Isiseko Segunya Nempembelelo Yomcimbi

Kuhlolisiso lobomi boluntu kunye nolawulo, imbalwa imiba edityanisiweyo yokwahlula iingcamango, enobunzima obusebenzisekayo obufana nomahluko phakathi kwegunya negunya. Ngaphaya kwemfundo yemfundo / kwezezobupolitika, kwezentlalo-ntle, kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nengcamango engokwasemthethweni `amagama anezikhundla ezisembindini, kodwa asoloko ekhuthazwe kwintetho yemihla ngemihla. Kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abaququzelelweyo, ukuqonda apho amandla aphela khona kunye negunya akuyo nje inkqeqele; akuyiyo indlela abantu abachaza ngayo izenzo zikarhulumente, ukuvavanyanisa izigqibo zezelo, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemo-demokhrasi. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olupheleleyo, imithombo yabo, izinxulumano zabo, kunye nelwokwenene lwehlabathi kwimeko-mo-morensi.

Ukuchaza Amandla Kwimihlathi Yepic

Amandla, kumgangatho wawo osisiseko, bubuchule bokuphembelela okanye ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabanye, kwanangokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Kuludidi olungathathi-nxaxheba olungolwamandla `````Izimo''' zamandla'' ngokungeyomfuneko okanye okungalunganga, kodwa kuchazwa kwendlela yokusebenzisana kwemiqathango. Kubantu, amandla asebenza kwiintlobo ezininzi kwaye abonakala kwintlobo zombini kwaye afihlakele. Umxhasi wezobupolitika uSteven Lukas uchaza ngokudumileyo "imbonakalo" yamandla: ukwenza isigqibo (ubuchule bokwakha iziphumo), amandla okumisela (ubuchule bokumisela iziphumo zenkqubo), amandla (ubuchule bokufumanisa okokuba neempawu zolwazi (ubuchule bokuyila nokukhetha abantu ngokokubamkela ngendlela ekhoyo okanye izinto ezingathintelekiyo). Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kuba nolwamdlalo olu sukelo lwemeko lwendawo abalufuna ukukho.

Imithombo Yamandla Ebutho

Abaphengululi bebesoloko bebala isiseko ekwakuvela kuso amandla.

  • Amandla agunyazisiweyo ahleli kumandla okumisela ingqeqesho, izigwebo, okanye amandla abonakalayo. Kubomi boluntu, oku kuyabonakala kakhulu kulawulo lombuso olusemthethweni logonyamelo olusemthethweni --amandla omkhosi, igunya lemikhosi, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba ukusohlwaya.
  • Amandla angaphambili [[FLT:] asuka kubuchule bokusasaza ubuncwane obuxabisekileyo obufana nemisebenzi, izivumelwano, izikhuthazo zerhafu, okanye ulwamkelo lukawonke-wonke. Amaqela anomdla asoloko ethumela umvuzo ukukhusela iziphumo zenkqubo ezilungileyo.
  • Amandla asemthethweni afumaneka kwindawo eyaziwayo okanye indima ngaphakathi kweqela lenqanawa. Olu didi luzalana ngokubalulekileyo ngegunya, njengoko siza kuhlola ngezantsi, kodwa kubume bamandla lubhekisele kumalungelo asesikweni ahambisana neofisi ethile.
  • Amandla oMngeni aphuma kulwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule okanye amava. Izazinzulu, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye nabahlalutyi benkqubo basebenzisa amandla obuchule xa ubungqina babo bulawula izigqibo zowiso-mthetho okanye uluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Amandla agqithisileyo avela kwimpembelelo yobuqu, ukuthembana, okanye uchazo. Abaququzeleli boluntu, abaxhasi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanani kawonke wonke okuhlonelwayo kubonakalisa amandla xa ugunyaziso lwabo luxhasa abalandeli ngaphandle kwesikhundla esisesikweni somyalelo.

Ezi ntlobo azifani. Umongiswa ubamba amandla afanelekileyo ngexesha elinye ngenxa yesikhundla, umvuzo ngokulawula izivumelwano zikamasipala, namandla asenokuba athengwa ukuba uthanda. Ukuqaphela imidlalo phakathi kwezi mithombo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolisiseni indlela esebenza ngayo impembelelo kuluntu.

Ukuliqonda Igunya Njengegunya Elifanelekileyo

Igunya luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwamandla olwahlulwe luphawu olunye olubalulekileyo: ukufaneleka. Xa sithi umntu "unegunya," asithethi nje ukuba unyanzelisa ukuthobela kodwa siqondeka njengelungelo lokwenza oko. Le mbono yokulunga iguqula igunya elingafanelekanga libe yimpembelelo eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, kwaye yinto eyahlula umlawuli kwi-agroug, umgwebi kwigosa elibukhali, igosa lamapolisa kwiqela lemibutho elinyanzelisayo. Isazi sentlalo uMax Weber sanika igunya eliqhelekileyo elisekelwe kwinkcubeko yezobupolitika yanamhlanje.

Iintlobo ezintathu zegunya

  • Igunya lesithethe likwinkolelo emiselweyo yobungcwele bezithethe ezidala kunye nokufaneleka kwabo bazuzwé igunya ngala masiko. Iikumkani, iinkosi zesizwe, kunye neenkosi ezithile zonqulo zifumana igunya lazo kwimizekelo enwenwa kwizizukulwana. Kwimeko zoluntu, igunya lesithethe libonakala kumaziko anjengezindlu eziphezulu ezikumgangatho ophezulu (umz., iNdlu yeBritane yeNkosi) okanye imisebenzi enjengemiGaqo-mo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Igunya lobuGcisa [[FLT: 1] lisuka kwiimpawu zomntu ngamnye ezingaqhelekanga, ubungcwele, amandla okuphendula, okanye umbono wenguquko. Kwimbali, amanani afana noMartin Luther King Jr., Mahtma Gandhi, kunye noFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa igunya lobuGcisa eligqitha kwii-ofisi zabo ezisesikweni. Noko ke, Weber waphawula ukuba igunya le-Moyemoyer lizinzile ngenxa yokuba lixhomekeke kwimpumelelo eqhubekayo yenkokeli kunye ne-magnethismsm; xa inkokeli ifa okanye ingaphumeleli, igunya kufuneka "licinezelwe" kwimo eqinileyo.
  • Igunya lolwahlulo-mthetho lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho esesikweni, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho esebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amalungu ebutho. Olu luhlobo olulawulayo kwidemokhrasi zale mihla kunye nolawulo-melo lobundlobongela. Amandla asetyenziswa kungengenxa yokuba ngubani umphathi-ofisi ngokwayo kodwa ngenxa yesikhundla ngokwaso kunye nesakhiwo esisemthethweni esichaza amandla aso. Abami bathobela igosa-trafiki kungekhona ngenxa yoloyiko okanye ukunyaniseka kodwa ngenxa yokuba bamkela ubungangamkeli benkqubo esemthethweni evumela umphathi ukuba alawule itrafiki.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamandla Negunya

Ngoxa amandla negunya zidibana ngokunzulu, zihamba ngomlinganiselo onzima. Ukuqonda le mahluko kuxhobisa abemi ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze bavavanye iingcamango zezobupolitika nezenzo zombutho.

Umthombo Womthetho

Owona mahluko usisiseko uxhomekeke ekugunyazisweni. Igunya lisoloko lithwele ukusetyenziswa kwasemthethweni--"igunya eliye laqinisekiswa ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo, amasiko, okanye imvume ethandwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amandla, anokubakho ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa. Umniki-mali osisityebi oxhasa amaphulo ezobupolitika angasebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kumthetho, kodwa loo mpembelelo ingenagunya elisesikweni lovoti yomenzi-mthetho. Oku akumenzi amandla omphakaleyo angekho mthethweni ngokwengqiqo yokuziphatha, kodwa kuthetha ukuba afumaneka kwimithombo yezomthetho kunokuba avume.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Igunya lidla ngokumiselwa ngokwezibonelelo ezicacileyo. UmGaqo-siseko, imimiselo, imithetho yentlangano, kunye neenkcazelo zomsebenzi zidala imida ecacileyo ngokujikeleze onegunya kwimibandela naphantsi kweemeko. Amandla lulwelo olungaphezulu kakhulu. Iinkqubo zethutyana, ulwalamano lobuqu, uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho, nekomkhulu lentlalo zonke zivelisa amandla asebenzayo ngaphandle kwemijelo esemthethweni. Ilungu lomqeshinawa elincinci linokusebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ngokufikelela kulwazi okanye unxulumano lobuqu, nangona igunya lakhe elisemthethweni lincinane.

Ukuzinza kunye nexesha

Igunya lizinziswe kakhulu kunamandla kuba lifakwe kumaqumrhu angaphezulu kwabalawuli abakwisikhundla esiphezulu. Umongameli wase-United States uhlale engumphathi onamandla ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani onegunya. Igunya, ingakumbi xa lixhomekeke kulwalamano lomntu okanye kwimithombo yogcino-mali, linokuphelelwa ngamandla. Umxhasi uphelelwa ngamandla xa umxhasi erhoxa inkxaso-mali; umbutho wokuqhankqalaza ulahlekelwa ngamandla xa utshintsha uwonke wonke.

Ukuphendula kunye nokunqanda

Igunya elichaphazelekayo lineenkqubo ezisesikweni zokuphendula. Amagosa agunya aqwalaselweyo ajongene nonyulo, abagwebi bajongene nohlolo oluchaphazelekayo, kunye nabalawuli abasebenza ngaphakathi kwemixokelelwano yomyalelo. Amandla, ingakumbi xa esetyenziswa ngokungacwangciswanga, asoloko ephuncula iingcinga ezinjalo. I-media yolwazi ebumba uluntu ngobuchule bokudlulisela ingxelo yoluntu bunamandla amakhulu anokuphendula ngokusesikweni. Ukuphawula le miqobo phakathi kwegunya elisemthethweni namandla enyani kubalulekile kuluntu.

Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zenziwe kumgaqo wokuba igunya lifanele linikwe ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, namandla asasazwa kuwo onke amaziko amaninzi ukuthintela nawuphi na umdlali ekulawuleni. Kodwa kwanakulawulo-lwazi oluthe xhathisa, ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya negunya lunzima kwaye luyakhuphiswano.

Imbambano Phakathi Kwegunya Elingakhathalelwanga Nabasemagunyeni Abangamiselwanga

Olunye ucelomngeni olusemgangathweni lolawulo lwangoku luxanduva phakathi kwegunya elisemthethweni labasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo kunye namandla angacwangciswanga abadlali. Abasebenzi bomsebenzi, abagwebi, abagcini-mali abasembindini, kunye nabameli abalawulayo basoloko benegunya elibalulekileyo lokwenza izigqibo, ukanti abanakuchaphazeleka ngqo kubavoti. Okwangoku, amaqela aqhuba kakuhle, abaxhasi bequququzeli bengi, kunye nabasebenzi abazizityebi banokusebenzisa igunya eliphikisana okanye elingaphaya kwelo labameli abanyuliweyo. Oku kuthelela igunya elisesikweni kunye nempembelelo yokwenene kubangela ukuba abagxeki bemali bahlaziswe ngokwemi, imilinganiselo yezekelo yokubhentsela, ukubonakala, kunye nemithetho eqinise imigaqo yokuziphatha.

Xa Igunya Liba Ngumandla: Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi KweOfisi

Ngenxa yokuba igunya linegunya, abo baligcina lisemngciphekweni ozingisileyo wokwandisa ukufikelela kwabo ngaphaya kwemida elifanelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwenzeka xa umphathi esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esisemthethweni ukusebenzisa igunya ngendlela ezingagunyaziswanga ngumthetho okanye izithethe zentlalo. Imizekelo isuka kwimiba encinci eqhathayo kwinkohlakalo yenkqubo. Ngoko ke abami kufuneka bahlale bephaphile, bejonge enoba amagosa ombuso asebenza kwingingqi yabo esemthethweni okanye asebenzisa isikhundla sabo ukuqokelela igunya elingenakufikeleleka.

Amandla Negunya Kumsebenzi Womsebenzi

Kubantu ngabanye nakuluntu abafuna umahluko kubomi babantu, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwegunya negunya asiyonto ibalulekileyo ephambili. Ukubotshwa kweso sizwe okunempumelelo kufuna ukuba abemi baqonde apho kukho impembelelo yokwenene baze basebenzise izakhiwo ezisemthethweni namandla angacwangciswanga.

Ukwakha Amandla Okuhlanganisa Ngohlobo Oluneengcambu

Imbali ibonisa ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banokuvelisa amandla angakumbi ngokulungelelanisa, kwanaxa bengenagunya elisesikweni. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wabasebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yemozulu, konke kubonisa indlela inyathelo elidityanisiweyo elinokuguqula ngayo imbono kawonke-wonke, ingcinezelo enyuliweyo yamagosa angoorhulumente, kunye nokunyanzelisa iinguqu kwinkqubo.

  • Amandla angundoqo
  • Amandla olwazi ]
  • Amandla avulekayo
  • Amandla orhwebo

Ngokufuthi iintshukumisa ezibangela imithambo - luvo ziqala ngegunya elincinane kodwa ziqokelela amandla njengoko zikhula, ekugqibeleni ziguqulela elo gunya kwigunya eligqalwayo ngokuphumelela, ngokutshintsha kweziko, okanye ngoloyiso lonyulo.

Ukusebenzisa Igunya Ngobuchule

Abo banegunya------okanye abanegunya elingugunya bagwetyiwe, abagwebi, abalawuli, amalungu ebhodi yesikolo, iinkosi zamapolisa,/iintloko-majoni/izinto ezidibeneyo. Igunya elingenabulumko okanye elithintelayo lingena lula kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Igunya elinegunya lifuna:

  • I-transparency malunga neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo nezizathu ezibangela ukhetho
  • ukunikwa koxanduva ngokunika ingxelo rhoqo, ngokuzimeleyo, nangokusabela kwimisebenzi
  • I- I-HYP malunga nemida yolwazi lukabani kunye nokufaneleka kwengqiqo eziphikisanayo
  • Inkxaso-mali yokubonisa okusesikweni , ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kwaye amaqela achaphazelekayo anethuba lokuviwa

Iinkqubo zemfundo zepic ezigxininisa le migaqo zinceda abafundi banganeli nje ukucela amalungelo abo kodwa bawasebenzise kakuhle amagunya ukuba kamva baphumeza indima yabo.

Uvavanyo lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene

La matyala alandelayo abonisa indlela amandla negunya ezidibana ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.

Umzekelo 1: ISikolo Esiyintloko Nemanyano Yomfundisi - ntsapho

Inqununu yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo inegunya elisesikweni kwimisebenzi yesikolo, kuquka igunya lokumisela ucwangciso, ubuncwane, kunye nokunyanzelisa iinkqubo zoqeqesho. Noko ke, umanyano lwabafundisi- ntsapho lunamandla abalulekileyo ngezivumelwano ezimanyeneyo, amandla okudibanisa izikhalazo, kunye nomanyano lwamalungu ayo. Igunya lentloko lilawulwa ngamandla omanyano, kwaye ukhokelo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuxoxisana, ukulalanisa, nokuhlonela indima esemthethweni yomanyano.

Umzekelo 2: Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni noLuntu

Kwizixeko ezininzi, amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni nemibutho yoluntu anegunya elingaphezulu lee kwegunya layo elimiselweyo. Iqela labahlali abacwangcisa ngokunempumelelo linokuthintela umsebenzi wophuhliso, ukuxhasa ipaki ngokukhuselekileyo, okanye ukunyanzela ibhunga lesixeko ukuba litshintshe imithetho yokubekwa kwemithetho. Amandla abo abangelwa kukwazi imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ulwalamano nabasebenzi besixeko, ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, kunye namandla okukhuthaza ukuvota. Ibhunga lesixeko linegunya elisesikweni lokwenza izigqibo zokugqibela, kodwa intlangano yoluntu ye-avvy iyakwazi ukubumba ezo zigqibo zigqithile ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele ivoti.

Imeko 3: Impembelelo yeKhampethiso

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. [iNkundla ePhakamileyo:0] iCIIisens United FEC (2010), iinkampani kunye nezibonelelo ezityebileyo zafumana amandla okuchitha imali engenasiphelo kwimithetho yezobupolitika kwiPUS. Esi sigqibo asikhange sinike aba badlali igunya elisesikweni kulawulo; abanakuvota okanye babamba. Kodwa ke, amandla abawasebenzisa ngemirhumo yemirhumo yemirhumo, inkcitho ezimeleyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokukhuthaza intlawulo oluphezulu. Lo mcimbi ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba igunya elisesikweni namandla oqobo anokunyukela ngokuphawulekayo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo engundoqo malunga nomelo lwedemo-demokhrasi kunye nokulingana.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kwahluke

Umahluko phakathi kwamandla negunya asiyonto nje encinci. Kukusetyenziswa kwelens abemi abanokuqonda ukuba ngubani ngokwenene olawulayo, indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, nendlela abanokuphendula ngayo. Kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo, igunya lifanele linikwe ngabantu kwaye linyanzelwe ngumthetho, ngoxa amandla emele asasazwe kwiindawo ezininzi ukuze kuthintelwe ubuzwilakhe. Kodwa ke nyani ingxinaniso ikukungalungelelani: amandla aqokelele kwiimbombo ezingafikelelekiyo, kwaye igunya linokusetyenziswa ngokungekho ngqiqweqweni.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, umahluko ofundiswayo unika abafundi amandla okuba bagxeke ulwazi lwezopolitiko kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kubomi boluntu. Abafundi abanokwazi ukubona imithombo yamandla alawulayo kwisigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo, baqonde umahluko phakathi kwegunya elisemthethweni kunye namandla alwanyayo, kwaye baqonde indlela intsebenziswano yotyani ezakha ngayo amandla emhlabeni exhotyiswe kakuhle ukwenza umsebenzi wedemokhrasi. Abakwazi ukuphatha iinkokeli, kwaye basenokuba banokuba negalelo elinzima kumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuzilawula ngokwabo.

Ekugqibeleni, amandla negunya azizizo ezilungileyo okanye ezibi. Zizixhobo , kwaye njengaso nasiphi na isixhobo, ixabiso lazo lixhomekeke kumntu ozisebenzisayo, kwiinjongo, nakokuthintelwa. Ubuchule bokuqonda ezi zixhobo bunganyanzela ukuba igunya lisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye amandla asasazwe ngokusesikweni. Oko kuqonda kusisiseko sobomi obuphilileyo, obunempumelelo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's ukungena kwelokungeniswa kwezobupolitika, iOxford Handbook of Political Theory's uhlalutyo lwe- amandla negunya [[, kunye nomthetho womthetho wesiseko Silemo esingundoqo [] nguStevents.