhubele phambili imodeli yesivumelwano sokulawula izivumelwano. Isivumelwano se-Washington sowe-1836 sanika amalungu esizwe amalungelo okuloba kwi-Great Lakes namanzi, kunye nangonyaka wama 2000, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhase amalungelo [ku- United States]--------United States. Michigan[. Ukususela ngoko, izizwe ziye zathatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwentlanzi nge-Chippea Ottany Resource Autho (CORA). Nangona le mithetho yamanzi ingenayo isiphumo, le nkampani isombululo ikhupha iziphumo: izizwe zinelizwi elikukhuselwa ngamanzi, ukujonga okunga okunga kwe-groma kwe-hydmic.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yamanzi ingumngeni kulawulo lwelizwe loluntu yimveliso yokuthatyathwa kwelizwe ngokwembali, ukungacaci okusemthethweni, ukutyeshelwa kwesiseko, kunye neengcinezelo zemekobume . kodwa inkqubela-phambili ifuna ukuqaphela ukuba amalungelo amanzi esizwe awaphelelanga nje kwizinto zempahla; ayizimbo zolawulo, inkcubeko, kunye nembopheleleko kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ukusuka kwiDinters Doctriney ukuya kwi-UNDRIP, izibonelelo ezisemthethweni zikhona, kodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye zandiswe. Imali esisiseko kufuneka ihlonelwe kwizinto ezikhethwayo ze-IOversation kwaye idityaniswe kwisakhiwo sokwakha. Ukhuseleko lwendalo kufuneka luqiniswe kwizizukulwana ezingokwexesha elizayo.

Indlela engaphambili yeyokuxolelanisa nokubuyisela, `ekuvumeni iimpazamo zexesha elidlulileyo' ngexesha isixokelelwano sokwakha esiphakamisa amalungelo abantu belizwe njengesiseko samazwe anempilo, uluntu olunamandla, kunye namanzi ahlalayo kubo bonke. Ungxamiseko lukhulu, kodwa linjalo ithuba. Ngokuqhubekayo, ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, kunye nokuvuma ukufunda kubulumko obufakwe kwizithethe zamanzi, ihlabathi lingaqhubela kwimigaqo yamanzi esebenzela ubulungisa kunye nokulungelena kwendalo.