Ukwazisa

Ulwalamano phakathi kokuthathi-nxaxheba kokhetho kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko luyinkqubo ephambili yezopolitiko yezoburhulumente bezi mini yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa abemi bevota, babonisa izinto abazithandayo, izilangazelelo, kunye nexabiso, benika ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo abamele baluchaze baze benze ngokuvisisana nalo. Noko ke, ukuthembeka kwalo bugcisa nokuguqulelwa kwayo kwinkqubo kawonke wonke kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuyilweni kwamaziko ezobupolitika, ukuziphatha kwamaqela ezobupolitika, kunye nokusasazwa kwemibani kwempahla kwibutho labantu. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olucoselelekileyo lolwalamano olubalulekileyo, lushukuphembelela ngaphaya kwenjongo yokuhlola isakhiwo, isimilo, kunye noothunywa benkqubo abamisela iziphumo enoba ukuchaphazele ukuma kokunyaniseka okanye ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwemigaqo okukhoyo. Kwixesha lokuthomalala kwe-votatho kunye nokwanda kwe-politiki, ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwemithetho yezo zezomthetho, nakuhlazinzibo, kunye nolawulo lwezo lwezo lwezothothothothotho.

Ukuchaza Uburharha Bokuba Nenxaxheba

Ngokufuthi inxaxheba yoorhulumente ithelekiswa nokuvota, kodwa idemokhrasi ekhutheleyo ixhomekeke kwizinto ezibanzi ezinxulumene nokubhalisa. Oku kuquka ukubhalisa, ukuya kwiholo zedolophu kunye namaqumrhu okubhalisa, ukunikela ngemirhumo, ukunikela ngezizathu zobupolitika, nokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo yezopolitiko kwi-intanethi nangaphandle komsebenzi wobupolitika. Isenzo sokuvota sisesona siganeko siqukumbele inkqubo ende nesekuququlunqeni. Uphando lusoloko lubonisa ukuba abemi ababandakanyeke kule misebenzi yokuvota abasebenzi abanokufumana amatyala kodwa banokuba nolwazi olungakumbi ngemibandela kunye nabafuni benkonzo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bafumane isiqinisekiso esinentsingiselo.

Ubungqina Bobugqi Besityalo

Ukuqonda ukuba nenxaxheba njengendlela ehlukeneyo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba amanye amaqela amanani anegalelo ngokungenakulinganiswa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Abantu abafumana imali eninzi basengozini enkulu yokufak' isandla ngokwemali kumaphulo, banika ilizwi elikhulu ekukhethweni komtshato kunye nocwangciso lwezicwangciso. Abemi abadala basenokuba banokuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni kunye namagosa kawonke-wonke. Oku kugxininisa kuphela ekuvoteni okungaqondakaliyo kunokwenza umahluko onzulu kwindlela abemi abawenza ngayo amazwi abo aviwe phakathi konyulo. Ngoko inkqubo entle yokumela kufuneka ingabi yeyo nje igobe phezulu, kodwa ilungele ukuququlungelana kwamagosa kawonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukugxininisa ngokusuka ekuvotiseni okungenayo kungeneyo kungenelo lonke uhlobo lokuthatha inxaxheba.

Isiseko sokuchaza ukuziphatha

Kutheni abantu bevota? Yaye kutheni abaninzi bekhetha ukuhlala ekhaya? Iimpendulo zintsonkothileyo kwaye zikho neendawo ezininzi. Iimodeli zenzululwazi yentlalo, imfundo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlalisana. Iimodeli zengqondo zigxininisa ekuzifaniseni kweqela, ukuphumelela kwezobupolitika, kunye nomsebenzi wesizwe. Iimodeli zeziko zibalaselisa impembelelo yemithetho yokubhalisa, iindlela zokuvota, kunye nocwangciso lonyulo. Ngokwenkcazelo evela ku [FLT: 0] I-ISMDIA Voter Turnout imarime CD-siseko wesizwe [[[[FLTLT:1]], amazwe anokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nokuvota okunyanzekileyo, njengeBelgium ne-Australia, ngokunjalo aphumele amaqondo ngaphezu kwama-80%, ngoxa amazwe anenkqubo okubhalisa okunzima, njenge-United States, abona ngokuphawulekayo nangaphezulu kakhulu nokungalinganiyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba kuthelela nje oku, kodwa kungukhetho olusemthethweni olunamandla.

Ukwakhiwa Komelo Lwezobupolitika

Umelo lwezobupolitika luyindlela eguqulelwa ngayo iindidi ezahlukeneyo nezingqubanayo zokhetho olukhethekileyo lokhetho olugunyazisiweyo. Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uHanna Pitkin wanikela isiseko sesiseko sokuqonda le ngcamango, umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi ezahlukileyo kodwa ezingenazo. Umelo lombhalo lubhekisela kwingcamango yokuba abameli bamele babe neempawu zobuzwe zodidi lwabo, njengohlanga, ubufana, okanye udidi. Umelo olusezantsi lwezikhundla lugxininisa enoba abameli bezilangazelelo zomgaqo-mfako zabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayabelana na ngemvelaphi yabo. Ezi ndlela zimbi zimbi zoko zidla ngokudidanisa; ummeli omhlophe unokuba ngummeli omhlophe oxhasa amalungelo abo, nangona ummeli webhinqa ophuma kwisithili esingalingani.

Umelo olungumfuziselo nolubuqhinga

Ngaphezu komelo oluncinci noluchazayo, uPitkin ukwachonga umelo lomfuziselo nolufuziselayo. Umelo lomfuziselo lubonisa unxulumano lweemvakalelo nyhani phakathi kwabameli kunye nabamelelwayo. Iflegi yesizwe, indawo yokuhlala yasemthethweni, okanye inkokeli equka amaxabiso ahlukeneyo inokuba ngomfuziselo onamandla. Ukufuzisela okusesikweni kubhekisela kumalungiselelo enkqubo esizwe, ubuchule bokuphendula, kunye nokugunyazisa umthetho-siseko ("""") ogunyazisa abameli ukuba benze okuthile. Urhulumente ongummeli ngulowo odityaniswe kwimvume yamandla elawulwa rhoqo, ngesisa, nangokhetho olulungileyo. Ukusebenza phakathi kwezi mpawu zine kuqinisekisa ubulunga bomsebenzi kunye nokufaneleka kwenkqubo yezopolitiko.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukumela Imibandela Engokwasempilweni Elawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Umelo olusebenzayo luyindlela engundoqo yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela ebantwini. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba abameli babo baphulaphule kwaye benza okuthile ngenxa yabo, basengozini yokuthemba inkqubo, bathobele imithetho, babandakanyeke kwinxaxheba kwixa elizayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa imigaqo-nkqubo isoloko ixhasa izityebi okanye inxibelelane kakuhle noluntu ngokubanzi oluphezulu. "ukulawula ngokusemthethweni" kunye nokuphembelela ipopulism, ukugxeka, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwezobupolitika. Isifundo esiqhutywa [[FLT: 0] Gilens nephepha ([2014:]) kwi-U.S. Izobupolitika zagqiba kwelokuba ukhetho lwezoqoqo lezentengiso kunye nezilangazelelo zezoshishino zoshishino ezilungele ushishino zinegalelo kakhulu kwinkqubo, ngoxa umgangatho ophakathi wabemi abazimeleyo, nokungafumani mahluko osisiseko phakathi koluvo olungundoqo.

Udibano kunye nobunjani bomelo

Imfundo yezolwazi yeNyaka-nyaka igxininisa ngokukhula ingcamango yokudibana kommeli. Abami abanalo uhlobo olunye; banobuntu obuninzi, obungenayo obusekelwe kuhlanga, kwisigaba, kwisini, kwi-jografi. Ibhinqa elisebenzayo lemibala lingafumana ukuba izilangazelelo zalo azimeleki ngokupheleleyo ngummeli weklasi esebenzayo, ummeli webhinqa osisityebi, okanye ummeli webala lomntu oyindoda. Ukumela okuphezulu komgangatho kufuna ukuba inkqubo yezobupolitika ifumane kwaye iphendule kwezi ntsolo, amava ajikelezekileyo. Oku akufuni nje kuphela ukuchaza umelo olungaphaya komlinganiselo omninzi kodwa kwakhona umelo oluchaza iimjamelano ezikhethekileyo zokungalungelelaniswa nokungalungelelani. Le mbono inceda ukuhlalutyelwa koluvo olulula lwelungu elikhoyo, okubonisa isizathu sokuba kulula lokujika okanye ukuphendula kweqela lombutho-amngeni.

Ikhonkco Eliphakathi: Indlela Okukumele Ngayo Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Ingcamango engundoqo edibanisa ezi ngcamango zimbini icacile: abathathi-nxaxheba bamisela ukuba ngubani omelweyo, kwaye yintoni ebekwa phambili ngabameli bezobupolitika. Ukuba iqela elithile livota kumlinganiselo ophezulu kwaye lisebenza ngokwezobupolitika, abezobupolitika abanobuchule bokuqonda banezisusa ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa izilangazelelo zeli qela. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela avotayo ngesantya esiphantsi somngcipheko atyeshelwayo okanye akhutshwe phantsi kwenkqubo. Le njongo inamandla yenza irhintyelo elinamandla elinokuqinisa okanye linciphise ukulingana kwedemokhrasi.

Umsantsa Onenxaxheba Nemiphumo Yawo

Umahluko ocwangcisiweyo wokuthabatha inxaxheba ngumahluko ocwangcisiweyo kujiko kunye nokubophelana phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo entla. EUnited States, umvoti ojikeleyo phakathi kwe 10% yabavuni umalunga nama-20-30 epesenti yeenqaku ngaphezulu kunaphakathi komzantsi 10%. Ukunduluka phakathi kwabemi abangaphezulu kwe-65. Lo msantsa ungaphezulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabo baneminyaka eli-18-24 ubudala. Lo mda uneziphumo ezithe ngqo. Uhlalutyo lwemithetho-nkqubo ibonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwentlalo lwe-U.S. lunethi lwentlalo lunethwele kakhulu kubantu abadala ngokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye noMedicado kunee. Oku kukubonakaliswa okucacileyo kwamanani ahlukeneyo. Umququzeleli wezinye imigaqo yerhafuthelo, ukusuka kwimithetho yerhafu, i-demonoloji ebumbeneedemon elungeleneyo yezopolitiko.

Umphetho oPhezulu, Ukunyaniseka Okuphezulu: Imodeli yeNordic

Amazwe aneengqili eziphezulu ngokwembali nezilinganayo zomvoti, njengo Sweden, iDenmark, kunye neNorway, anika imeko eyahlukileyo. La mazwe ahlala ekwisikhundla esiphezulu kakhulu ehlabathini ngeziphumo zempilo yedemokhrasi kunye nentlalo-ntle. Iinkqubo zawo zokulungelelanisa zikhuthaza ulwakhiwo olubanzi, kunye nokurhoxa komdla ophezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ungenelelo lwabemi abasebenzayo kunye nabangenayo bamele kakuhle kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, la mazwe aneentlalo-ntle ezininzi, ukuthoba ingeniso encinane, kunye nemigangatho ephakamileyo yokuthembana. Ngoxa ulwalamano oluselukhuthandweni oluphezulu, olunempumelelo, oluthatha inxaxheba, olupheleleyo, olunokuthatha inxaxheba, olungenamsebenzi, neenkqubo ezipheleleyo ezinika ubungqina obubambekayo zobunenolwanolwano olunesabelo.

Umjikelo Oyingozi Wokuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokungaphili

Ukungathabathi nxaxheba okuphantsi asilophawu nje lokunganeliseki kwezobupolitika; kungunobangela wokwahlukana okungakumbi. Xa abemi abakwimimandla ephantsi bebona ukuba ukuphambuka kwabo kukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezizizo ezizibetha ngoyaba iimfuno zabo, basenokuziva bengenazintshukumisa zincinane zokuthatha inxaxheba kwixesha elizayo. Oku kudala umjikelo oyingozi wokuzikhulula. Amaqela ezobupolitika, efuna ukwandisa amathuba awo okuphumelela, ukubeka ubuncwane bawo ngokwendlela elungeleleneyo, ukuqwalasela imigudu yabo yokuthumela imiyalezo nokukhuthaza amaqela aphezulu angafuni mvume, oku kunciphisa umsantsalo othabatha izithuba ezininzi. Ukuqhawula umjikelo womjikelo. Ukuqhathathi-jikela okukufuna ukuba ungabi zintshukumisa nje kuphela kodwa utshintsho lwenkqubo olulula kwaye lube nentsingiselo ngakumbi kumntu wonke.

Izizathu Eziziinkqubo Ezikhuthaza Ulwalamano

Amandla okudibana phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba nomelo akamiselwanga. Angumlamli omkhulu yimithetho yequmrhu lomdlalo wezopolitiko. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral, amabutho, kunye nemithetho yezehlo zemali yonke inendima ekuboneni ukuba ukuba inxaxheba yommi iguqulela ngokunempumelelo kulawulo olunempumelelo.

Iinkqubo zoMlawuli: Abagcini-sango bomelo

Inkqubo yokhetho isenokuba yeyona ibalulekileyo yomahluko wequmrhu. Iinkqubo zolwahlulo okanye ezokuqala ezisetyenziswayo kwimithetho yezobukho benqanawa, ezisetyenziswa kwiU.S.K, kunye neCanada, zithambekela ekuveliseni iinkqubo zecandelo ezimbini kwaye zingangqinela phantsi kwamaqela amancinane kunye nezilangazelelo ezisasazekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, umelo olulungelelanisiweyo (PR), olusetyenziswa ngaphaya kweYurophu, ukwandisa izihlalo ezimandundundu kwimiba enzima ukuvota. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanamaqela amancinci amele imbono ethile okanye amaqela akwindawo ethile angaphumelela izihlalo. Iinkqubo ze-PR zidityaniswa ne-votor ephezulu kunye neziququ ezingaphezulu nezininzi zabameli. [[FLT:] [FLT]

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Nemali Yephulo

Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza njengemibutho phakathi kwabavoti norhulumente. Amaqela akwinkqubo asekelwe kwimimandla ethile okanye kwiingcamango ezithile angabangela izilangazelelo okanye aqinisekise ukuba aphendule ngetyala. Noko ke, xa amaqela ebuthathaka okanye exhaswe kakhulu linani elincinane labanikeli abazizityebi, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokumelelwa koorhulumente luyaphelelwa. Ukudumba kwemali kwezobupolitika kwimimandla emininzi yezolawulo-melo kuvumela izilangazelelo zobutyebi ukuba zilawule izicwangciso, ngokufuthi ngokulahlekelwa zizinto ezithelekisa iimbono zonyulo. Utshintsho olujolise ekunyulweni kokukhanya nokuncitshiswa kwempembelelo yeminikelo emikhulu lungaqiniseki ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bamele bavote, hayi abaxhasi babo nje abaxhasa imali.

Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo kunye neziko elinenxaxheba

Ukongeza kumaziko abameli, ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwazama iindlela zedemokhrasi ezingqalileyo ezifana nee-astendendims, amanyathelo aphambili, neendibano ezixeliweyo. Ezi zixhobo zingaba nenxaxheba kwizithethe zokukhetha ngokuvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe ngemibuzo ethile yenkqubo ekhethekileyo okanye babandakanye kwinkcitho ekhawulezileyo kwimibandela entsonkothileyo. Ngoxa idemokhrasi inokukhuthaza ukubhalisana, ikwanobungozi, obufana nokusebenza kwevota, ukuxhatshazwa zizinto ezifunwa yimali, kunye nobuzwilal ’ intloko boninzi. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezisebenzayo zidla ngokudibanisa abameli kunye neemeko zedemokhrasi ukuze zibalasele ukuthathiswa kokubi nokufundiswa, ulawulo olubalulekileyo.

Iindlela Zokomeleza Unxulumano Phakathi Kokuthabatha Inxaxheba Nomelo

Zinikwe ukubaluleka okungundoqo kolu lwalamano, uninzi oluninzi lweenguqu lucetyisiwe kwaye luphunyezwe ukulomeleza. Ezi zicwangciso zijolise ekuvaleni isithuba sokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukwenza umelo lube oluchanekileyo nolwamkelekileyo, kwaye zibuyisele ukuthembana kumaziko edemokhrasi.

Ukuthetha Neengxaki Zokwakha

Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwandisa inxaxheba kukuhlisa imiqobo yesakhiwo ekuvoteni. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa kobhaliso oluzenzekelayo (AVR), oluboniswe ngokuphawulekayo kunyuso lwemigangatho yokubhalisa ngaphandle kokufuna umgudu oqhubekekayo kubemi. Ukwandisa ukufikelela kwiposi ngaphakathi nakuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuqinisekisa inani elaneleyo leendawo zokuvota kuluntu olungaphantsi kokhuseleko, kunye nokushenxisa uSuku loNxulumaniso kwimpelaveki, konke kungamanyathelo asebenzayo anokunyuka ngokulula. Amazwe afana nelaseKhanada neSweden agcina inxalenye ephezulu yokujika kuba enze isenzo sokuvota okufanelekileyo nokufikelelekayo.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ebanzi

Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwinani okanye kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo ukuya kwiintlobo zomelo lolwahlulo lungundoqo olunokutshintsha uqhagamshelwano oluthabathelwa phambili. Iinkqubo ze-PR ziqinisekisa ukuba izabelo zezihlalo zeqela liphumelela ngokusondeleyo kuthelekiso lwalo lwevoti ethandwayo, ukunciphisa ingxaki yokuvota okulahlwayo nokukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba okubanzi. Uvoti lwe-Rcanded-choce (RCV) yenye ingeniso efumana igalelo. RCV iphelisa isiphumo sokuphanga, ivumela abachongi ukuba bachaze izinto zabo ezithandwayo zokwenene, kwaye ikhokelele kwimisebenzi ekhuthazayo elungileyo. Intlangano enjenge iVota yophando [[FLT] inikela uphando oluphangaleleyo oluthiweyo kungene olo tshintsho kwaye yenza ii-propatiso.

Imfundo yemibini nokulungelelaniswa koluntu

Zibalulekile, kodwa kufuneka zipheleliswe yimigudu yokwakha inkcubeko yokuganana kwebutho labantu. Imfundo yomgangatho ophezulu yoluntu kwizikolo ixhobisa abantu abaselula ngolwazi nobuchule ababufunayo ukuze bathelele inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Ukulungelelanisa nobuchule boluntu, ingakumbi imigudu ejolise amaqela angaphantsi kwala maxesha, inokuba nempembelelo yezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo yentlalo exhasa ukuthatha inxaxheba ngexesha elithile. [ECD] umsebenzi wokwabelana ngequmrhu loluntu [ ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokulawula ngokweziko nokucebisa uluntu nokucebisana kwasekuhlaleni ukuze kwakhiwe nokuphucula iziphumo zenkqubo. Iziko zomsebenzi zonyaka ozixhasa ukuvoti, kunokuba nje kwiiveki zokugqibela, zicel ’ ukugxabana koonyulwa kokhetho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obunyukayo bogcino-lwazi lokubonisa ngaphaya kwedemokhrasi

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokulungisa umsantsa phakathi kwabemi nabameli babo. Amaqonga angaphakathi anganikela ulwazi olucacileyo, olufikelelekayo ngendlela abavoti ngayo, abahlawula amaphulo abo, nendlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo. Izixhobo zamanani zingenza ukuba kusebenze ukunciphisa uluntu oluncinane, apho abemi abakhethiweyo bedibana kunye ukuze bafunde ngemibandela entsonkothileyo, bavelise iingcebiso zenkqubo eqwalaselayo. Ubuxhakaxhakaxhaka bungasetyenziswa ngonono, bungasebenzisa ukuguqula imbali, ukuguqula uvota, kunye nokwandisa ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle. Ukusebenzisa oku kufuna ukuyila, ukufunda amanani anamandla, kunye nokuzinikela ukufikelela kulwazi olulinganayo.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kolwandiso lwezikhundla zomvolo-mvo kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko aluzidibanisi okanye aluzimelenga. Yinkqubo enamandla, enika ingxelo enokuthi iqinise impilo yedemokhrasi okanye incedise ekulahleni kwayo. Ulwandla oluthe lwalinganiswayo lubonakala luvelisa ukusabela, ukumela okuququzelela, ukukhuthaza ukuthembana, ukubhaptiza, nokuthatha inxaxheba okuthe rhoqo kukhokelela kumelo olukhutshiweyo, inkqubo ephambukeleyo, kunye nomjikelo onobukhali wokuphambuka nokurhoxa.

Ubungqina bucacile: ukuyila imiqathango yemibutho yezobupolitika ngokunzulu. Iinkqubo zephulo lezemali, imithetho yezemali, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota azizizo iinkcukacha zolawulo zobundilele; zizinto ezizimo ezibandakanyekileyo nezimeleyo. Ukuqinisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokumela kudinga umgudu oqhubekayo. Kufuna utshintsho lokuba imiqobo esezantsi ekuvoteleni, ukwenza ulawulo lwemali oluthe chatha, ukunciphisa ukulawulwa kwemali kwezobupolitika, kwaye ukwakha impucuko ephambili yesizwe. Kubemi, kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba ilizwi labo alingovoti nje kuphela kodwa igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo ekufuneka ikhuliswe ngokuqhubekayo kwaye iphuculwe. Impilo yalo naliphi na idemokhrasi ixhomekeke kumandla okunxulumene phakathi kolu nxulumano lwabantu kunye nezenzo zabo zorhulumente.