Ukusabela kwintlekele kungunobangela obalulekileyo wolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka, yaye ukuqonda indlela amanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente alungelelaniswa ngayo ngethuba leengxaki kusinika izifundo ezibalulekileyo ukuze sinyamezele. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa uhlolisiso oluninzi oluye lwenziwa kwiziganeko ezichaphazela intlekele kwiimeko ezininzi, lihlolisisa iindima ezahlukeneyo zamasebe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente norhulumente, iingxaki abajamelana nazo, nezenzo ezincothulayo eziphuma kwisiganeko ngasinye.

Ukuqonda Izinga Lendlela Yokusabela Kwintlekele

Ukusabela kwintlekele eUnited States kusebenza kwisakhiwo esineentlobo ezininzi ezakhelwe kumgaqo wobuncinci: owona mgangatho usezantsi onako karhulumente uthatha isikhokelo de ubuncwane bawo bonganyelwe. Amaqondo amathathu angundoqo (ukuya kwindawo ethile, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente) azisa amagunya athile, ubuchule, kunye nezithintelo kungxamiseko. Ukusabela okusebenzayo kuxhomekeke kulungelelwaniso olungenaminxeba kunye nemigca ecacileyo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zinhlu.

Umgangatho Wasekuhlaleni: Ilayini Engaphambili Yempendulo

Amaziko oluntu, kuquka amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko (EMS), kunye nee-ofisi zoluntu zoncedo lwasekuhlaleni, zisoloko zingowonakuqala ukufika kwindawo yentlekele. Ziqhuba ukuphendla nokuhlangula, zinika ingqwalasela yongxamiseko, zimisela umyalelo wesiganeko, ziqalise nokuqalisa ukufuduka. Ngenxa yokuba zisebenzisa inkqubo yesizwe eqhelekileyo kunye nee-globesss, abaphendulayo bangenza ngokukhawuleza, kodwa basengozini enkulu yokuchatshazelwa yintlekele ngokwabo ngokwabo. Abasebenzi, izixhobo, kunye nokunikezela ngemiqathango yoncedo basoloko bebonakala kwiiyure zokuqala. Ulawulo lwesizwe oluqhelekileyo (NSIMS) kunye noqeqesho olusebenzayo lwenkqubo (FLTS) ICPFFF: [FF]]

Umgangatho weRhulumente: Umanyano kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwezibonelelo

Oorhulumente basebenza njengebrorho ebalulekileyo phakathi kwemigudu yobulali neyorhulumente. Xa intlekele isongamela amandla obuchule basekuhlaleni, irhuluneli ingavakalisa urhulumente wongxamiseko, ogunyazisa ukusebenzisa imali karhulumente, uvuselele iziko lemisebenzi yongxamiseko yombuso (EOC), kwaye iququzelela amasebe karhulumente afana ne-National Guard, amapolisa, kunye namasebe ezothutho kunye nezempilo. Amazwe ayakwazi ukuphatha izivumelwano zoncedo kunye ngenkxaso [iiindawo yolawulo lombuso] i-Umbangoo-MALI-MALI (EMAC)[FLT], ewavumela ukuba acele abasebenzi nezixhobo ezisuka kwamanye amazwe. Isebe lesizwe lisebenzisa indima ephambili yokulungele ukulungele ukunceda, ukulondoloza inkxaso nokuxhasa okungena koorhulumente boorhulumente belodwa.

Umgangatho womanyano: Ukumiswa kwasemva kunye nomkhosi wobuninzi bomkhosi

Urhulumente wengingqi, ngokuyintloko nge- I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ingena xa intlekele idlula urhulumente kunye nomthamo wasekuhlaleni. Isibhengezo se-stafford esisuka kuMongameli sivula uncedo lwamazwe, kuquka uncedo oluthe ngqo, ukuhlawulelwa kwentengiso, kunye nokunikezelwa kwempahla yengingqi efana nophendlo lwedolophu, kunye noncedo lwemisebenzi ye-okthoba, i-okanye ne-okthenti ye-oktroli, i-Oxmoc, kunye ne-otheko yomkhosi. FMA idityaniswa namanye amaqabane asekuhlaleni anjenge [[FLT] [FFOFO:] kunye noncedo lwemocrences , u-Foctive .[5]

Isifundo Sesi - 1: Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005) – Isiphekepheke

Inkanyamba uKatrina iseyeyona nto ingazange iphumelele kwimbali yaseUnited States. Ukuhla komhlaba ngoAgasti 29, 2005, njengesichotho seSithilike sesithathu, uKatrina wabangela ukudumba okuyintlekele nokungaphumeleli kwemibhobho eNew Orleans, washiya amakhulu amawaka abantu ebulala abantu abangaphezu kwama - 1 800.

Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni

Isixeko saseNew Orleans kunye neepolitiki ezingqonge iphondo zakhawuleza zathinjwa. ISebe lamapolisa laseNew Orleans laphulukana neenkqubo zonxibelelwano, yaye amagosa amaninzi ashiya iindawo zawo. Icebo lokufuduka kwesixeko laxhomekeka kakhulu kwiimoto zangabodwa, lishiya abantu bengenazinqwelo-mafutha bephelelwe lithemba. Imigudu yokuhlangula yaqhutywa ngamaqela ahlala phantsi namadoda aphendulayo asebenzisa amaphenyane azimeleyo, kodwa umanyano lwawo lwangahambi kunye noncedo lwasekuhlaleni lwasebungozi lwalungalungiselelangakho ubuncwane bokulawula umlinganiselo wentlekele. Njengoko amanzi enzongonyaka anyuka, iSuperdome neConvenation Center ibe ngamakhubaltys agcina ezinto zokukhetha ukutya okungatyiki, amanzi, nocothanga ucotha.

Impendulo kaRhulumente

IRhuluneli yaseLouisiana uKathleen Blanco yavakalisa urhulumente wongxamiseko ngaphambi kokuba kufike isihla, kodwa urhulumente wajamelana neengxaki ezimandundu. ULouisiana National Guard yathunyelwa, kodwa amaqela amaninzi ayesele ehleli e-Iraq, enciphisa amandla akhoyo onxibelelwano. Ukungaphumeleli konxibelelwano phakathi korhulumente we-EOC namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni kwalibazisela ekunikezelweni kwezinto. Isicelo sikarhulumente soncedo lukarhulumente sasicothanga ukuzalisekiswa, kwaye ukuma kwerhuqa ukuva ngokupheleleyo umyalelo kurhulumente walapho kwabangela uxanduva. Urhulumente wakwano bunzima bocwangciso lwe-omatshini bokufuduka nokuzimela, njengoko amalungiselelo angaphambi kokuphuma kwe-distero ayengazange achaze ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo kwe-leves.

Ukuphendula komanyano

Impendulo karhulumente phantsi kwe-FEMA yagxekwa ngokubanzi njengecothayo, ehlulweyo, kunye ne-bureaucratic. [FEMA Umlawuli Michael Brown waba ngumqondiso wokungasebenzi kakuhle emva kokuxelela abacholacholi beendaba ukuba isebe lisandul'ukufunda ngeemeko zeConvention Center iintsuku emva kwesichotho. ISebe le Homeland Security, elasandul' ukudalwa emva kwe 9/11, aliphumelelanga ukudibanisa amaziko alo angundoqo ngokunempumelelo. [[FLT:].S.Guarder. liqhubele iingqimba zohlangulo, kodwa umgudu worhulumente wonke wathintelwa kukungabikho kwemiqatha, ulawulo olungenayo, ulawulo olufanelekileyo nolawulo olufanelekileyo, kunye nokungaphumelela kobunjani bonikezelo lwemeko. Uphando olulandelayo luye lwaphambili kwimposiso yengozi, kuquka nokuphendula kwe-Foctive-Forn-Fod ReinstmentalGenet]

Isifundo esingundoqo: Iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano ezicacileyo, ulwahlulo lwangaphambili lwempahla yelizwe, kunye nesakhiwo somyalelo esidityanisiweyo siyimfuneko.

Isifundo Sesi 2: Imililo YaseKhalifoniya (208) – Ukuhlasela Okulungelelanisiweyo

Ngo-2018, iKhalifoniya yafumana ixesha elitshayo elininzi nelitshabalalisayo ngelo xesha, ide yafikelela kwincopho yeKampu yomlilo (Novemba) eyatshabalalisa idolophu yaseParadisi yaza yabulala abantu abangama-85. Ukuphendula kwabonisa ukuba intsebenziswano iyasebenza kwaye inyanzelekile ukuba abantu bangabi nakusebenza kakuhle kwingingqi yasendle.

Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni

Amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, kuquka iCal Fire (umncedisi wokulwa umlilo karhulumente), waqala ekhondweni. Umlilo weKampu wadubula ngenxa yembalela, imimoya ephezulu, nezinto zokubasa ezomileyo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabaphathi bongxamiseko basekuhlaleni baphumeza imiyalelo yokufuduka, kodwa isantya somlilo ogqithileyo kwisixokelelwano sokulumkisa. Abanye abemi abazange bafumane saziso esisemthethweni sokukhulula umlilo yaye kwafuneka babaleke ngeenyawo. I-ofisi ye-Butte County Sheriffiff isebenzisa ukubuyisela iimfonomfono, kodwa iinqaba ezininzi zeseli aziphumelelangaboni. Phezu kwayo nje le mingeni, abasebenzi basekuhlaleni basindisa amawakawaka obomi, yaye emva kokuba besabele iziphumo zibalase isaziso sokusabela komntu wokuqala.

Impendulo kaRhulumente

IRhuluneli uJerry Brown yavakalisa imeko yongxamiseko yaza yanika uKhuselo loMkhosi woMkhosi wesizwe, owanika inkxaso yomoya, uphengululo kunye namaqela oncedo, kunye neenkqubo zophando. I-Ofisi yase-California yeeNkonzo ze-Emergency (Cal OES) yanxibelelana ngoncedo olusuka kumasebe omlilo ngaphaya kombuso kwaye yathumela izibonelelo ezivela kwi ICalilifornia Umlilo kunye nohlangulo Inkqubo yeMisebenzi yoncedo [[FLTLT:1]. Urhulumente wasebenzisa iinkonzo zayo ezixelwe kwangaphambili kunye nemifanekiso yesatellite ukuze alandele indlela yokuziphatha. Noko ke, inani elipheleleyo lomlilo okhutshwa ngexesha elinye, lityhila ukuba nemeko olulungele ukulungiselwa kakuhle lungatshiswa ngemozulu ye-megamitshi.

Ukuphendula komanyano

I-FEMA Evunyiweyo yolawulo lomlilo Inkxaso-mali yoMsebenzi womlilo (FMAGs) ngeyure ezi-75% zamaxabiso okucinezelwa komlilo. Inkonzo yeFLT:0.U.S. Inkonzo yaseHlale yathumela ezinye iinqanawa zokuthutha ipetroyile kunye nabasebenzi bezandla, kunye ne-Motional Mostal Moyeal Service [ Inkonzo ye-FONTS] efunekayo yokuphelisa umlilo. Impendulo karhulumente yanconywa ngesantya nangentsebenziswano, ngokukodwa u-Katrina. Kodwa, isigaba sokubuyela esibalalisiweyo: ukufika okusezantsi kunye nabafeli abakhulileyo bazama ukufikelela kuncedo lwe-FEMA, kunye ne-inshorensiveslance. Umbalo olufuna ukuxhasa ulawulo lwezwelonke kodwa ngexesha elide nokuvuselelwa.

Isifundo esingundoqo: Iinkqubo zoncedo olukhoyo lwangaphambili kunye nobuchule bokuxela imozulu bokongeza impendulo, kodwa ulungiso loluntu kunye nezicwangciso zobugoci ziyingozi ngokulinganayo.[[FLT: 1]

Isifundo setyala 3: COVID-19 Pandemic (2016-2022) – Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lwesizwe lonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sasingafani nayo nayiphi na intlekele kwimbali yanamhlanje, ichaphazela nayiphi na inqanaba lorhulumente ngexesha elinye kwaye iqhubeke iminyaka. Ukuphendula kwabonisa imida yendlela yokusabela kwintlekele eyenzelwe ukubukhali, imo yezulu yayineziganeko xa ijongene nengxaki yempilo yoluntu ehlala ixesha elide.

Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni aba ngabenzi bovavanyo, abanonxibelelwano, kunye namaphulo okugonya. Amaziko kunye namashishini akhupha izigunyaziso zokugquma amasigqubuthelo, izikolo kunye namashishini, kunye nokuseka izibhedlele zokwexeshana. Noko ke, ubuchule basekuhlaleni bahlukene ngokubanzi: amasebe athenjiweyo kwimimandla yasedolophini aphumelela, ngoxa amaphandle kunye namasebe aphantsi kwemiqathango azama. Ukuthembela kwisenzo sasekuhlaleni kwakhokelela kwimiqathango edidayo yokuthobela uluntu nentsonkothe. Amagosa amaninzi asekuhlaleni akwakwayane nezopolitiko kunye neziso ezibonisa uxinzeko lwemeko zongxamiseko.

Impendulo kaRhulumente

Abalawuli belizwe babenegunya elibalulekileyo, ukukhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhaya, ukuphatha izibhedlele, nokuhambisa izixhobo zokhuseleko zobuqu (PPE) kunye nemithi yokugonya. Amanye amazwe, njenge New York neKhalifoniya, asebenza ngonyamezelo kwangoko; amanye alibala, ekhokelela ekuntluleni kweziphumo ezingaqhelekanga. Ugadal wabekwa ukuxhasa iindawo zokuvavanya, izibhedlele, kwaye kamva uncedise ngezixhobo zokugoma. Amazwe nawo akhuphisana nenye norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhwebo oluncinci, ukubhexeka ubuthathaka kumxokelelwano wesizwe. Ukungabikho kwencwadi yokudlala yenqanaba elihlangeneyo yemeko yezopolitime ethetha ukuba ipropixeshini nganye, neziphumo ezidityani.

Ukuphendula komanyano

Impendulo karhulumente yaqala yaphoxeka. Ukuvavanya ukuphuhliswa kwazinziswa, kwaye amaziko okuqala ovavanyo lweCDC ayenengxaki. Ulawulo lwe-Trump [ lwacela [[FLT:] i-Defense Production Active Act [ ukukhawulezisa ukuvelisa izithinteli kunye ne-PPPE, kodwa ukusasaza kwagxekwa kwathiwa njengokuphenjelelwa ngokwezobupolitika. Isantya somsebenzi sazisa izitomivo ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo kwixesha elibhaliweyo, ukuphumelela okukhulu korhulumente. IFEMAM ixhasa izikhundla zokugobo, kunye noncedo oluthe kratya lwemeko oluphambili.[FLTFFLD:4][FLD] ikhuphiwe izikhokelo ezidityayo ngeliyonganye imiyalelo.[FLD:5]

Isifundo esingundoqo: iingozi zoluntu zifuna amagunya azinikeleyo, ukwanda kwamandla empilo, kunye necebo lesizwe elilungelelanisiweyo elihlonela ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa kuqinisekiswe ukungaguquguquki.

Isifundo Setyala 4: Inkanyamba uHarvey (2017) – Amandla Okuncedana Nokuzinikela

Inkanyamba iHarvey yavala iTexas ngoAgasti 2017, ilahla imvula engaphezu kwee-isentimitha ezingama - 40 kwezinye iindawo yaye yabangela iimpuphuma ezitshabalalisayo eHouston naselunxwemeni. Abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu bafa, yaye umonakalo wangaphezu kweedola ezingama - 25 amawaka ezigidi (R1,43,43,43,43,5 amawaka ezigidi).

Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni

Abaphendula kuqala baseHouston baqhuba amawaka okuhlangula amanzi, ngokufuthi besebenzisa iimoto zamanzi aphezulu kunye nezikhephe ezinikelwe ngabemi bodwa. Esi sixeko savuselela iziko lemisebenzi yexesha likaxakeka, kodwa izantyalantyala zemvula ezikhawulezayo ezigqugqisileyo kwaye zashiya abantu abaninzi bephelelwe lithemba. Isithili sesikolo sasekuhlaleni savula iindawo zokuhlala, kwaye u-“Cajun Navy” [ umgangatho wokuzithandela we-"flotilla wabaqhubi beenqanawa ezihamba ngenqanawa ezingekho mthethweni] waba ngumqondiso woko lwengingqi. Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni kwabonisa ukuba ukukhulula, i-'injini ye-hod'i-'i-'iii-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-Active'.[FLT] [iiinjini yenqanawa'injini'iiiinqanawa'i-omatil'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Impendulo kaRhulumente

IRhuluneli yaseTexas uGreg Abbott wahlanganisa lonke umkhosi wesizwe waseTexas, wathumela amaqela okuhlangula akhawulezayo, wadibanisa neSebe leTexas loLawulo lwexesha loMngcipheko. Ilizwe lasebenzisa i-Texas I-Intrastatic Fire Service Sy [ ukuzisa kumasebe omlilo avela kwezinye iindawo. ITexas yandisa ubuchule bokukhusela kwaye yamisa uMsebenzi weMsebenzi kaRhulumente eAustin ukuphatha izicelo zoovimba. Umbuso wazisa izifundo zobundlobongela phambili, ngezifundo ze-Admouse, zanconywa ngokubanziswa kakhulu.

Ukuphendula komanyano

I-FEMA ebekwe phambi kwezixhobo nabasebenzi phambi kokuba kuwiswe isihla, ifunda ngokungaphumeleli kukaKatrina. Umbutho wasebenza ngokusondeleyo norhulumente, kwaye uMongameli uTrump wasayina izibhengezo ezininzi zentlekele ngokukhawuleza. Umkhosi waBaqhubi base-U.S. wakwazi ukulawula isikhukula kwaye kamva wancediswa ngokususwa komgqomo. Noko ke, ukuchachacha kwathatha iminyaka, kwaye iintsapho ezininzi ezifunyenweyo zazama ngamandla ukuqhuba inkqubo yoncedo lwe-FEMA. Isichotho saphinda sagxininisa ukungakwazi kwe-Imfirensi kazwelothuthi yeSizwe, nto eyakhokelela ekuguquleni iziphumo.

Isifundo esingundoqo: ukumiselwa kovimba kwangaphambili kunye nolwamkelo lweenkqubo zamatsha - ntliziyo zingayiphucula ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo, kodwa ukuchacha kufuneke lunikezelo oluxhaswe ngurhulumente.

Izifundo Eziye Zafundwa Kwiimpendulo Zeengxaki

Ngaphaya kwezi zifundo zoonobumba zine, kuvela imixholo emininzi ephindaphindwayo enokukhokela inkqubo yexesha elizayo, uqeqesho, kunye notyalo-mali:

  • Ukulungela yinkqubo eqhubekekayo, asiyosiganeko. Lonke umgangatho karhulumente kufuneka uqhube ingqeqesho, izicwangciso zokuhlaziya, kunye nokuzibophelela kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi phambi kokuba kufike intlekele. UKatrina noHarvey zombini zibonisa ukuba izinto ezibekwe kwangaphambili zisindisa ubomi.
  • Ukudibana kunye nokusebenzisana kungumqolo wempendulo. Ukungaphumeleli kukaKatrina kunye nokungasabeli kwasekuqaleni kwe-COVID-19 kwavela kumasebe angqubanayo kunye nemiyalezo engqubanayo. I-NIMS ne-ICS zinikezela ngesakhiwo, kodwa umanyano lokwenene lufuna ukuthembana kunye nokuqonda iimeko.
  • Ukukwazi ukumelana nokuzibhokoxa kuyimfuneko. Ukwehla komlilo kweKampu kunye nesifo seCOVID-19 sobude bobude bobude bobabini bafuna ukuba abaphendulayo balungise izicwangciso ngexesha lokwenene. Imithetho elandelwayo ye-Rigid ingathintela kunokunceda.
  • ukulingana makukhelwe kwimpendulo nochacha. uluntu olufumanayo, abantu abanombala, nabakhulileyo bachaphazeleka ngokungenakulinganiswa kwaye bajongene nemiqobo emikhulu ekufumaneni uncedo. Ukufikelela okujoliswe ngaphandle kunye neenkqubo zoncedo olulula ziyimfuneko.
  • [[Uncedo loMsebenzi: 0] kunye nomanyano lukawonke-wonke lwezibonelelo zokwandisa. EMAC, umkhosi wamanzi weCajun, kunye nokubonelela ngenkampani ekhoyo konke kwabonisa ukuba akukho mgangatho umnye karhulumente onokukwenza oku yedwa. Ukuyila olu lwalamano phambi kokuba inkxwaleko iphumeze indleko.
  • Utshintsho lwe- oluya lusenza intlekele ibonakale. imililo yequbuliso, iinkanyamba, kunye nezifo ezimandundu ziya zisiba zizinto ezisoloko zikho kwaye zibe mbi. Iiseko zokuphendula maziguquke zilindele intabalala neziganeko ezitsha.

Isiphelo

Kulo mazwana iziphumo zentlekele kuqwalaselwa ngokuntsonkothileyo kwemigudu yabantu, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Uphando lwemeko yeNqwithela uKatrina, imililo yequbula, indyikitya yeCHOID-19, kunye neSitshingitshane iHarvey ityhila amandla okusebenzisana okungaqhelekanga kunye nobungozi bokungacwangciswanga. Ngokufunda ezi ziganeko, iingqweletshetshe kodwa ulawulo luye lunciphile. Kumgangatho wesizwe, oomatshini bokulungelelanisa intlalo-ntle kufuneka bakhawuleze bakhawuleze basebenzise isantya kunye nomlinganiselo ophakathi, kufuneka balungelelaniswe ngokuhlonelwa kwegunya nolawulo nemfuno. Ngokufunda ezi ziganeko zabo zokungaphumeleli kwabo, inkqubo yemithetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, kunye nabantu bayakwazi ukwakha iinkqubo ezinamandla ukwenzela iingxaki ezingaphambili.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi FEMA's elula.gov izikhokelo ezilungiselweyo, iziko leCD:2]CDC kwiCwangciso kunye neNkqutyana, kunye neNOA’s ukhuseleko olukhuselekileyo . Izifundo ezikwezi ntlekele azikho nje ngokwembali/iiplani zokusinda ngexesha lomngcipheko onyukayo.