ISisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko soMongameli

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisa urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, nesebe ngalinye elinendlela yokulinganisela amanye. Phakathi kwezi zihlo, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elithe ngqo lokunyanzela, impembelelo, kwanawenzezinye izenzo zeBhunga. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela zokwenza izinto ngezantsi kwaye ngokungacwangciswanga. Eli nqaku liyakwazi ukuhlola amandla omthetho, asekelwe kumbhalo wezomgaqo-siseko, imizekelo engokwembali, kunye noqheliselo lwangoku. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ulungelelwaniso olunamandla kwintliziyo yolawulo lwaseMelika.

Igunya leVeto: Ikhankasi eliphambili loMongameli

Eyona ngqwalasela icacileyo neyomgaqo-siseko ecacileyo inguMongameli obambe iNgqungquthela ngamandla, afunyanwe ku Icandelo 7 loMgaqo-siseko. Xa zombini izindlu zigqithisa irekhodi, inikwa uMongameli, oneentsuku ezilishumi (ngeeCawa ezigqithileyo) ukuze enze. UMongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho okanye alibuyisele ngeempikiswano ezithe rhoqo. Ingqungquthela ingawudlulisa uvotelo oluthe rhoqo kuphela ngemibini elishumi kwigumbi ngalinye, ibambo ephezulu edityaniswe ngobume obungephi nangaphezulu kwesihlanu%.

I-Veto eqhelekileyo

Iveto iqhelekile isetyenziswa kangangokubalula kodwa enamandla. Ngokunyanzela imfuneko enkulu yokumiswa, uMongameli angavala umthetho ongenayo inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iveto amaxesha angaphezu kwama-600, ngelixa uMongameli George W. Bushvetod kuphela iindleko ezili-12. shoct [[[FLT: 1]] yendlela yokulungisa ingqungquthela, njengoko abaxhasi bencokoli bendlu emhlophe besoloko bethetha neNdlukwano engqalileyo.

Pocket Veto

Ingxowa iveto luvavanyo lweprocedal olusebenza xa iKhomishini ibambana nesono ifa ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo, ityala liyafa kungekho sizathu sokuqhuba. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba iKhomishini ayinakunyanzela isandla sikaMongameli ngokudlula amatyala ekupheleni kwentlanganiso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke umda ipokotho yeveto kwimiqathango yokugqibela, hayi kwizithuba zentlanganiso ze-tratrassions (right v. United States, 1938]).

Imilinganiselo kwiVeto

Iveto ayiphelelanga. Ingqungquthela ingakwazi ukugqitha, kwaye uMongameli akanakukwazi ukukhupha izinto zomgca ngamnye ngaphakathi kwemali---(* kuphela irekhodi). Umthetho weNdoda ye-Vto ka1996 uvakaliswe njengomthetho ongowasemthethweni yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Clinton v. Isixeko saseNew York[ kuba iphule iPreace Clause. Ngoko, uMongameli kufuneka amkele okanye alahle iityala njengendawo epheleleyo, isinyanzelo esigunyazisa ukhetho olunzima phakathi kokuchitha i-parler-parel nomthetho.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Ngeli xesha iveto inguvavanyo lwezakhono, imiyalelo yabalawuli ivumela uMongameli ukuba enze umsebenzi osebenzayo ukuzalisekisa imithetho kunye nokulawula urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. imiyalelo egunyazisayo yomthetho ifumana igunya layo kumGaqo-siseko okanye abathunywa abasuka kwiBhunga. Ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule indlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho, ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nobubanzi

Inqaku lesibini lezakhono zokulawula kuMongameli kwaye liyalela ukwenziwa komthetho ngokuthembekileyo. Oku kuye kwachazwa ukuvumela ukhokelo olulawula iqumrhu. Oomongameli ukususela oko uGeorge Washington baye bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya kwimicimbi esukela kwiLouisiana Purchase ukuya kwimfazwe. Noko ke, umyalelo awunako ukwenza umthetho omtsha okanye imali efanelekileyo eshiyekileyo yephondo leBhunga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha uMongameli uTruman ngokuphatha izigingqi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea ([[FLTY: 0]] ulutsha oluno shibhile-nethi ye- + FLTY:1], 1952, njengegunya eliphezulu.

IiNkcukacha zoMbutho nezoMgaqo-nkqubo

IBhunga lingabhukuqa umyalelo wesigqeba ngokukhupha umthetho ophikisana nawo, ophantsi kwenkqubo yomongameli. Ngaphezu koko, iKhomishini ingaphelisa ukuphunyezwa komyalelo ngenkqubo yokukhupha izicelo. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo echasene nemithetho okanye imida yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi aphumelele ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zolawulo lwezigqeba eziphezulu zikaMongameli Obama, kunye novalelo lomkhosi kaTrump lungamelana neengxubeko ezininzi zekomiti yezahlulelo.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ziphumo zohlolo, imiyalelo yabalawuli ihlala isisixhobo esinamandla sokuhlola i-ekerentia. Xa iBhunga lisilela ukuthatha inyathelo kwimibandela ecinezelayo − njengokutshintsha kwemozulu, amatyala omfundi, okanye ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka / abameli basoloko bephethukela kwimiyalelo yabo engeyoyamntu ukuze baqhube iingxubusho zabo.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

Igunya likaMongameli lokumisela abasemagunyeni, kuquka abagwebi, oonobhala bobukhabhathi, kunye neentloko zeziko, linikela uphando olubalulekileyo ngendlela imithetho yeBhunga esetyenziswa ngayo. Ngokukhetha abantu abanenxaxheba kwintanda-bulumko yolawulo, uMongameli angaphembelela inkqubo echaphazelekayo kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.

Ukuqinisekisa Indlu Yezigwebo Njengegunya Elinesabelo

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNtsimikazi zinikezele “imvume nemvume” kumagosa amakhulu. Olu vavanyo kuMongameli lukwasebenza njengengqiningye kwiBhunga: ngokubeka abantu abafanelekayo okanye abalungeleleneyo ngokweengcamango, uMongameli anganyanzela iNdlu yeeNtsimi ukuba ibaqinisekise okanye ibagatye esidlangalaleni. Ukunyuka kwamadabi okuqinisekisa i-Rocebiant kuye kwanyusa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha, nangabaphathi besebenzisa ukumiselwa kwentlanganiso ukudlula i-Recalcictrant Cample.

Ukutyunjwa kwesigwebo nempembelelo yexesha elide

Mhlawumbi akukho gunya limisela iBhunga elinempumelelo kunelokukhetha abagwebi besizwe, ingakumbi amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zichaza imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa; inkundla ejongene neengcaciso zolwakhiwo ezingqongqo okanye iingcali eziphilileyo zemithetho elawulayo zingawuguqula umgaqo-siseko womthetho. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wahluleka “ukugweba iqhinga” yayilingelo lokuzama ukoyisa iingxelo zekomiti kwimithetho e-New Dec, kodwa isisongelo nje senyathelo elinjalo eliphembelela izigqibo zeNkundla. Namhlanje, ukumiswa kwabagwebi kunguwo yinkundla ephambili yemfazwe.

Amandla Okususa

UMongameli udla ngokukhupha amagosa esebe aphezulu ngaphandle kwemvume equlunqweyo, nangona imida ikhona kubameli abazimeleyo. Imali yeSikhululo ekwiNkcubeko ye-Oversity Board [[FLT: 1]] (2010), iNkundla ixhasa imida yokususwa kodwa iqinisekiswe ukuba uMongameli kufuneka agcine ulawulo oluthile kubaphathi abaphezulu. Oku kurhoxisiweyo kuvumela uMongameli ukuba anyanzelise ukuphendula nokumisa imisebenzi yequmrhu neyo ecwangcisayo kunye nemisebenzi yesebe kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo.

Imo Yomanyano Nesicwangciso Se-Agenda

Inqaku II, iCandelo 3 lifuna ukuba uMongameli “amaxesha ngamaxesha anike iCongress Information of the State of the Union.” Le dilesi yonyaka ingaphezulu kunesimilo; yiqonga elinguMongameli ukubumba imimiselo yemithetho yesizwe. Ngokubalaselisa izinto eziphambili, ukufaka iindleko, nokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke, uMongameli anganyanzela iBhunga ukuba lithathe inyathelo.

ISizwe se-Union sisoloko sikhatshwa zizicelo ezithile zomthetho nesicelo soqingqo-mali. Ngoxa iBhunga linganyanzelekanga ukwamkela ucwangciso lukaMongameli, ukubonakala kwasesidlangalaleni kwedilesi kudala inkqubela yezopolitiko. Umongameli onemigangatho ephezulu yemvume angasebenzisa ikomkhulu elifuna inyathelo, ngeli lixa umongameli obuthathaka ezama ukufumana amanyathelo aqhelekileyo. Oku “kwicawa yecawa”, nangona kungacwangciswanga, kunguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwingqungquthela e-ertraia.

Ukubiza Intlanganiso Ezikhethekileyo Namandla Okufudusa

UMongameli unegunya lomgaqo-siseko lokuhlanganisa zombini izindlu zeBhunga kwizihlandlo ezingaqhelekanga. Ngelixesha eliye lasetyenziswa kanqaphaphapha kumaxesha angoku, lihlala lingumzekelo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman wabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo ngo-1948 ukuphendula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso namalungelo abantu. UMongameli uyakwazi ukungqinelana nezindlu ezimbini ngexesha lokufakelwa, amandla angazange asetyenziswe kodwa akhona njengendlela yokugqibela yokuqhekeza iilocket.

Amandla emfazwe nomyaleli kwiGunya Eliyintloko

Njengo uMyaleli kwiNtloko, uMongameli angasebenzisa umkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Eli gunya linika ulawulo olukhulu kwimithetho yangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngokufuthi lisebenza kwiindawo apho iBhunga licothayo ukugunyazisa okanye ukumisela inyathelo lommiselo. Isigqibo semfazwe se-1973] samagunya emfazwe ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga lomkhosi nokufumana imvume yokubotshwa komkhosi. Noko ke, oomongameli badla ngokuphikisana nomthetho womthetho, kunye neenkundla baye baphepha ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwalo.

Ngokusetyenziswa komkhosi, uMongameli anganika iBhunga nge-accompli, enyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baxhase isenzo, baphelise inkxaso yemali (ngeepolitiki), okanye bangenzi nto. Oku kuhlola amandla eBhunga ukuvakalisa imfazwe bekungumthombo oziphindaphindayo wemfazwe, ukusuka kwimfazwe yase Korea ukuya kungquzulwano eLibya nase-Syria.

Amandla EPardon Njengokuqwalasela Ukufikelela Ngokugqithiseleyo Kwengqungquthela

Inqaku II linika uMongameli amandla okunika ii-repriev kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungathobeli. Eli gunya libanzi livumela uMongameli ukuba aphelise iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimiselwe yiBhunga. Umongameli unokubaxolela abantu abagwetyelwe ukwaphula imithetho karhulumente, ngokunempumelelo ekusebenzeni kwamasebe eejaji kunye nawowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli Gerald Ford’s Fordor’s waphelisa ukuwa okusemthethweni kweWatergate, ngoxa uMongameli uTrump exolela abantu abafumene ingxube yamalungelo ezobupolitika ebangele ingxoxo emalunga nommandla wamandla.

Nangona amandla okuxolela engawuthinteli ngokuthe ngqo umthetho, unokukhusela abantu kwisohlwayo, ngaloo ndlela uhlola amandla eNkundla elawula imithetho ethile. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakholelwa ukuba amandla okuxolela aphantse abe namda, axhomekeke kuphela kukwahlulwa.

Ilungelo elisiGqebayo noLawulo loLwazi

Oomongameli kudala baqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvala inkcazelo kwiBhunga elisekelwe kwimfuneko yokungaqiniseki ngokufihlakeleyo kwiingxubusho zolawulo. Ngoxa ingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ilungelo eliphezulu liye laqwalaselwa ziinkundla njengelizukileyo lokwahlulwa kwamagunya. Ngokungavumi ukutyhila amaxwebhu okanye ukuvumela uncedo ukuba lungqine, uMongameli angaphazamisa uphando kunye nolawulo lwengqungquthela.

Noko ke, oku kuhlola akuphelelanga. kwiUnited States v. Nixon (1974]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba ilungelo eliphezulu kufuneka linikezele kwimfuno ekhethekileyo yobungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimilo yakutshanje, efana nophengululo lwendlu kuhlaselo lukaJanuwari 6, iinkundla zinyanzele ubungqina kunye nemveliso yoxwebhu, ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okufihla ulwazi. Sekunjalo, ilungelo eliphezulu lihlala lisisixhobo esinamandla sokucotha okanye ukuvala ii-'aplybuniarchments'.

Imisebenzi Ekhoyo

UMongameli uphembelela amandla eBhunga lemali ngenkqubo yesicelo soqingqo-mali. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, ekhokelwa ngumphathiswa, inikela isicelo soqingqo-mali esineenkcukacha nyaka ngamnye. Ngoxa ekugqibeleni iBhunga lifanele imali, uMongameli angasebenzisa iindleko okanye asongele iziphumo zokuyilungisa. Ngokuthandabuza, oomongameli baye basebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali efunekayo yi-Congressches(ase-) njenge-chezu.

[[NTL:0] Umthetho woLawulo lonyaka ka 1974 wanciphisa lo mkhwa ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba afune imvume eququzelela uququzelelo. Noko ke, oomongameli bezi mini bayaqhubeka befumana iindlela zokulibazisa okanye zokubuyisela iindleko, njengangoko kusetyenziswa kwenqanawa okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe. Uxinzelelo phakathi kokuchitha ingqiqo yomphathi kunye nengqungqungquthela luhlala luhleli kwindawo yedabi.

Iingcebiso, Izivumelwano Ezilawulayo, Nomgaqo - siseko Wasemzini

UMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano, ezifuna iNdlu yeQela ivunywe ngezibini ezizii-3. Oku kunika iNdlu yeNdlu yezoNyanga ingqwalasela eqinileyo ekwenzeni isivumelwano. Ekuphenduleni, oomongameli baye bajikela kwizivumelwano zegunya, ezingafuni mvume yeNdlu. Ngelinye ixesha izivumelwano zegunya lesebe elilawulayo, bavumela uMongameli ukuba enze izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe ngelinye ixesha, ngaloo ndlela ahlole indima yeBhunga kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle. Umzekelo, uxanduva lwe-Iran uxampyuliya (2015) lwakhiwe njengesivumelwano solawulo oluphezulu, ukuphepha ukuvota kweBhunga okubonakala kungasile.

Olu tshintsho luye lwanciphisa amandla eNgqungquthela yokubumba inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-United States, nangona iNdlu iyakwazi ukuxhasa okanye ukuphelisa izivumelwano ezinjalo. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa izivumelwano zolawulo njengomgaqo-siseko, zinika igunya elingakumbi lobungangamsha kweli candelo.

Iingxaki Ezingacwangciswanga: Ulawulo Lobudlelane Noxinzelelo Lwezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kwamandla omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, uMongameli uphembelela “ngeqonga eliphezulu”" -- ubuchule bokuyalela ingqalelo yonxibelelwano nokubumba uluntu. Ngokuthetha nohlanga, ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezonxibelelwano, okanye ukukhuphiswano ngemigaqo ethile, uMongameli anganyanzela amalungu athile eBhunga ukuba axhase okanye aphikise umthetho. Oku kunokuba luncedo ngokukodwa xa iqela likaMongameli lilawula elinye okanye zombini iigumbi, kodwa kwanomongameli ojongene nenkcaso esimanyeneyo angaphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke ukukhangela inyathelo lombutho.

Ngokomzekelo, izibheno zikaMongameli Reagan ezingqalileyo zanceda ekunciphiseni irhafu, ngoxa iphulo likaMongameli Obama loMgaqo-nkqubo weNtolongo weAffordive Care Act licinezele ukuba lixengantentenge amaDemocrates. Ukusetyenziswa kweTrump ekuhlaseleni iinkokeli zequmrhu kunye nabachasi abaphambili kwasebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokungacwangciswanga, ukuphembelela ubuchule bomthetho. Eli gunya lithambileyo, elisekelwe kwisikhundla esikhethekileyo sikaMongameli njengokuphela kwegosamsi elinyuliweyo, lingunogatya elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Isiphelo: Ulungelelwano Olunamandla

Ubuchule bukaMongameli bokuhlola iBhunga asikokusebenza okumileyo kodwa kukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko, uqheliselo wembali, kunye neqhinga lezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwi-veto kunye namagunya okumisa kwiqonga lokuxhaphaza abangacwangciswanga, isebe eliphetheyo linezixhaso ezininzi zokubumba, izithintelo, okanye ukubuyisela inyathelo lomthetho. Kwangaxeshanye, iKhomishini ihlala ihlola ngokuqatha eyayo/ukungagunyaziyo, ukuqhubana, ukuxhasa, kunye nokuphatha. Inkcuba yenkqubo yaseMelika ayikho nayiphi na ingxilonga kodwa ifuna ukudibana kwayo, ifuna ukuxolelwana okungapheliyo kunye nokulalanisa phakathi kwamasebe.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bakarhulumente, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile. Zityhila indlela abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko abadala ngayo urhulumente onamandla alinganiselweyo, angenaniyo nendlela isizukulwana ngasinye seenkokeli esiye sayivavanya ngayo loo mida. Uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi komongameli negunya lombutho lusasoloko luyinxalenye echaza idemokhrasi yase-U.S.