Umanyano lweRhulumente noMphumelo walo ekuqukumbeleni kweMidlalo yeNtloko

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe yimfundiso esemthethweni ekhusela amazwe kunye namaqumrhu awo ekumangalelweni kwiinkundla zikarhulumente okanye kwinkundla zelizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabo ecacileyo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ukudala unemvelaphi enzulu kwijulipradenti yaseMelika kwaye uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuchazwa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kumongo wophuhliso lwezibonelelo zezothutho. Xa ingxubeko, abaphuhlisi-phuhlisi-mayela-matheko, okanye abantu ngabanye befuna uncedo olusemthethweni kwimibango efana nesivumelwano, iimpazamo, iingozi, okanye umonakalo wemekobume yemeko-bume, inokubathintela ngokupheleleyo abo bathe abathe bemiqatha ekuchazeni, iindleko, kunye nokuqwala imicimbi yezothutho oluqhelekileyo.

Ukuqonda Umanyano Lwaseburhulumenteni

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzimelanga ngokwasemthethweni karhulumente ilandela imvelaphi yayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, owawukholelwa ukuba umlawuli akanakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zabo ngaphandle kwemvume. Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U. bathwala le ngcamango, bayiqhubele phambili, bayiqhubele phambili kwisakhiwo solawulo lwamaMelika. Emoyeni wayo, ukulondolozwa kolawulo oluphezulu kubonisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente ngamnye uyinto ekhoyo elawulayo kwaye ngoko ukhuselekile kwisuti ukuba avume ukumangalelwa. Lo mqobo akakhuselwa ngokwawo kodwa ukhusela abameli bawo, amasebe, namagosa xa esenza umsebenzi wawo osemthethweni.

Le mfundiso isekelwe ngqo kuMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesi-11 weSimendo se-U.S., owavunywa ngowe-1795. Isivumelwano sokulungisa asiyi kuthathwa njengelithi: "Amandla eejaji eUnited States akasayi kunyuselwa nakuyiphi na imfanelo esemthethweni okanye elinganayo, eqaliswe okanye echotshelwe nxamnye nomnye we-United States yi-Valaties of State, okanye yi-Banizens okanye iZiko lowamazwe okanye iZigantswana zeLizwe laMazwe asemzini. Xa le ngxelo ithe yabonakala imxinene, i-U.S. Inkundla ePhakade itolika ichaza ukuba ifanele igwele ngokuphandle nxamnye nesizwe sayo, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvume okanye uBhungane okanye urhulumente ogunyaziweyo ngomthetho.

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, ukukhusela ulawulo lorhulumente kusebenza njengesixhobo solawulo. Ukuba urhulumente ucela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, inkundla kufuneka ikhuphe ityala kungakhathaliseki ukuba linjani na ityala lomntu othenjiweyo. Oku kwenza umqobo obalulekileyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo abafuna ukuba izinto ezikhoyo zikarhulumente zimele ziphendulwe kwiingxaki zezothutho. Umthwalo uwela kumgangatho ophantsi ukubonisa ukuba umahluko uyasebenza okanye urhulumente uluchasile ukhuseleko lwawo.

Isiseko Seshumi Elinye SoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yakha iqumrhu elinamandla letyala elijikeleze uMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithoba olawula indlela esebenza ngayo ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwilitha langoku. Izigqibo ezingundoqo ezifana ne- Hans v. Louisiana (1890) ifumanise ukuba iintambo zokulungisa ityala zifanele urhulumente ochasene nabemi balo, nangona umbhalo kuphela ukhankanya iisuti zabemi bamanye amazwe. INkundla yaqiqaqabela ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko obanzi wokhuselo lwezikhuseli ze-omkhulu zikarhulumente owawukho phambi komGaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

Imithetho elandelayo icacise umlinganiselo wolu khuselo. USeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996), iNkundla yathi iNkundla ayinako ukukhusela urhulumente ngokuququzelela phantsi kweGatya I, njengeChwebo lokuKhusela uCentu Claus. Noko ke, iKhomishini ingalungela ukukhusela ukuthintelwa kwemida yeGama kwiCandelo le 147, elinika iBhunga amandla okunyanzela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Lo mahluko uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zezentengiselwano zokhuseleko lwezothutho, apho izibhengezo zinokuvela phantsi kwemigaqo elawula ukukhuselwa kobugqesho, imilinganiselo yempatho, okanye amalungelo esizwe.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziyawamkela amatyala okuzikhusela kolawulo oluphezulu phantsi komthetho wesizwe, ngokufuthi kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zawo kunye neemeko ezingafaniyo. Amanye amazwe anemimiselo elungelelanisiweyo, lo gama amanye efumene imithetho ebekwe yinkundla. Ukusetyenziswa kwemfundiso yokhuseleko lwesizwe neyolawulo lorhulumente kongeza olunye umaleko oluntsonkothileyo lwezibonelelo zezothutho.

Impembelelo Kumthetho Wamakhaya Kwizakhiwo Zothutho

Imisebenzi yesiseko sothutho ibandakanya icandelo elintsonkothileyo labaxhasi bezothutho: amasebe ezothutho karhulumente, amasebe kamasipala, izalathisi, iinkampani ezincinci, iinkampani zokwakha, abaxhasi, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Xa kuvela iingxabano, abathathi-nxaxheba basoloko befuna ukumangalela iqumrhu elijongene neprojekthi. Ukhuseleko loLawulo oluPhakamileyo lungawathintela la matyala, oku kushiya abalawuli ngaphandle kwe-fashoni ukuze basebenzise amalungelo abo.

Impikiswano ezinxulumeneyo kunye nokuququzelela iingxelo

Iimpikiswano ezingokwendawo ziphakathi kwezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo zonikezelo kwizibonelelo zezithuthi. Inkokeli ingaqinisekisa ukuba umbutho wezothutho karhulumente uhlulekile ukuhlawula umsebenzi ogqityiweyo, ulibazise ngokungafanelekanga umsebenzi, okanye utshintshe umlinganiselo womsebenzi ngaphandle kwembuyiselo eyaneleyo. Ngaphantsi kwegunya, ukukhusela urhulumente kungashukunyiselwa ukugxotha ityala, isithi alivumi ukulingwa ngenxa yokwaphula isivumelwano.

Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo yokuba ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesivumelwano kungenelwe, ngokufuthi ngokuseka inkundla yezothetho okanye ibhodi yesivumelwano. Umzekelo, iRhulumente yaseNew York ineNkundla yeeNgxelo, enegunya kwisivumelwano esichasene norhulumente. Ngokufanayo, uLawulo lukaRhulumente waseKhalifoniya lunika umxhasi wokuthintelwa kwezenzo ezithile zombutho. Noko ke, aba baxhaphazi basoloko bephantsi kwiimfuno ezingqongqo, njengemiqathango yesaziso, irhafuthelo, nemiqathango yemali ekhutshelweyo. Inkampani engakwaziyo ukuthobela le migaqo.

Kwanalapho kukho umxhasi, urhulumente usenokucela ezinye izikhuselo, njengemfundiso yobulumko. Iinkundla ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo ukuze akhuseleke kwizenzo zobuchule, ngokuchasene nemisebenzi yolungiselelo okanye yesiqhelo. Ukugqiba enoba isenzo esithile sisemngciphekweni owenziwe ngokuchaseneyo nomthetho sinokuba sikhuphiswana ngokushushu.

Ukuchanabeka Komntu Nokwenzakalisa

Iingozi ezenzeka okanye ezikufuphi nemisebenzi yezethutho zinokubangela umonakalo wobuqu kunye nokufa okuphosakeleyo. Inqwelo-mafutha ingenzakala ngumqobo wendlela obuthathaka, umntu ohamba ngenqwelo-moya angawela kwindawo engaphawulwanga, okanye umsebenzi wokwakha angenzakala ngenxa yeemeko ezingakhuselekanga. Xa urhulumente okanye elawula izibonelelo, ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lombuso lungathintela intelekelelo.

UMthetho weFederal Tort Apenties (FTCA) unika umxhasi olinganiselweyo wezokhuseleko lwe-odoli yetort kwizinto ezichasene norhulumente wezwe, kodwa amazwe anezenzo zawo zokuzibiza ngomdla wokhuseleko oluhlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe anomgono owenziwe waninzi wokuzikhusela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ngoxa amanye elondoloza ukukhusela i-tort ngaphandle kwezo zibandakanya iimeko eziyingozi kwimpahla kawonke-wonke. IZiko lolwazi lwezomthetho we-Cornell Lythogement Information inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwezikhuseli zentambo zenkosi kunye nesicelo sawo kumthetho we-"FLT:1].

Kwanaxa urhulumente ethintelwe ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwetort, umlinganiselo obalulekileyo usenokuba ngumonakalo. Iimeko ezininzi zisenokubeka imilinganiselo ephantsi, zinciphise ukuchacha kweentlungu nokubandezeleka, okanye zifune ii-poxio ezithe zanika isaziso ngexesha elifutshane emva kwengozi. Le miqathango isenokuyilinganisela ngokuqatha imbuyekezo ekhoyo kumatheko onzakeleyo.

Ukwenziwa kobuxoki bokusingqongileyo

Iiprojekthi zoncedo lwezothutho zinokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwimekobume, kuquka ungcoliso lwamanzi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuwohloka komgangatho womoya. Amaqela okusingqongileyo, abanini bempahla abakufutshane, nabanye abagcini-matyala basenokumangalela amaqumrhu karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho yemeko-bume okanye ukufuna ulungiso-goso olulawulayo.

Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Celean Water kunye neminye imimiselo yemekobume, iKhomishini iye yamiselwa ukuba isombululo sombuso siso sobungangamsha ukuze ivumele iisuti zomthetho wabucala. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida kumandla eBhunga ukwenza oko. Florida Department of Environmental Protection v. Gcina i-Beaches, Inc. [201], iNkundla ibambelele ekubeni umbutho worhulumente awunakuwiswa ngenxa yomonakalo phantsi koMthetho we-Gasethi yeNte yoMkhosi weNtla kwinkundla yorhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente. Esi sigqibo sinemiphumela ebalulekileyo yemeko-bume ebandakanya amasebe othutholo.

Amazwe athile amisele izenzo zokukhusela imekobume eziye zavumela abemi ukuba bamangalelwe amaqumrhu karhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yemeko-bume, ngoxa amanye esenokungakunyangeli ukukhusela ukulawulwa kwemekobume.

Iinketho Nemilinganiselo Engaphelelanga Kukongamelanga

Ngoxa ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kusisikhuselo esinamandla, asinto ipheleleyo.

Comment

Owona mahluko ucacileyo ucacileyo uyenzeka xa urhulumente ephazamisa ukhuseleko lwawo ngokuzithandela ngomthetho. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo evumelana neentlobo ezithile zezimvo, ezinjengokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, i-torts, okanye isigwebo esigqwethekileyo. Umchasi-mthetho makacace kwaye angabi nakuqiniseka; iinkundla aziyi kuvumelana ngolwimi olungaqondakaliyo. AmaPlaintiff kufuneka ayihlolisise ngenyameko imithetho enxulumene nokokuba ukho nako okusetyenziswa yimeko.

Ukuhlulwa kwemithetho yomanyano

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhusela ulawulo lwezikhundla eziphezulu zikarhulumente phantsi kwegunya layo ukunyanzelisa uLawulo lweziNguqulo lweshumi elinesine. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba iNkundla inokuthi ifanelekele kwinkundla yorhulumente xa inyanzela amalungelo alinganayo omgaqo-siseko, afana nokhuseleko okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo. Imithetho efana neSihloko seSithi VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye namaMelika aneSiphene soMthetho wokuthintelwa kweNtubetho itolika kwiimeko ezithile. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yawabetha amatyala okuzama ukukhusela ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango phantsi komnye umqathango wemithetho, njengoMthetho kaWonga ka-Chost Claus.

Kwimisebenzi yezibonelelo zezothutho, izibhengezo phantsi koMthetho weSibonelelo seSibonelelo sePricies Relaces kunye noMthetho weNkcubeko Yokwenene, ofuna ukuba kubekho ukufuduswa koomnini bempahla abafudusiweyo, zisenokuwela kwigunya lokurhoxa kweBhunga. AmaPlaintiff kufuneka ajonge inkqubo ethile yemithetho engqalileyo ukuqwalasela ukuba ukukhusela ukunqandwa kwemililo kumiselwe ngokufanelekileyo kusini na.

Ukuvumelana Nokulandela Umthetho KaRhulumente

Amanye amaphondo asungule iinkundla ezikhethekileyo okanye iinkundla zolawulo ezisingatha amatyala achasene norhulumente. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi aneNkundla yamatyala okanye iBhunga lezibheno ezisebenzisa igunya lolawulo kwiimbambano zesivumelwano. Kwezi ntlanganiso, urhulumente uyavuma ukumangalelwa, kodwa iziphumo zisoloko ziphantsi kwemithetho neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo.

Imfundiso Epheleleyo Encinane

Phantsi kwe Ex Parte Young imfundiso (08), umchasi-mthetho angamangalela igosa lombuso kubuchule bawo obusemthethweni ukwenzela ukukhululeka okukhawulezileyo ukuphelisa ukuqhubekeka kokwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente. Oku kucalucalula akuvumeli ukuba kufuneke umonakalo nxamnye norhulumente, kodwa kuvumela iimiyalelo yenkundla efuna amagosa karhulumente ahambelane neemfuno zikarhulumente zolawulo. Kwimeko zezothutho, le mfundiso isenokusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya izenzo ezichasene nomthetho weSizwe woMgaqo-mthetho wesiZwe, uMgaqo-nkqubo Ococekileyo, okanye eminye imimiselo yolawulo. [[FLT] Iproject inikeza imvelaphi yeKosiqobo yeSiphelo kunye nenkqubo yangoku.[FT]

Izindululo Ezisemthethweni Zezaphuli-mthetho Kwimiba Yezothutho

Xa kuqwalaselwa imiqobo eyenziwa ngumgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko, abasebenzi kufuneka bathathe iindlela zokufumana uncedo oluphezulu.

Ukufanisa Iiwavers Nezizodwa

Inyathelo lokuqala kulwaphi na ulwahlulo oluchasene nequmrhu lesizwe kukuqhuba uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezithinteli-mthetho ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezingaphandle. Oku kufuna ukuba kuvavanywe imimiselo yesizwe, imithetho yenkundla, kunye nomthetho wetyala ukufumanisa ukuba urhulumente uvume ukumangalelwa kuhlobo oluthile lwengxelo ekhoyo. Amachaphaza kufuneka aqwalasele ukuba imimiselo karhulumente ikukukhusela ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango okanye enoba imfundiso yeEx Parte Young iyasebenza. Ukunikela igqwetha elinolwazi elinamava kwigosamkelo solawulo luyimfuneko.

Abakhuseli belizwe abaLayishiweyo

Kwimisebenzi emininzi yezibonelelo zezithuthi, izakhiwo zobuqu, abaxhasi-mali, kunye neengcaphephe zokuyila zingabelana ngembopheleleko yengozi yomchasi-mthetho okanye ukulahlekelwa. Ezi zinto zabucala azinamdla wokhuseleko oluzimeleyo kwaye zinokunyuselwa ngqo. Ngokubhekisa kwiqela labucala, abaxhasi bangafumana imbuyekezo naxa izikhalazo ngokuchasene norhulumente zithintelwe. Umzekelo, inkampani eyakha ibhulorho ingaba ifanelwe zizinto ezingalunganga, nokokuba umncedisi worhulumente ojongelene neprojelo ukhuselekile kwisuti.

Ukufuna Ukunceda Nokuvakalisa

Xa kungekho monakalo wemali, abachaphazeli basenokuthi bafune isiqabu esingeyomfuneko okanye sokuthomalalisa ukunyanzela amagosa karhulumente ukuba enze okanye aphelise ihambo engekho mthethweni. Phantsi kwemfundiso yeEx Parte Young, inkundla yephondo ingayalela igosa lesizwe ukuba lithobele umthetho karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zelizwe zisenokuba negunya lokukhupha imiqathango ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Ezi nyango zinokuba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukhuseleko, okanye amalungelo karhulumente kwimisebenzi yezothutho.

Umgaqo-siseko kunye noLawulo

Kwezinye iimeko, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokulungisa asikokulungisa kodwa kusisenzo somthetho okanye solawulo. Abaququzeleli bomthetho nabanye abagcini-zikhundla bangacela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele umhlaseli wesithintelo sohlobo oluthile lwetyala okanye imali efanelekileyo yokuhlawula amaqela awonzakeleyo. Bangafuna kwakhona unyango lokulawula ngeebhodi okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abavayo. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zisoloko zicotha kwaye zingaqiniseki kakhulu kunengxelo yenkundla, banganikela uncedo xa ukulingwa kungekho.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yezothutho

Ukuqonda ukukhusela umzimba okulawulayo akuthethi nje ukuba ufanele ulwelwe; kukwanemiphumo esebenzisekayo ekucebeni umsebenzi, ekulawuleni ingozi nasekuxoxiseni ngesivumelwano.

Umngcipheko Wokuthunyelwa Kwelo Ndawo Ne - inshorensi

Xa kufunyanwa amasebe karhulumente, amaqumrhu azimeleyo kufuneka abuhlolisise ngenyameko ubungozi bokuba ukugonyelwa kwenkqubo yezolawulo kuya kuwakhusela ekufumaneni umonakalo kwisiganeko sempikiswano. Obu bungozi kufuneka bufakelwe kwiprojekthi echaphazelekayo, kwaye i-inshorensi efanelekileyo kufuneka ifunyaniswe. Amaqhina omsebenzi, amaqhina, kunye ne-inshorensi yetyala inganika ezinye imithombo zembuyiselo ukuba urhulumente ukhuselekile kwisuti. Ngaphezu koko, abaphathi-mali kufuneka bathethe ngesivumelwano esifuna urhulumente ukuba akhusele imicimbi ethile, nangona abaxhasi be-inshorensitive kufuneka bagunyazwe ngumthetho omthetho.

Ulwandiso Olulungelelaniswayo

Amaziko anxulumene namaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka aquke amalungiselelo acacileyo okusingatha isisombululo sempikiswano, ukhetho lomthetho, kunye nabahlaseli abathintelayo. Xa kunokwenzeka, amaqela kufuneka aquke ibinzana apho urhulumente avumela ngokuphandle ukuba ahambelane ne-fom ekhankanyiweyo. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abameli bawo bangene kwiisivumelwano esiquka abaxhamli abanjalo, kodwa igunya lisenokuba lilinganiselwe. Icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kufuneka lihlolisise isivumelwano ukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na into ethintelayo iyasebenza kwaye inyanzelekile phantsi komthetho worhulumente osebenzayo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje

Umthetho wokhuseleko olulawulayo lwaseburhulumenteni uyaqhubeka uguquka, yaye uneziphene ezininzi eziphawulekayo ezichaphazela ukukhutshwa kwezibonelelo zezithuthi.

Okokuqala, kukho ulwandiso olukhulayo kumgangatho wegunya leBhunga lokukhusela ingqungquthela kwimiqathango ebambeneyo phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinesine. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje ziye zayidityanisa le gunya, zikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abalawuli bazise iimfuno zikarhulumente ezichasene nemithetho. Okwesibini, amanye amazwe andise imiqathango yawo yokuzikhusela kwizinto ezifunekayo, ngoxa amanye anemiqathango eqinileyo ekuphenduleni iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali. Okwesithathu, ukudibana kwento yomzimba wendalo kunye nokuvela kwezobugcisa, njengezithuthi ezizimele kunye nezibonelelo zemali, kuqaliseke imibuzo emitsha esemthethweni. Umzekelo, xa inkqubo yokuzingela i-Roctiverrectory isenzeka, inokwenzeka, i-Fla ebangela ukukhubazeka kwe-mthetho ye-ognethi ye-odvinitence.[1]

Ukongezelela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise umdla ongakumbi wokuchaza imida yokuzikhusela ekuzimeleni kwimida kwimeko yamashishini karhulumente kunye namaqabane kawonke-wonke (P3). Iiprojekthi ezininzi zezothutho zinikezelwa ngeP3s, apho intlangano ezizimeleyo zisebenzisana khona noxanduva loyilo, ulwakhiwo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemisebenzi. Kula malungiselelo, ukuba yeyiphi into efumana ilifa lento ekhusela ukhuseleko lobuso enokuthi ikhutshwe. Iinkundla ezininzi zifikelele kwiziphelo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiqondo lolawulo lombuso kunye nendalo yemisebenzi eyenzekayo. U.S. Isebe lokwakhiwo nqanawa linika ubuncwane kwiprojekthi ye-P3 [FLT]

Ekugqibeleni, indyikitya ye-COVID-19 kunye nokuphazamisana kwetsheyina lokunika okulandelayo kukhokelele kwisambuku sesivumelwano esibandakanya amaqumrhu ezothutho karhulumente. Izindlu ezininzi ziye zafuna imbuyekezo yokulibaziso lweprojekthi kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kuphela ukujamelana nokhuseleko oluphezulu. La matyala avavanya imida yemiqathango ekhoyo yokungangeni nxaxheba kunye nokuvuma kwamazwe ukuhambisana neemeko ezingaqhelekanga.

Ukulungiselela uBuzwini beNtloko kwiZiphendu zeNtloko

Ukhuseleko lwawo olukhusela ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwemeko-bume yezothutho lusangumqobo onamandla. Amasebe karhulumente akhusela iintlobo ezininzi zeentelekelelo, ashiya abathathi-nxaxheba abanokufumana uncedo olulinganiselweyo kwisivumelwano, i-tort, kunye neempikiswano zemeko-bume. Noko ke, imfundiso ayiphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuhlalutywa ngocoselelo olusemthethweni, ukuchazwa kwabaxhasi abachaphazelekayo nabahlukeneyo, nokusetyenziswa kweminye imiqathango esetyenziswayo, kunye nonyango, abacebi bemiqobo banokukwazi ukumelana nomqobo.

Njengoko umthetho uqhubeka ukhula, ukuhlala wazi ngeenguqu kwimfundiso yokhuseleko lwamazwe neyaseburhulumenteni kuya kuba nokugxeka. Enoba kubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, okanye inyathelo lolawulo, ukukwazi ukuqhuba ukhuseleko oluphezulu kungumkhuphiswano ongundoqo kuye nawuphi na osebenza kwicandelo lezethutho. Ngokulindela iingxaki kunye nokuceba ngokufanelekileyo, abaxhasi bemiqathango bangawakhusela amalungelo abo baze bahambisele phambili izilangazelelo zabo kwanaphambi kwale mfundiso inamandla engokwasemthethweni.