Ukumela kwezobupolitika kusisixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi, kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abemi aguqulelwe kwizenzo ezikhoyo. Embilinini yayo, ukumela yinkqubo esetyenziswayo ekubonakaliseni amagosa akhethiweyo kunye nemibutho yolawulo oluphezulu, ixhasa izilangazelelo, iimfuno, kunye nezinto ezithandwayo. Xa umelo lusebenza kakuhle, lunika abantu amandla, iinkokeli zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezibonisa ukulandelelana kwebutho labantu. Kodwa indlela yokumela iziphumo ezisebenzayo izele kukuntsonkotha okubangelwa yimiqobo, ukugqwetha impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela abamele ngayo, imigaqo yezopolitiki encomekayo, kunye nemingeni efuna ukusetyenziswa okungcono. Oku kubangela ukuba abemi basebenze kakuhle, ukuvavanyanisa iintlobo zezo zexesha elizayo, ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko, nokuqwalasela koomatshini, ukukhangela imbono yabo yezopolitiki.

Isiseko Somelo Lwezobupolitika

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikudala ziphikisana ngoko kuthethwa kukumela abanye. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko kuvela kuHanna Pitkin, owachaza imilinganiselo emine yokumela: umelo, umfuziselo, ukuchaza, kunye nokuzichaza. Ezi ntlobo zinceda ekucaciseni iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokunyulwa amagosa anokuthi athetha ngokubhekiselele kwiintlobo zawo. Umelo lobundlobongela lubhekisela kumalungiselelo esizwe.[1] Indlela abameli abagunyazisiweyo nabamele ityala. Umelo olufuziselayo lunxulumene nonxulumano lweemvakalelo kunye nolwengqondo phakathi kommeli nabantu, njengaxa inkokeli ichaza ikratshi lobuzwe. Kodwa ke, ezona ntlobo zimbini zichazweyo ziyachaza kwaye zichaza iziphumo ezincinci, kunye neeziphumo ezicacileyo zenkqubo kunye nokulawula ngedemokhrasi.

Umelo oluquka okubhaliweyo

Ukuchaza okungacacanga kwenzeka xa abameli besebenzisana noothunywashe babo abangundoqo, njengohlanga, ubufanasini, ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yentlalo-ntle. Uqiqa lucacile: ummeli okhangeleka njengawe, uvela kuluntu olufanayo, okanye ujongene nocelomngeni olufanayo olunokuwaqonda kakuhle amava akho obomi. Umzekelo, uphando olusuka kumabhinqa [oookanye nomongameli wokuqala oMnyamakazi weMelika [[FLT: 1] lubonisa ukuba amabhinqa akwimeko efana nawe, ayakwazi ukubeka phambili imiba yonyango, ukunyamekela abantwana, nokuhlawula i-eandleko-aa, njengokuba oko kuchaphazela ngokugqithisyo amabhinqa. Ngokunjalo, unyulo lukaBack Obama njengomongameli wokuqala oMnyama we-United States wabonwa njengomelo oluchaziwe phakathi kwabachaziweyo. Abachasayo abachazi bemi bachaphaze iimeko ezingcono; abathi bathetha ukuba abameli bakho abachaphaza iimbono zezo ezopolitiki abachatshane; kodwa abathe ayaba iimbono ze

Umelo olusezantsi

Umelo olungachananga ludlulela ngaphaya kophawu olwabelweneyo ukuze kujoliswe ingqalelo ekubeni abameli benyani baxhasa ulungiso lwenkqubo yabo. Olu hlobo ludla ngokulinganiswa ngokuhlolisisa iirekhodi zokuvota, ukuxhasa izibhengezo, kunye nomsebenzi wekomiti. Ummeli unokuba ngosabelayo ngaphandle kokwabelana ngeempawu zokuhlala kwabantu kwisithili-stwe (ngokomzekelo, ummisi-mthetho omhlophe oxhasa ukuguquka kwenkqubo yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi ye-Scawa ye-Spenic. Undoqo lulungelelwano phakathi kwezenzo zommeli nezilangazelelo zabantu. Umelo lwangaphakathi kolawulo lwe-Cequlutstan lubaluleke kakhulu ekuphenduleni i-demokhrasi okanye ukusohlwaya okusekelwe kwiziphumo abazinikelayo. Noko ke, kuvela iingxaki xa abameli bexa bexandukile okanye bejamelene ne-ademo yezo zezoburhulumente. I-gropostinent ithembisa kwiphu yezo zezopolitime.

Umelo lomfuziselo

Umelo olungumfuziselo lunxulumene nentsingiselo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwemvakalelo yokuba nabantu abathile eofisini. Xa ilungu loluntu olungadityaniswanga ngokwembali liphumelela unyulo olukhulu, luthumela uphawu olunamandla lokuba inkqubo yezobupolitika ivulekele bonke. Oku kungakhuthaza ukubotshwa kwebutho labantu, ukunyuselwa, ukunyuswa komvoti, nokukhuthaza ingqiqo yokuba bayinxalenye. Umzekelo, unyulo lwamagosa angoonongogxala-mthetho abangoosini lunxulunyaniswe ekunyulweni kwamkelekeni kweLBTT+ amalungelo amakhulu nokuthatha inxaxheba ephezulu phakathi kweLGBTQ+potoote. Ukufuzisela okufuzisela okuko kunzima ukuqululisa, kodwa iziphumo zayo zokwenene. Iinkokeli ezidibanisa amaxabiso okanye imibangolo yeqela lamaqela zinokuxhasa kwana xa inkqubo yokuphumelela. I-panethiyensi ingume ngokufuzisela iininput inst transtivements, ivumela inkqubela phantsi kwemithetho ephambili.

Ubuchule Bokumela

I-ofisi yezobupolitika ayizenzekeli. Ixhomekeke kuthotho lweenkqubo zolawulo kunye nezenzo zobumi ezidibanisa abalawulwa ngurhulumente. Ezi nkqubo ziquka unyulo, ukuphembelela, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuhleni, kunye nokuphendula. Nganye kunendima ecacileyo ekuphembeleleni intsabelo ekhoyo nendlela abameli abahlala ngayo.

UKhetho

Unyulo luyindlela esisiseko abami abakhetha ngayo abameli babo. Kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo kakuhle, abanyanzeli bonyulo abanyanzelekileyo ukuba bachaze iqonga, baphendule kwimfuno yomvoti, kwaye bajongene neziphumo zokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ubuninzi kunye nendlela yokuyila ukhetho. IUnited States yenza unyulo nyaka ngamnye kwiNdlu yabameli, isenza umjikelo omfutshane, ngoxa amanye amazwe esebenzisa amagama amade ukuvumela ulawulo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zikwanokuyiphembelela. I-proportion, esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ithanda ukuvelisa izahlulo ezininzi ezibonisa uluvo olungcono. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngokuchaseneyo, i-epromplate-oserp adla ngokukhokeleleka kwiinkqubo ezimbini kunye nee-adentier ezingaphantsi kosasayo. Ingxoxo ye-Adventierpresethisting inguquance ingudiediance, iin, impikiswano ediod, ngoko i-eagnognotemp asebenza kwingxoxo, ii-

Ukuqhatha Nokukhohlisa

Ngapha koko unyulo, izilangazelelo ezicwangcisiweyo zidlala indima ephambili ekumeleni iinjongo ezithile okanye amaqela. Unxibelelwano olungqalileyo namagosa abo abanyuliweyo kunye nabasebenzi babo ukuphembelela umthetho, imimiselo, okanye izenzo zolawulo. Oku akuyona nto yonakele ngokwemvelo; abaxhasi abaninzi bamela amaqela abantu abanomdla onjengoorhulumente, amaqumrhu asebenza, okanye amaqumrhu angophiyo empilo angenangeniso. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] IZibonelelo zokhuselo-Mfuno-Mkhosi wokhuselo-Mkhosi [[FLT] [[FLT]] [iiiiiiiiiiiiindawo] zenkcurejini yokhuseleko olunamandla lwemeko-bume yemeko-bume. Kodwa, impembelelo engaphandle kwemali kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika nakwezoshishino zezo zezolawulo lwezorhwebo oluthengiso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanini be-omatikelele, abasebenzi bemeko abambalwa, abamele ukuba bangenelele, abanqolane, abanqola-onele yaye abasebenzi

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokufumana Intabalala

Umbutho unika igalelo elithe ngqo lomnye umjelo wezopolitiko obalulekileyo. Umzekelo, izigqibo zequmrhu lesikolo, iikomiti zoluvo loluntu, kunye nee-intanethi ezinika ingxelo yenkcazelo ye-intanethi zivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bachaze inkxalabo yabo nezinto eziza kuqala kubenzi besigqibo. Ezi zixhobo zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela esenokungafaki mithetho yezopolitiko. Umzekelo, izigqibo zequmbhu, iimigaqo-mthetho zesikolo, kunye neziphendulo zokhuseleko lukawonke zisuka kwigalelo oluqhubekayo loluntu. Ukwanda kwezixhobo zoqhagamshelwano kuvule amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba, kubangela abemi bani baphumele kwiinkqubo ezicetyiweyo okanye bathathe inxaxheba ekuphulaphuleni. Noko ke, ukungenelela kwabo ngexesha, oovimba besikolo, oosomashishini, abarhwebi, kunye noosomashishini. Umzamo wokunikela ukunikela iinkonzo zokupapashwa kwabantwana, iinkonzo eziquququququzelelwe kwinkonzo zolawulo, abameli, abamele ukuvalwa.

Indima Yamaqela Anomdla Nemibutho Yokufundisa

Amaqela anomdla asebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwabemi nesizwe, ephazamisana nezinto ezifunwa ngabantu ngabanye. Angamela amacandelo ezoqoqosho (iindawo zorhwebo, urhwebo), iziphumo zentlalo (amaqela alwela amalungelo eemeko-bume, abameli bemeko entle), okanye amaqela obugcisa (amaqumrhu eenkqubo yezempilo, ibhari). Imisebenzi yawo idlulela ngapha nangapha kokukhuthaza ukuquka amaphulo emfundo kawonke wonke, ukuququzelelana okusemthethweni, ukuquququzelela i-alisa i-mali, kunye nokukhuthaza unyulo olusemthethweni. Umzekelo, i-American Liberérious (ACLU) isebenzisa ukukhuthaza inkululeko yamakhaya, ngoxa i-AARP ixhasa ukukhuthulwa kokhuseleko olunjengokhuseleko noncedo lwezenyulu, i-Medicane. Amaqela amaqela afumana inkxaso-mali eqeqeshineyo, afumana imvume eluncedo, afumana imvume yokuxhasa inkxaso eenza inkxaso yemali, amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela afumana i-octive

Ucelomngeni Lokumela Umfanekiso Onempumelelo

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo zedemokhrasi emela abameli, imiqobo emininzi ithintela abemi ukuba bangayikhuthazi ngokupheleleyo iminqweno yabo.

Ukunganeliseki Nokucinywa

Amalungu abalulekileyo abemi asakhutshwa kwinkqubo yokumela. Amazwe amaninzi athenjiswa ulawulo kwimithetho ye-ovential kumazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. azisalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa zizigidi zabemi ekuvoteni, okuchaphazela ngokuchaphazekileyo abantu abantsundu kunye nabakwimimandla yamaSpeyin. Iimfuno ze-ID eziziko, ezisikelweyo, ezisikelweyo kwiindawo zokuvota kwimimandla ephantsi, kunye nemiqobo yokubhalisa ukurhoxaba. Ngaphandle kwe-United States, amabhinqa akwamanye amazwe akakawafuni amalungelo okuvota, kunye nohlanga okanye iinguqu-luvo zobuso. Xa amaqela amakhulu engenakuvota, izilangazelelo zawo azinakali zimele zimele zimelwe zimelwe. Kwana abo bangavota, iimvakalelo zokunga kunye nokungathembanakukhokelela ekurhoxelweni kweminyaziso kwezobupolitika yezopolitiko. Utshintsho olulolo lwevotilo-voti, ukubuyiselwa kobuvoti, ukurhoxiswa kobuhlanga oluzimeleyo, kunye nokuzingezwa kobuhlanga oluziweyo oluzigosayo.

Impembelelo Yemali Kwezobupolitika

Iintlawulo zifuna inkxaso epheleleyo, kwaye imithombo yaloo mali ingakhupha umelo olupheleleyo kubafuyi. EUnited States, iSinyuko seNkundla ePhakamileyo sisemgangathweni sivulele ucango kwimiba ephambili yengingqi kunye nokuchitha imali yezopolitiko. Ngokutsho kwe- izifundo ze-marks zamaqela amnyama ngoku zeGilles nephepha , izikhulu zezoqoqosho nezilangazelelo zezezoshishino zezentengiso zezemali zinokufumana iziphumo ezithe kratya kwi-uni eninzi. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, i-intelligente ezitheyo nentengiselwano zemali ezilungeleyo zezentengiselwano zemali ezikhoyo zinegalelo kakhulu kwi-US.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lweengcamango phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika luphazamisa ukumela okuphumelelayo. Xa abameli bejonga ukulalanisa njengesambuku, baba bakulungele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimbono ezigqwethekileyo zeziqu zabo. Isithili esineentloko eziphezulu, ezenza izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zomngxube, ezithe zagquma izalathisi ekuvotelweni kwe-evoti. Endaweni yokumela umvoti-manyeneyo, abalawuli abalungiselela isiseko seqela. I-Polarizationsting bakwahlisa ukukholo kumacandelo . Ingxoxo yengingqi kunye ne-aluexfreaux zinokukwahlula i-ngqungquthelane.

Ukungakhathali nokuhamba okusezantsi

Xa abemi bengavoti, izilangazelelo zabo zibonakaliswa ngokungagqibekanga. I-United States ihlala ihleli emva kwamanye amazwe aphucukileyo ekuvoteni, ingakumbi phakathi kwexesha kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Izizathu ziquka ubunzima bokubhalisa, ukungahlawulwa kwekhefu lokuvota, nengqiqo yokuba ukuvota kukabani akukhathali. Ukungajongwa komntu kuthambeki kuthanda ukuba nomelo olude kumntu omdala, omhlophe, abavoti abaphezulu abathatha inxaxheba kwimigangatho ephezulu. Abantu abaselula, abafumana abantu abaphantsi, nabangenayo imibala abaphumiyo ekuvoteni. Ukwenza unyulo lweholide, ukuphumeza ubhaliso olufanayo, ukwandisa ubhaliso-ncwadi olunyuliweyo, kunye nokwandisa ukwandisa iposi kuboniswe ukunyuswa. Iinkqubo zemfundo ezifundisa ngokubaluleka kokuvota kunye nokuququququzelwa korhulumente.

Amagunya Okugunyazisa Umelo Lwezobupolitika

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, kukho amanyathelo acacileyo abemi, abenzi bezomthetho, nabaxhasi bezopolitiko abanokuwathatha ukuze bomeleze imelo.

Imfundo yezakhono kunye nonikezelo

Abavoti abanolwazi benza ukhetho olungcono. Amanyathelo emfundo achaza iindima zee-ofisi ezahlukeneyo, ukuma kwabathathi-nxaxheba, kunye neziphumo zemilinganiselo yebhola ezinceda abemi ukuba babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kunokuba babe ngababukeli abangasebenziyo. Iintlangano ezifana noManyano lwaMabhinqa Voters[ zinikela izikhokelo ezingezozobupartis kunye nabavotisi. Izikolo zingadibanisa iiklasi eziquka iimfaniso zeenkqubo zomthetho. Iinkqubo zokufunda ukubhalisa ii-CD zomthetho zinceda uvotapo ukuvavanya izibhengezo kunye nokukhangela intengiso zezobupolitiki. Xa abavoti-zi befundiswa, badla ngokujika baze baphendule baze baphendule abaphathi-mali ngezenzo zabo.

Uyilo lwenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo oluqulunqiweyo

Umelo lunganyuswa ngokhetho lwemigaqo eqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi ahlukeneyo akhona ekwenzeni iziqu. Iiyunithi ezigcinelwe abantu abambalwa, kunye neenkqubo zoqingqo-mali zokwahlukana ziyimizekelo. Amanye amazwe, njengoRwanda, afikelele kufutshane kumelo lwepalamente ngemiyalelo yomgaqo-siseko. Koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, iindibano zabemi ezikhethwe ngelottery (umbutho) zingabangela abantu abaqhelekileyo bacinge ngemibandela ethile. Ezi nkqubo azithathi zithathe indawo yokunyulwa kodwa zongezelele kulo, ziqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezidibaniselwa phantsi zidityanisiwe. Abagxeki baxhalana ngobuchule nokufaneleka komgaqo-mthetho-siseko, kodwa iinkqubo zomqhubi wenqwelo moya kwiindawo ezifana neParis neIreland zibonise iziphumo eziqinisekisa iziphumo.

Iphulo Lokuzitshintshwa Kwemali

Ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kufuna utshintsho lwenkqubo. Iinkqubo zezezimali zikawonke-wonke, apho abatshayeli befumana imali engqinelanayo yemirhumo emincinci, bakhuthaza ukuxhomekeka kwinkxaso esekelwe kumgangatho obanzi kunokuba zizityebi. INgxowa-mali yePhosa leeNkcukacha zoNqulo loMlawuli woLawulo, nangona ngoku iphantsi kwemiqathango, abathe bavunyelwa ukuba bahambe ngemali engqinelanayo yemali karhulumente. Kumgangatho karhulumente, iinkqubo kwiSixeko saseNew York kunye neSeattle zibonise ukuba iimali ezincinci ezihambelanayo zinokuyifaka inkxaso yemali kwaye zandise inani labathengiselwayo abasuka phantsi kweemvelaphi ezikhoyo. IDishoreyifireyidisko yazo zonke iindleko zezobupolitika, kuquka nemali ezimnyama, zibalulekile kurhulumente abazama ukuphembelela abasemaburhulumenteni babo abanyukisi. Ukurhoxiweyo kuya kufuna umgudu omkhulu we-Aventiki ye-United

Ubuxhakaxhaka bezobugcisa kunye nobandakanyeko lwamanani

Ubugcisa bunika amaziko amatsha okudibanisa abemi nabameli babo. Ii-clupt zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba balandele indlela amalungu abo eKhomishini yokuvota, bafake amagqabaza ngomthetho, okanye bathabathe inxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophana ezisisigxina. Ii-Apps ezifana ne-Countived okanye Uvula iStiold Aggreate data yomthetho we-data yomthetho. Ezinye izixeko zisebenzisa iiwebhsayithi zoqingqo-mali apho abemi banikezela ngemali elulayo kwimisebenzi yoluntu. Noko ke, amanani ahlukene ngokuziiiiiindawo/abo abangenayo i-Internet okanye amanani amanani asenokuba ashiywe. Ukudibanisa i-intanethi kunye nokudibana kwe-oknjm, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okubanzi. Ii-blotchain-insi ezisekelwe ekuvocinyweni ngokusemthethweni kuvavanywa ukhuseleko, nangona behlala bephikisana nokhetho lobucukuphenduku, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa, ukutshintsha konxibelelwano lwabantu.

Isiphelo

Ukumela kwezobupolitika asiyonkqubo emileyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo, ubungangamsha, nokuziphendulela. Kufuna abemi abakhutheleyo abafuna ukuviwa, abameli abaphulaphulayo nabathatha inyathelo, kunye namaqumrhu akhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ngoxa begada ukubanjwa zizinto ezinamandla. Imingeni “‘ yokuthintela, imali kwezobupolitika, ukuqhatha, ukungakhathali, //ukungakhathali, kodwa akukhona okungenalusini. Umjikelezo ngamnye wonyulo, ndlebe nganye kawonke-wonke, umnxeba ngamnye womenzi wemfono-mfono lithuba lokulungisa indlela intsingiselo yenjongo yakho exhaswa ngayo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yokumela nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, unokuba luncedo ekusebenzeni ngokwenene kumntu wonke.