Ukwazisa: Ukudibana KooMongami Ababini

Imfundiso esekelwe kumthetho wesiXhosa wesiXhosa wesiXhosa, esekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi, ibambeka kakhulu ngokuthi ayinakumangalelwa kwinkundla karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Le nkuselo yoorhulumente basemalungwini eemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Noko ke, xa i-Indiya Merika izama ukunyanzelisa amalungelo ayo ngokuchasene norhulumente, le mfundiso isenokungqubana ngqo nolawulo lwesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela ukhuseleko lombuso olusebenza ngayo kwaye apho ludibana khona nabani na ofunda umthetho wesizwe saseIndiya, iimbambano zomhlaba, okanye ulawulo lobuzwe.

Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwezi ndlela zolawulo zodidi ezimbini ."isigqeba nesizwe------------yenzi iqulethe umthetho ontsonkothileyo wetyala, izenzo zowiso-mthetho, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo zenkqubo. Ngoxa amazwe enandipha ukukhuselwa kwimpahla zabucala, izizwe ziyagqalwa “njengamazwe axhomekeke kwizilwanyana” anamandla okuzilawula ngokwawo. Ukhuphotho luba lukhulu kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo amanzi, irhafu, ukungcakaza imida. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zembali zokhuseleko lobukhosi, uhlobo lolawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe, iimfazwe ezithile ezithi zivele, nendlela yokuqhuba phambili ekulungeleni izilangazelelo eziphikiswano eziphikiswayo.

Umanyano lweRhulumente: IMimiselo yembali neyoMgaqo-siseko

IsiHlanzi Seshumi Nesibhozo Nenkcazelo Yaso

IA111th Amendment, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1795, ithi: “Ulawulo lwezeejaji lwaseUnited States aluyi kuthathwa njengolunonelo lokwandiswa naluphi na uhlobo lomthetho okanye olulinganayo, oluqaliswe okanye olugwetywe nxamnye nomnye wase-United States yi-Citizence of the State, okanye yi-Citizens okanye iZiphelo-Austives okanye iZingalo zalo naliphi na Izwe Lasemzini.” Kuqala ukulithathi tha, ukupheliswa kubonakala kunciphile--lithile , kuyalelwe qha qha qha qha, iNkumo ayivumiliselwa nabemi [[FLT]]]. Kodwa iNkunkulu yeNkundlaluvo ithelela le mbono epheleleyo phantsi komthetho wolawulo lweNtlokonganyelo. kunye ne-evoagno-eastion.[Ft] i-egne i-ogrone.[Flved , i-og

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, iNkundla iye yazimisela ukhuseleko olulinganiselweyo. IBhunga lisenokuzikhusela ngokwasemthethweni kwesizwe xa lisebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo we-14th, ukuba ukuhlaziywa kucacile kwaye isicombululo silungelelene nengozi. Amazwe asenokuvuma ngokuzithandela ukuvumelana ngokuzikhusela, kwaye imfundiso ye-Exte Young (1908) ivumela iisuti ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente ukuba alindele ukupheliswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuphelisa ukuphulwa komthetho karhulumente. Phezu kwako nje okungavumelani noko, umthetho osisiseko usenokuhlala ungekho okanye uvumelwano olusemthethweni, urhulumente akanakutsalelwa kwinkundla karhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Ilizwe Lingadibani

IZiko liphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela umgangatho wokhuseleko oluzimeleyo ukhusela ubuncwane babo kwilitha elingenasiphelo, ukulondoloza amandla abo okwabela ubuncwane ngaphandle kokubekwa kwecandelo lesibini, kwaye bahlonela isidima sabo njengabalawuli abalinganayo kwinkqubo karhulumente. Abagxeki, nokokuba, baphikisa ukuba le mfundiso ingakhusela ekubekeni amatyala ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi xa iinkqubo zomthetho-mthetho (ezifana nomthetho we-Indiya Gaming Regatation okanye noMthetho we-Ceac Water) zichasana nomthetho-oMkhosi) zichaphazelekayo.

Ulawulo Lwesizwe SamaMerika: Ulawulo Olwahlukileyo

Umthombo Neqondo Lolongamo Lwesizwe

Izizwe zamaMelika amaNdiya azizizidalwa zomGaqo-siseko; zazikho njengamazwe azimeleyo kudala ngaphambi kokuba i-United States iseke. Ngezivumelwano, imiyalelo elawulayo, kunye nemimiselo, urhulumente wesizwe usoloko ezivuma izizwe njengezinto ezizimeleyo ezinamandla angokwemvelo olawulo lwakhe. Le Nkundla iPhakamileyo ku- . Wheeler [1978]) wachaza ulongamo lwesizwe ‘ njengelungelo lesizwe lokuzilawula nokulawula ngokwalo lwalo imicimbi yangaphakathi." Lo mlawuli akagunya aligunyaziswanga ngurhulumente okanye ngurhulumente worhulumente olawulayo.

Izizwe zinegunya lokuchaza ubulungu bazo, ukulawula ulwalamano lwasekhaya, ukuphatha okusesikweni, ukulawula amazwe esizwe kunye nobuncwane bendalo, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi karhulumente enjengerhafu kunye nenkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho. Phantsi Montana v. UUnited States [19981], izizwe zihlala zilawula igunya lamakhaya kumalungu angengawo angenayo imigaqo-mthetho nesizwe okanye eziziphetheyo ezisongela ingqibelelo yesizwe yezobupolitika, ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, okanye impilo nentlalo-ntlalo. La mandla enza izizwe zibe ziingingqi zokwenyaniso kumazwe azimele asemthethweni waseMerika, ecaleni korhulumente kunye namazwe asekuhlaleni.

Ulwalamano Lokuthembana Nokhuseleko Olumanyeneyo

Ukongeza omnye umaleko ontsonkothileyo, urhulumente wesizwe umele athwale imbopheleleko yokuthembeka kwizizwe. Olu lwalamano, olusekelwe kwizivumelwano nakumthetho wetyala njenge Georgia-1831], lumisela imisebenzi eUnited States ukukhusela imfuno zesizwe nokuqhubekisela phambili intlalo-ntle yesizwe. Kwiimpikiswano ezininzi phakathi kwezizwe namazwe, urhulumente usebenza njenge-intermix(okanye, kwezinye iimeko, njengeqela. Noko ke, ukhuseleko lolawulo lwesizwe lungaphazamisa kwanezenzo zolawulo ukuba urhulumente akavumi ukuvuma. Uxanduva akumele luzibophelele ngokwalo; ucwangciso-mthetho kufuneka lusebenze ngendlela ecacileyo.

Apho iimfundiso zigqugqisileyo: Umanyano olulawula uRhulumente nolungohlanga

Ukukhusela Iintlanga Eziziimeko Ezimbi

Eyona ngxabano ithe ngqo yenzeka xa isizwe sizama ukumangalela urhulumente wephondo kwinkundla yephondo. Ngokomzekelo, isizwe sisenokuthi urhulumente uye waphula umthetho karhulumente ngokumisela irhafu engagunyaziswanga kumashishini esizwe, ukuphazamisana namalungelo okuloba okanye okuzingela akhuselwe yisivumelwano, okanye ukungakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokudibanisa ukuqokelela amaqumrhu okholo oluhle phantsi koMthetho we-Indiya iGaming Regagatation (IGRA). Phantsi kwemfundiso yokhuselo lolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente, urhulumente unokuphakamisa ukhuseleko lokuba ayinakugwetyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yayo.

IKhomishini yeTshefu karhulumente .Monity Band Potawatomi Indiyan Tribe yase-Oklahoma (1991], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uLawulo oluPhezulu lweshumi elinesibhozo lwalulela isizwe ukuba singafuni ukumangalela amagosa erhafu yetyala lenkundla karhulumente ukuba afumane irhafu engekho mthethweni ukuze abeke irhafu yerhafu engekho mthethweni. Ityala lathi mvume yokufuna irhafuze i-omfa esizweni ngokwalo. Inkundla iqikelel'ii-Andex' ithetha ukuba ukshipperme isebenza kwizizwe zamaIndiya kanye njengokuba isebenza kwiqela labucala labucala lesizwe. Oku kulawula irhafu engekho mthethweni yomthetho ukuze kuvavanwe irhafu engekho mthethwenisweni.

Ngokufanayo, Kiowa Friest of Oklahoma v. Manufcifiling Techniologies, Inc. (1998, iNkundla yandisa ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe kwisuti (ukuze ingasebenzi ngokusemthethweni) ngexesha elinye iqinisekisa ukukhusela amazwe. Isigqibo sabalaselisa umlinganiselo obuthathaka: umlawuli ngamnye unandipha ukukhuseleka, kodwa ulwalamano phakathi kwesizwe norhulumente olugonye lungashiya impikiswano ingaconjululwa nayiphi na inkundla.

Izimvo Ezikhethekileyo Nokusebenza Okunokwenzeka

Isuti epheleleyo yokwahlula

Enye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zokugweba ingu ' imfundiso ye-Ex Young'. Ngaphantsi kolu khetho, isizwe singamangalela umphathi wesizwe kumandla aso okufumana isiqabu sokuphelisa ulwaphuko oluqhubekayo lomthetho karhulumente. Isuti ayilwi norhulumente ngokwayo, ngoko ke ukhuseleko alusebenzi. Umzekelo, isizwe singafaka ummeli wesibonelelo sobume bomhlaba ekunqandeni ungcoliseni ungcoliseko oluchasene nemilinganiselo yemithetho yesizwe, nokokuba urhulumente ngokwawo ugonye ukhuselekile. Esi sixhobo sisetyenzisiwe kumalungelo amanzi, ukugxumeka, kunye neemeko zomhlaba, kodwa asinako ukunikela ukhuseleko okanye ukukhululeka kobucala obubucala.

Ukupheliswa kokuTshazwa kweLizwe

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhulula ngokucacileyo amaphondo okhuseleko oluphezulu xa ilawula phantsi kwamandla ayo adwelisiweyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida engqongqo kweli gunya. SEMINOLE FRAN [1969], iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba iNkundla yeNkundla ayinako ukukhusela ulawulo lwendawo epheleleyo xa isebenzisa i-Indiya Commercionacle (I, Icandelo 8). Esi sigqibo sahlasela izizwe ngegalelo elikhulu, singasebenzi ilungiselelo le IGRA elivumele izizwe ukuba zingakwazi ukuqhuba imibutho ehlala phantsi kokholo olulungileyo. [[FLT] [FL:] zizwe ezithe , i-FTYPT] azina, ingumsebenzi osisibonelelo olude kwinkundla yezomthetho yezongasayinwe: i-ARGRA) i-oced i-ecedt projectivesssstivectived transtivey i-mongt) xa isetyenziswa

Ukuhenyuza Phantsi Kwamalungelo Oluntu

Enye indlela enokwenzeka kukumangalela amaphondo angaphantsi kweCandelo 1983 okanye eminye imimiselo yamalungelo abantu ngenxa yokutyholwa kokuphulwa kwamalungelo orhulumente. Kodwa iNkundla iye yathi iCandelo lowe-1901 alikukhuthazi ukukhusela urhulumente; amaziko asenokuzikhusela ukuba azikhusele ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga licebise ngokucacileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba imicimbi emininzi engokomGaqo-siseko ngokuchasene namazwe — efana nemingeni elinganayo yokukhusela imithetho karhulumente yokukhusela urhulumente.

Impembelelo kulawulo lwezibonelelo kunye noLawulo loMsebenzi

Iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokhuseleko lwesizwe singunyaka-waka. Xa izizwe zingenakukwazi ukumangalela amazwana, ziphulukana nesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela amazwe azo, amanzi, kunye namalungelo esivumelwano. Qwalasela umzekelo wamalungelo amanzi kwimimandla eyinkqantosi yaseNtshona: izizwe ezininzi zigcine amalungelo aphantsi kwemfundiso yeTreenness (1988), kodwa ziwanika amanzi rhoqo ngemvume yazo. Ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphelisa amanzi, okanye uvumela abasebenzisi bomsinga ukuba baphelise umlambo oxhomekeke kwisizwe, isizwe sisenokungakwazi ukukhonzisa urhulumente kwinkundla yorhulumente ekunyanzeleni amalungelo aso aphezulu. Imali ekuphela kwelo lungelo ingaba lingumkhosi olawulayo obiza imali eninzi phambi kwebhodi yamanzi, okanye ukucela urhulumente ukuba angene kumkhosi wesizwe esihlanga.

Ngokufanayo, kummandla wolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe lungathintela imigudu karhulumente yokucel' umngeni ukunyanzelwa komthetho wesizwe. Phantsi United States v. McBratney (1881], amazwe ngokubanzi anegunya kumazwe angengomaIndiya abenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwilizwe lakumazwe azimeleyo, ngoxa izizwe zingenalo igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho phezu komthetho wawo. Kodwa xa amagosa karhulumente enyanzelisa igunya lawo (* umzekelo, ngokubamba amalungu esizwe ngaphandle kosizathu okanye ukuthabatha impahla yesizwe.) isizwe sisenokujamelana nemiqobo ukuba sizama ukuzama ukukhusela urhulumente ngqo.

Uphuhliso lwakutshanje kunye neengqikelelo eziguquguqukayo zogwebo

Izigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Kwiminyaka Elishumi Edlulileyo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphume izigwebo eziliqela ezinika ukhokelo oluthile, kwaye ngamathuba athile isiqabu sesizwe esijamelene nokhuseleko lombuso. General Dollar Corp. v. Mississippi Band wama-India angamaChoctaw [20206], iNkundla inike isigwebo seCertioriaris ukugqiba enoba iinkundla zesizwe zinegunya kusini na lokukhusela imimandla yamazwe. Nangona iNkumbuso wesizwe uzimisele ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe lungangeni malungu athile. Inkundla ekugqibeleni yahlula 4-4 emva kokufa koMgaqo-siseko weSigqelelo, iqinisekisa isigqibo seCiselcialia, isenza isigqibo sokuba iinkundla zesizwe zilawule. Nangona kunjalo ngemeko ezizimisele ukukhusela ulawulo lweNkulwano lwesizwe, inkundla yesizwe ithetha ngezobuhlanga.

-Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community (2014, iNkundla yathi imivalo yokhuseleko lwesizwe ifanele isetyenziswe kwizizwe ngemisebenzi yezorhwebo engekhoyo, ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga lifake umqathango wokukhusela ukhuseleko. Ityala libandakanya urhulumente ofuna ukufaka isizwe ekuqhubeni ikhasino ngaphandle kwemida yayo. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba ukunqanda kwesizwe “ngumgaqo othintelweyo” kwaye iNkukongahlawulo `iiNkungahlawulo---------------------------ngasayinwanga. Esi sigqibo sifaka ukuthintela kwesizwe ngethuba xa sibala elinyukayo njengendlela: liyakwazi ukufihla ikhuselwa emva kwendlela, kodwa izizwe zinokuzikhusela.

Imigudu yomthetho kunye nezindululo zemigaqo-nkqubo

KwiBhunga, kuye kwaveliswa amatyala amaninzi ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukungalingani. Umzekelo, ingcebiso elicetyiweyo le- “Tribal Access to Justice Act” lizakuvumela izizwe ukuba zingenise amatyala kwinkundla yephondo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwezivumelwano, iimfanelo zemali zikarhulumente, neminye imimiselo efana ne-Indiya Child Welfare Act. Noko ke, la matyala aye aphela phakathi kwenkcaso evela koorhulumente kunye nenkxalabo yolawulo. Abanye abaphengululi bezomthetho baxhasa ukusetyenziswa okunamandla kwenkonzo [[FLT] ee Young okanye abameli besizwe ukuba baquququze kumthwalo onzima woxandumiso-mali ngooxanduva.

Enye indlela kukusebenzisa izivumelwano eziqhutyelwanayo zezoburhulumente. Izizwe ezininzi namazwe amaninzi ziye zangena kwizixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kunye ne-tabranda yolwazi oluquka amalungiselelo okukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kwiimbambano ezithile. Umzekelo, ukudibanisa imimandla ekwisizwe esithile phantsi kwe-IGRA kusoloko kunezigwebo zesigqibo ezivumela iqela ngalinye ukuba lizise inyathelo enkundleni karhulumente, ngaloo ndlela livume ukufaneleka. Le nkqubo yokuzithandela ingqineke isebenza kakuhle kumbandela wokungcakaza kodwa ayiqhelekanga kwezinye iindawo njengamalungelo amanzi okanye umgaqo wemekobume.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ukulungelelanisa Ulawulo Ngenxa Yokusesikweni

Indlela Ekhokelela Kukukhanya

Abameli bolawulo lwesizwe baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo esetyenziswayo ngoku yokukhusela uluntu idala igalelo elingeyomfuneko kwaye ikhuthaza ulawulo olungeyomfuneko. Ngenxa yokuba izizwe zingenakuwanyanzela lula amalungelo azo, amatyala angenasizathu sakwenza unxibelelwano elukholweni kwimibandela efana nerhafu, ukuzingela namalungelo okuloba, kunye nokucwangcisa umhlaba. Ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo wokhuselo oluphezulu lukarhulumente. / makubekho umthetho okanye ngokufundwa okubanzi [[FLT: 0]] ulwahlulo oluthi oluthi tye

I-Congress ingakuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-IGRA neminye imimiselo ukuquka ukuhlahlela ngokucacileyo ukhuseleko lukarhulumente xa izizwe zimangalelwa phantsi kwaloo mithetho. Ngoxa USITIOLE FURL imisela ukukhutshwa phantsi kwe-Indiya Commerce Clause, iKhomishini ingaqhubeka itshayelwa xa isebenza phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko we-14 okanye i-Treaste Claus. Umthetho owenziwe ngobuchule odibanisa amalungelo esizwe ukukhusela okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo unokusinda ekuhlaziyweni komgaqo-siseko.

Ukuhlonela ubume besizwe kunye nokuzigqibela

Ekugqibeleni, ukucombulula ingxwabangxwaba phakathi kwesizwe solawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwesizwe nololawulo lwesizwe kufuna ukuqaphela ukuba izizwe azingomaqela enzala okanye amaqela azimeleyo. Zingoorhulumente abakwisikhundla esikhethekileyo esisemthethweni emva kweenkulungwane. I-United States inembopheleleko yokukhusela imfuno zesizwe, kwaye umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo uyayivuma indima ekhethekileyo yezizwe zamaIndiya kwi-Cernal Claus. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ephawulweyo ku [FLT: 0] [Mclahan v. i-Arizona State Taxicos Com-[FLT] ), imithetho yesizwe idla ngokusemthethweni ifumaneka kumalungu ekwayame ngaphandle kokuba inikeza ngokucacileyo. Lo mgaqo ufanele uphakalise kumo lwesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, akumele ukwazi ukuzikhusela ngokwawo xa kumthetho womthetho womthetho wolawulo lwamazwano.

Okwangoku, izizwe kufuneka zisebenzise ulawulo lwasemthethweni olungahlukeneyo. Zixhomekeke ekusebenziseni ubuchule ex Young sus, intelelo karhulumente yeSebe leSigwebo, kunye nezivumelwano zexesha elizayo ukusombulula iimpikiswano. Ikamva lingazisa utshintsho lwemithetho okanye ityala elitsha leNkundla ePhakamileyo elihlola kwakhona izisekelo zokhuseleko lukarhulumente njengesetyenziswa kumazwe amaIndiya. Okucacileyo kukuba inkqubo yangoku ishiya izizwe ezininzi zingenayo isiqinisekiso, zicuthe isithembiso esingundoqo solawulo lwesizwe: amandla okukhusela abantu bazo, amazwe, kunye nobomi.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe ngumgaqo osisiseko woburhulumente baseMerika, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaso kwizizwe zamaMelika amaIndiya kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nobulungisa, ukulingana, kunye nomthetho. Iintlanga azizozizwe zasemzini, kwaye azizoyahlulelo nje oluphantsi lukarhulumente wezwe.

Ukuhambela phambili, iinkundla nabenzi bomthetho kufuneka basebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwezokhuselo ezizimeleyo akubi zizixhobo zokungalungisi. Ngokucacisa imida yokuzikhusela, ngokuhlonela ukuzenzela izigqibo ngokwesizwe, nangokunika izindululo ezinentsingiselo ukwenzela isigqibo sokuphikisana, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokuba nembeko kulongamo lwamazwe nolongamo lwezizwe ezabelana ngeli lizwe.