IsiHlamli Seshumi Eline: Isiseko SoMthetho Nobulungisa BaseMerika

UMthetho-nkqubo we-14th Amendment ligumbi lesiseko lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ngokusisiseko elibumba indlela eyakhiwe ngayo, etolikwa ngayo, kwaye enyanzeliswa ngayo kubo bonke abemi.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Ukuzalwa KoMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemigunyathi We - 14

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine samkelwa ngoJulayi 9, 1868, njengenye yeziHlaziyo zoQokelela uLawulo lwaMazwe emva kweMfazwe Yamakhaya. Injongo yaso ephambili yayikukuthetha ngokusemthethweni ngemeko yamaMerika aseAfrika asandul'ukukhululwa nokuphelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho edluliselwe ngamazwe aseMazantsi, eyaziwa ngokuba yiMithetho eBlack. Le mithetho yayifuna ukumisela amalungelo amakhoboka akhululiweyo, yaye ukulungiswa kwenzelwe ukuphelisa ubumi bawo nokumisela ingcaciso olucacileyo.

Ukulungisa yayiyimpendulo ngqo kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yo1857 uDred Scott v. Sandford, eyayikholelwa ukuba ama-Afrika ase-U.S. ngokusibhukuqa eso sigqibo, uMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine wamisela umgangatho omtsha wokulinganisa namalungelo abantu. Abaququzeli bawo, kuquka amanani anempembelelo njengoMmeli uJohn Bingham waseOhio, enenjongo yokuyila ubumi bobumi besizwe obungenakukhanyelwa.

Ulungiso lunamacandelo amahlanu, kodwa awona anegalelo kakhulu ngalawo okuqala: i-Cintuty Claus, i-Adry Processom Claus, kunye ne-Cemetic Protection Clause. La malungiselelo aye aba sisiseko seengxaki ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni kwaye aye andisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngaphezu koko kwakujongwa ngaphambili.

Oyena Mxholo WoMthetho - ngqangi We - 14

Ummi UClaus

ISizwe uClaus, esifumaneka kwisigwebo sokuqala seCandelo 1, sithi: "Bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abadalwe eUnited States, kwaye bephantsi kwegunya labo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho bahlala khona. Eli binzana limisele ubuzibulo, elithetha ukuba nabani na ozalelwe e-U.S. ngokuzenzekelayo uba ngummi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abazali babo bakwindawo ephezulu. Lo mgaqo wawuqinisekiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo eUnited States v. Wong Kim Ark [1898], eyayisithi nabani na ozalelwe eU.S.

Ukuba ngummi wesizwe ngokufanelekileyo kuseyinkalo ecacileyo yomthetho waseMerika, nangona ibiyingxoxo yezobupolitika. Le ngxelo ikwaqinisekisa ukuba ubumi abunakupheliswa ngokuzenzekelayo, nto leyo enika isiseko esizinzileyo samalungelo neembopheleleko zasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubela KaClaus

IThe Baute Process Claus ifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Kwaye naliphi na iLizwe liya kumhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli lungiselelo lineentsingiselo ezimbini ezahlukileyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokususa ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokuphawula, ukuva, nethuba lokuzikhusela enkundleni. Umzekelo, kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokulungileyo, ukumeliswa okusemthethweni, nokuzikhusela ekuziboneleni.

Kwelinye icala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba i-proceded soucinezeleko lukhona. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa le ngcamango ukukhusela amalungelo afana nomtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nozimele mzimba. Iimeko zokuphawula izinto ezifana Roe v. Wade [777]] kunye bergefell v. Hodges (20) zixhomekeke kwinkqubo encinci efunekayo yokwazi ukuqhomfa nokunga kunye nomtshato osuk'othe-ex, ngokulandelelanayo.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Unimeal Protection Claus ivakalisa oku: "Kungekhona ukukhanyela nakuwuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho." Eli binzana lifuna ukuba kubekho imithetho yokuphatha bonke abantu kwiimeko ezifanayo. Sisixhobo esinamandla esichasene nocalucalulo, enoba sisekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, okanye ezinye izigaba. INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeka kulwahlulo, ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo ubufana, kunye nokuhlola ngokusekelwe kwezinye iindidi ezininzi.

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa okudumileyo kwe-Unimable Protection Clause Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), eyabulala ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Igalelo liye laba semgangathweni kwiimeko ezibandakanya uvumo lwesenzo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nocalulo lwesini, olunje Reed[197], olwalela ukwahlukana okuneentloko yelungu lobuhlanga kwimicimbi yempatho.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho

Ukwenza imithetho yomanyano kumgangatho wesizwe

Inkqubo yokwenza imithetho karhulumente ichazwe kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko, kodwa uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uye wayiphembelela kakhulu indlela iCongress kunye nemithetho-siseko yamazwe asebenzisa ngayo amandla. Uhambo lwetyala luqala ngengcinga, ngokufuthi lusuka kwilungu leBhunga, uMongameli, okanye amaqela olawulo. Lo mthetho usungulwe kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso kwaye wabelwe ikomiti ukuze ihlolwe. Iikomiti zibamba ukuva, ziphikisana ngemithetho, kwaye zinokuyilungisa phambi kokuvota ukuze ithunyelwe kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Emva kokudlulisa elinye igumbi, ityala lidlulela kwelinye, apho inkqubo efanayo isenzeka khona. Ukuba omabini amaziko ayamkela iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela ixolelanisa umahluko. inguqulelo yokugqibela kufuneka ivunywe yiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela phambi kokuthunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho, kwiveto, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Iveto inokuba nyuswa ngobuninzi obubini obuyi 3-3 kumagumbi omabini.

ISindululo seshumi elinesine simisela imiqathango kule nkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kweSibonelelo soKhuselo esiManyeneyo sikaClause, iBhunga alinakumisela imithetho ecalula amaqela athile ngaphandle komdla karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, i-Gast Procession Claus ifuna ukuba imithetho ibhalwe ngokucacileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze yazise abemi ngoko kwalelweyo, ithintele ukunyanzeliswa kokungacacanga okanye kokuzingcangcaca.

Ukwenza Umthetho Karhulumente NoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

Kwakhona amaziko aneenkqubo zawo zowiso-mthetho, kodwa kufuneka avumelane noMmiselo weMimiselo yeshumi elinesine. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho karhulumente ayinakwaphula amalungelo akhuselwe phantsi kwe-Century and Active Programme Clauss. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente akanakumisela umthetho ogatya amalungelo okuvota asekelwe kuhlanga, njengoko oku bekuya kwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Ukupheliswa kufuna kwakhona ukuba kunikelwe inkqubo efanelekileyo kwimicimbi yolawulo nakwimicimbi yokugweba.

Imfundiso equkwayo, ethathwe kwi-Adrect Proce Claus, iye yasebenzisa inkoliso yamatyala aMalungelo kumaphondo. Ngothotho lwamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo eqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, inkululeko efana nenkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, nelungelo lokuphatha iimfazwe zenziwe zanyanzeleka koorhulumente belizwe. Oku kuye kwawamisela umgangatho amalungelo asisiseko kulo lonke eli lizwe ngoxa kusavunyelwa ukuba amazwe adlulise imithetho yawo kwimida yesiseko somthetho.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Nokukhusela Amalungelo Abemi

Ukhuthazo kunye nesenzo se-arhente

Xa umthetho uthe wamiselwa, unyanzeliswa lisebe elilawulayo kumgangatho worhulumente nowesizwe. Amasebe omanyano afana neSebe Lezobulungisa, i-Evironmental Protection Agency, kunye neKhomishini ye-Aumente Yomsebenzi I-Octive Iza kusebenza ngokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-145 ufuna ukuba la masebe asebenzise imithetho ngendlela engqongqo nangenakhethe. Umzekelo, i-Oncility Protection Clauslease ithintela ukunyaniswa komthetho kubantu abasekelwe kwisizwe okanye kubuhlanga.

Izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, njengemiyalelo yabalawuli, kufuneka zivumelane noMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. Ukuba umyalelo olawulayo uphazamisa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo okanye kwinkuselo efanayo, iinkundla zingayibetha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okugcinwa komthetho ahlala ngaphakathi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko.

Ingxubusho Yezogwebo Neenkundleni

Inkqubo yokugweba yindawo ephambili yemithetho erhabaxa okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene noMthetho weSihlaziyo weshumi elinesine. Abantu ngabanye bangafaka izityholo kurhulumente okanye kwinkundla yenkundla karhulumente bechaza ukuba umthetho uphula amalungelo abo. Iinkundla zihlola ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokusemthethweni usebenzisa imigangatho efunekayo yokuhlola. Ukuba umthetho ufunyenwe ukwaphula isigwebo, abagwebi bangakhupha imimiselo yokuphelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwawo okanye bathi awusebenzi.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni uMphetho-Mda weshumi elinesine. Izigqibo zayo zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963), iNkundla yabambelela ekubeni i-Sed Proced Claus ifuna ukuba kunikwe amagqwetha amagqwetha amatyala angakwazi ukuhlawula omnye. Living v. Virginia [1967], i-Act Classible Protection Classivesssssss) yasetyenziswa ukubetha imithetho evala i-volunt.

Indima Yezamandla Karhulumente Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo

Kwakhona amasebe karhulumente anembopheleleko yokukhusela amalungelo abemi phantsi koMphetho-mvavano weshumi elinesine. Umzekelo, iSebe leMithetho eBandleni lingahlola lize lifake ityala kumazwe okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphula amalungelo abantu, njengangokokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. IKhomishini yezemfundo yamalungelo abantu e-Civil Commissionssion icebisa iBhunga kunye noMongameli ukuqinisa imigaqo yokukhusela.

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba uMmiselo we - 14 awusosiphendu nje kodwa sisiqinisekiso esiphilayo sobulungisa. Abami banokufaka izikhalazo kwisebe, bangqine ukuba kuthethwa ityala, baze babe nenxaxheba ekumiseleni ulawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa KoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

  • [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): yajika yajika yajika yajika imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo", ilawula ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lungavisisani noKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus.
  • [[NTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): imisiwe ukuba amapolisa kufuneka azise ukukrokreleka ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala athule kwaye abe negqwetha, phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kaClaus.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): umtshato osemthethweni olinganayo wobunyani kwilizwe lonke, ukucaphula zombini iNkqubo elindelekileyo noKhuselo olulinganayo Claus.
  • [FLT]McDonald v. Chicago [2010] Iquka uHlaziyo lwesibini lungelo lokugcina nokuthwala iintambo kumaphondo ukudlula kwiNkqubo ka Claus.

Iimpikiswano Neengxaki Zale Mihla

UMthetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine uhlala kumphakathi weempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zale mihla. Impikiswano enjengokuvuma ukufakwa ekholejini, imiqathango yamalungelo okuvota, kunye namalungelo okuzala zisoloko zibekwa phantsi kolungiselelo lwazo. Umzekelo, Izigqibo ze-Fair Adgissigns v. Harvard[FLT] [2002] [2023], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabeka umda wokusetyenziswa kohlanga kwii-orlican, ichaza i-Summe Protection Claces. Ngokufanayo, impikiswano ngokuphuma kokuphuma kweminxeka kusenokuqhubeka njengemithetho ethintela ukukhusela okufunekayo.

Enye imbambano yeqhosha elishushu bubumi. Amanye amanani ezobupolitika aye afuna ukuba abantwana abangaxelwanga ukuba babe ngabemi basemazweni, ephikisa ngelithi ibinzana elithi "bathobele igunya labo" livumela ukungavumelani. Noko ke, uninzi lwabaphengululi abasemthethweni kunye neWong Kim Arks zixhasa umzekelo wobumi bobuzibulo obaneleyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba naluphi na utshintsho lube nzima ngaphandle kokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga NgoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 14

  • iMisc: Utshintsho lusebenza kuphela kubemi. Enyanisweni, iNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus lusebenza ku "mntu" ongaphakathi kolawulo lwe-U.S., kuquka nongeyo-mazinge. Umzekelo, abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga banelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo ekugxothweni kwemicimbi.
  • Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luthetha ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Ibinzana lifuna "ukhuseleko olulinganayo," kodwa urhulumente angaphatha amaqela ngokwahlukileyo ukuba anesizathu esifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, imithetho esekelwe kubudala njengemiqathango yonyaka ivumelekile kuba iphumeza injongo esengqiqweni.
  • Ukulungisa: Ulungiso lwalusoloko lutolikwa ngokubanzi. Kangangamashumi eminyaka emva kokwandiswa, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yanika uHlaliso lweshumi elinesine lokulula ukufundwa okumxinwa. Inkundla yaqalisa ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lwayo ngokubanzi, ingakumbi ngemfundiso yokuququzelela.
  • Ukubekwa kweminye imidlalo: Amashishini azimeleyo kufuneka alandele ulungiso. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine udla ngokuvala izenzo zikarhulumente, hayi ihambo yangasese. Noko ke, iBhunga linokudlulisela imithetho phantsi kwamandla alo okuqinisekisa (Utshintsho 5 lokulungisa) ukulawula ukuziphatha kwangasese, njengoko kuboniswe kuMthetho we-Politiki wa-1964.

Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli YoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Kwezono

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine siye salolonga umthetho nebutho labantu baseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150. Siye sasetyenziswa ngokubalulekileyo ukuphelisa ucalucalulo, amalungelo okuvota akhuselekileyo, kunye nokwandisa inkululeko yobuqu. Impembelelo yaso inwebela phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomthetho, ukusuka kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumthetho wentsapho ukuya kumgaqo wezoqoqosho. Njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela `ezifana nemfihlo yamanani, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye nokuguqulwa kokufuduka kwelizwe . Ngokungathandabuzekiyo iGawula leshumi elinesine liza kuqhubeka lisebenza njengesiseko sokulungele ukulinganisela igunya likarhulumente ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Abo bafuna ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo, uMmiselo weMigaqo weshumi elinesine unika imaphu yendlela. Ifuna ukuba umthetho ube ngolungileyo, ukuba abanyanzeli bangabi namkhethe, nokuba abemi bafumane uncedo xa amalungelo abo echatshazelwa. Ngokufundisisa imigaqo yayo, abemi banokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi olungakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi nabameli bobulungisa phantsi komthetho.