Ijaji ezukileyo imi njengenye yezona zinhlangano zahluke kakhulu yaye, ngamanye amaxesha, zingaqondwa kakuhle kumthetho wamaMelika olwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko iqumrhu eliphakamileyo lejaji lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imvumelwano kwigunya lomtshutshisi, inkqubo yokuhlola ukuthintela izityholo ezingenasiseko, kunye nentlalo ekhethekileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olubanzi ngendlela amatyala abalaseleyo asebenza ngayo kwimibango yolwaphulo-mthetho, lichaza iingcaciso zawo zembali, lichaza iingcaciso zawo ezisebenzayo, lihlolisisa iziphumo zawo kwimimangaliso engekho ngqiqwelekweni nakwinkqubo yokusesikweni, lize lichaze nezininzi zokugxekwa kwabo.

Ukuqonda Imvelaphi Nenjongo Ebalaseleyo

Iqumrhu elizukileyo labachopheli-tyala liyiququzelela ukuphinda uphando lobungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi nokugqiba enoba kukho unobangela onokuba ukhona wokuzisa izityholo ezisesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo nejaji eligwebayo (ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba yijaji ephethiweyo) egweba ngetyala okanye ukuba msulwa emva kokuchotshelwa ngokupheleleyo, ijaji ezukileyo isebenza kwimeko-bume eyahlukileyo. Umsebenzi wayo kukugqiba enoba ityala (isityholo esisemthethweni) limele likhutshwe kusini na.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ijaji ezukileyo ilandela umnombo wayo ukuya eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. IAssize of Clarendon ngo- 1166, phantsi koKumkani uHenry II, yafuna ukuba abantu basekuhlaleni banikele izityholo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho phambi kolawulo lwasebukhosini. Olu hlobo lokuqala lwabachopheli-tyala basebenza njengequmrhu eliphengululayo kunye nesokhuselo ekuthinteleni amatyala agunya asebukhosini. Isiko lasiwa kumathangalathisi aseMerika kwaye kamva lafakwa kuMphengululo wesihlanu kwi-Mthethwelo-Mgaqo-siseko we-siseko wase-U.

Abaqulunqi abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo bakujonga njengesithintelo esiqatha phakathi kwamandla karhulumente kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaphawula, inkundla ephakamileyo yabachopheli-mthetho “isigxina somgaqo-siseko esimileyo ngasekunene kwayo” ( iUnited States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 1992). Ukufakwa kwayo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kugxininisa ukuzimisela komntu omele ajongene tyala elinzulu lolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba aqale abekwe isityholo liqela eliqhelekileyo.

Injongo: Ukuqwalasela Amandla Omtshutshiso

Umsebenzi oyintloko weqela elikhulu labachopheli-tyala kukuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala awaqalwanga kwimiqathango engekho mgangathweni, ejongene nomngcathuli. Ngokufuna ukuba ummeli anikele ubungqina kubantu abazimeleyo abazimeleyo, umgcini-tyala omkhulu usebenza njengomgcini-sango oxhasa umgaqo wesizathu esilindelekileyo (umgangatho osezantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kodwa obuphezulu kunobugcingela nje. Lo msebenzi wokuvavanya usebenza kwiinjongo eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo:

  • ukukhusela abemi kwityala elisisingcwabo elingeyomfuneko – ulwamkelo lwabachopheli-mthetho oluzukileyo kwityala (“akukho mthetho”) lunganqanda ityala elibuthathaka ngaphambi kokuba lifike kwityala, lithintele ummangalelwa indleko, ihlazo, kunye nokudandatheka kwesaphuli-mthetho esiqhutywa nguwonke wonke.
  • Ukuqinisekisa isiseko esifanelekileyo setyala - Isizathu esinokwenzeka somlinganiselo sithintela abatshutshisi ekufakeni ityala elingekho ngqiqweni, ngaloo ndlela begcina oovimba betyala kwaye bekhusela abamangalelwa kwizityholo ezingenasiseko.
  • Ukukhonza njengokhuseleko lwenkululeko yabemi - ngokufaka iqumrhu lommi phakathi kukarhulumente nomntu ngamnye, abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo baqinisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba abantu, hayi nje izigqeba ezingokwasemthethweni, kufuneka babe nelizwi kwizigqibo ezimalunga nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukwakhiwa nokukhethwa kwemibhobho Enkulu

Iqumrhu eliphambili lejaji lifunyanwa kwiqula elinye eliqhelekileyo njengelinamatyala elikwizigqeba ezifumana imvume yokuvota, kwiirekhodi zephepha-mvume lomqhubi, okanye kwiibhulorho zerhafu. Inkqubo yokukhetha ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli banqamleze icandelo loluntu. Noko ke, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kokwenziwa kwabachongi abaphezulu nabachophele ityala:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ubungakanani-Amaqumrhu aphezulu eejaji aquka amalungu ayi16 ukuya kuma-23. Iiqumrhu eziphezulu zephondo lelizwe zahluka ngokubanzi, zidla ngokusuka ku-12 ukuya ku-23.
  • Ixesha lomsebenzi -Iintloko-mali eziphezulu zingasebenza amaxesha amaninzi, amaxesha amaninzi, iinyanga eziliqela, ukuva amatyala amaninzi ngexesha lawo. Oku kuyaphikisana nabagwebi abavavanyayo, abasebenza ngexesha lovavanyo olunye.
  • Imfuneko yokukhupha [[FLT: 0] – Ukukhupha ityala, uninzi lwabalawuli abaphezulu kufuneka luvumelane. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, ubuncinane 12 kumalungu ali-16 ukuya kwangama-23 kufuneka avote exhasa.

Abalawuli abaphezulu abalindeleyo bayabuzwa ngexesha [[FLT: 0] elibi kakhulu ukuchaza iimbono ezinokwenzeka, kodwa inkqubo iqheleke ukuba ingenamandla kakhulu kuneejaji zokuvavanya, ngokwenxalenye kuba abalawuli abazukileyo abagqibeli ukuba netyala kwaye ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokuba kufuneka bahlanganise iqela ngokukhawuleza.

Ityala le Juries enkulu v. Juries: Umahluko ongundoqo

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wezigqeba eziphezulu zezijungqu kufuna ukuthelekiswa okucacileyo neziqu zamatyala. Itafile elandelayo ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo:

[[[NTLT: 0]] [[FLT:] [FFF:]: igqibo elipheleleyo lokuchophela amatyala [[1] igqiba ukuba iyadisciption (isizathu esingenakugxekwa); ukuvavanya igqibe ityala okanye ukungabinatyala (ngaphandle kobunyani obufanelekileyo).[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [FFLT:] [12]]: okungagqibekanga kwesiqinisekiso [FFFFF:].[12] Uvavanyo olupheleleyo [iiiiindlela ezithenjiweyo] [iiindlela ezithenjiweyo] [iindlela ezithenjiweyo] [iiiiiiindlela ezithe , i-FFFFFFF:[10] [endla [endlal] [iimpeace , ingcebiso elipheleleyo] [impatho] [impeephetho] [i engundoqo: [iethe : [iethe : "iendla yendlela eninzi yeNt] [iefilease] [FF

Le mizekelo ibalaselisa isikhundla esikhethekileyo senkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli - tyala njengelungu eliphandayo nelihlolayo kunokuba libe lilo elisisingxungxo.

Inkqubela Enkulu Yomjuxuzo Ihamba Ngenyathelo

Inkqubo eqhutywa ngayo liqumrhu elibalaseleyo labachopheli - tyala ibandakanya uthotho lwamanqanaba achaziweyo, ngalinye elinemithetho yalo esemthethweni nemiphumo esebenzisekayo.

Ukukhetha kunye nokuLandela i-panel

Emva kokuba bebiziwe baze bafaneleke, abagwebi abazukileyo bavela enkundleni ukuze bafumane indawo yokuhlala. Umgwebi ubafungisa, abayalele ngemisebenzi yabo, kwaye basenokunikela ukhokelo lokuqala kumthetho. Xa bekwindawo yokuhlala yesiqhelo, abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo baqalisa ibinzana labo, elisenokuthabatha iiveki ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga eziliqela kuxhomekeka kulawulo nakwinani lamatyala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ngexesha lexesha, umtshutshisi unika amatyala kwiqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala. Ngokungafaniyo netyala, intetho yi- inxenye ye-. Kuthetha ukuba ingtshutshiso iviwe ngaphandle kwesiluleko esikhoyo sommangalelwa okanye sokhuselo. Umtshutshisi ubiza amangqina, azise amaxwebhu, kwaye anganikela ubungqina obuphathekayo obufana neengxelo ze-antensic, iifoto, okanye ushicilelo. Abachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu basenokuphinda babe ngamangqina angaphantsi okanye amaxwebhu ngesiqu sabo, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa eli gunya kusetyenziswa ngokwawo umtshutshisi.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zokubonisa ngaphaya:

  • [ ubungqina bamaNgqina – amagosa amapolisa, amaxhoba, amangqina, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abaxhasi bangqina phantsi kwesifungo. Umtshutshisi uqhuba intlanganiso engqalileyo; abagwebi abazukileyo bangabuza imibuzo.
  • Akukho kuhlola okunqamlezileyo – kuba ummangalelwa akakho, akukho thuba lokuba ukhuseleko lunqamleze amangqina e-examine. Oku kukushiya okubalulekileyo kwimodeli ye-adversarial.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imithetho ecacileyo ecacileyo-Imithetho engqongqo esebenzayo ekucinyweni (njengokuva umlomo) ikhululekile kwintlanganiso ezinkulu zabachopheli-tyala. Ubungqina bendlebe budla ngokubonakala, kwaye abachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu bangaqwalasela inkcazelo enokuthi ikhutshwe ekucinyweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo esemthethweni – Umtshutshisi anganika iingcaciso ezingokwasemthethweni malunga neemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho oluqwalaselweyo. Noko ke, abachopheli-mthetho abazukileyo abanikwa miyalelo egqwesileyo kuyo yonke intsingiselo yomthetho.

Ubhaqo kunye noHlahlo

Emva kokunikelwa kobungqina, abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo bangamaqhinga. Akukho mgwebi, umtshutshisi, okanye abasebenzi benkundla abakhoyo ngexesha lokuququzelela. Abachopheli-mthetho baxubusha ubungqina, bavavanya ukuthembeka, baze bafumanise ukuba ingtshutshiso ibangele ukuba ummangalelwa enze ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Isigqibo sifikelela kwisiphelo kuvoti. Kwizigqeba ezikhulu zejaji zesizwe, ubuncinane ezili-12 kwezili-16 ukuya kuma-23 kufuneka zivote ukuba zifake ityala. Ukuba uninzi olufunekayo alufezekanga, abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo babuyisela “akukho mthetho.” Okubalulekileyo kukuba, abachopheli-mvo abaphezulu bangakhetha ukukhupha ityala eligunyazisiweyo eliquluthwe ngabagwebi abaphezulu, ngaphandle kwesicelo somtshutshisi, nangona oku kunqabileyo kuqheliselo lwangoku.

ISifungo

Ukuba igqibo elikhulu labachopheli-tyala liza kugwetywa, likhupha uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba “ngumthetho wokwenyaniso” okanye nje umangalelwa. Ityala lichaza amatyala abekwayo, isiseko esiyinyaniso, kunye neziqalelo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngapha koko, ityala liqhubekeka lisekuthetheni, apho ummangalelwa acetyiswa ngokusemthethweni kwaye angene esibongozweni. Ukusuka apho, ityala lisenokuqhubeka liqukuqelela izicelo, ukuqulunqa ukuquzelelwa kwetyala, ukuqulutya okufanelekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwa.

Akukho Mbali

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo bafumana ubungqina obunganele, ibuyisela “akukho tyala” (okanye“awulo xwebhu lokwenyaniso”). Isiphumo sikukuba ummangalelwa akabekwanga tyala, kwaye ityala lipheliswa ngokunempumelelo ````nangoku. umtshutshisi, ngoko ke, angaphinda anikele icala kwilungu lejaji eliphezulu elohlukileyo ukuba ubungqina obongezelelekileyo buye bafunyanwa kamva. Akukho mthetho awuthi tyala lokuphinda utshutshiswe, njengokuba umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungadibaniselwanga phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Isishwankathelo Sezinto Eziqhubekayo

Ityala eliphambili lenkundla yetyala lenziwa phantsi kwesigqubuthelo somfihleko. Abathathi-nxaxheba ```ijaji, abatshutshisi, namangqina'') ayalelwe ukuchaza oko kwenzekeyo. Izizathu zale nto ifihlakeleyo zimiselwe kakuhle:

  • Ukhuthaza amangqina ukuba athethe ngokukhululekileyo engaboyiki ukuziphindezelela.
  • Kuthintela ummangalelwa ukuba asabe okanye ajike namangqina ukuba ayazi ukuba uyaphanda.
  • Kukhusela udumo lwabantu abaphandwayo kodwa abangagwetywanga.
  • Ivumela inkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli - tyala ukuba ikwenze ngabom ngaphandle kwengcinezelo okanye impembelelo yangaphandle.

Noko ke, ukufihla imfihlelo kuye kwabangela impikiswano. Abahlalutyi bathi kukhusela ukuziphatha okubi kwabatshutshisi yaye kuthintela ukuxilongwa kwabantu ngesigqibo esibekwa icala, ingakumbi kumatyala aphezulu apho ukhetho lwejaji elibalaseleyo lungaphembeleli ulwaphulo - mthetho.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Emikhulu Kwinkqubo Yobulungisa Yezaphuli - mthetho

Izalathiso ezinkulu azisebenzi kwindawo engenanto. Umsebenzi wazo ubunjwa yimfuno yomgaqo-siseko, iiyantlukwano zolawulo, kunye neempembelelo ezibanzi zenkqubo yezobulungisa.

Federal vs. I-Grand Juries kaRhulumente

ISindululo sesihlanu sigunyazisa ukuba le mithetho ibekwe kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-mthetho (okanye ngenye indlela elibi kakhulu” lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni (okanye olungokwasemthethweni lugwetywa ngaphezu konyaka omnye entolongweni). Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba le mfuneko ayisebenzi kumazwe ngeMiqathango ye-145th Amend Amendment ( Hurtado v. California, 110, U.S 516, 1884). Ngenxa yesiphumo, amagosa akhululekile ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokulawula, ezifana nokuva okanye ulwazi oluqululwe ngabatshutshisii.

Malunga nesiqingatha samaphondo asebenzisa izijunga ezikhulu kwityala lejaji, nangona umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwawo ungafani. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew York neTexas, asoloko esebenzisa amaqumrhu amakhulu eejaji, ngoxa amanye, njengoKhalifoniya neIllinois, ngokuyintloko exhomekeke ekuveni kwangaphambili. Kwanakumanqaku asebenzisa amaqumrhu amakhulu eejaji, abatshutshisi basoloko benokhetho lokuqhubeka ngolwazi ngesizathu esilindelekileyo sokufumana ikomiti yetyala.

Le misebenzi ithetha ukuba amava ommangalelwa angahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni ityala liziswa kwinkundla yorhulumente okanye kurhulumente ovumela ukuchotshelwa kolwazi lokuqala. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezibhekele phaya, bona isikhokelo esisemthethweni senkundla kwimigqaliselo ephakamileyo yephondo.

Iinkomfa ezinkulu kwinkangeleko ephezulu kunye neemeko ezimcaba

Izigwebo ezinkulu zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ubungqina obuninzi, abamangalelwa abaninzi, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluntsonkothileyo lwezemali. Ubuchule bazo bokufumana amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-poena kwaye zinyanzelisa ubungqina (kuquka ukunika ukhuseleko lomzimba) buzenza zibe sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphengulula. Umzekelo, abachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu bangahlala iinyanga behlola iingxelo zenkampani kunye nodliwano-ndlebe namangqina amaninzi.

Amatyala eprofile ephezulu `njengalawo abandakanya ukudubula kwamapolisa okanye ukonakala kwezobupolitika ````````'''''''''''. Xa igqibi elikhulu lejaji liyekile ukutyhola, kungaphembelela uluntu ukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe okanye umtshutshisi asebenzise inkqubo. Isigqibo sika-2014 se-St. Louis County ezukileyo yabachongiswayo asibalulekanga kuMphathi-mikhosi uDarren Wilson ngokufa kukaMichael Brown, umzekelo, sabangela ingxoxo yesizwe emalunga nemfihlolo enkulu yejaji nomtshutshisi.

Indima Ephambili Yomtshutshisi

Ngokwesiko, umtshutshisi unempembelelo enkulu kwiinkundla eziphambili zabachopheli-tyala. Umtshutshisi ugqiba ukuba mawaphi amangqina amele awabize, bubuphi ubungqina amele abunikele, nendlela yokumisela ingcamango engokwasemthethweni yetyala. Ngenxa yokuba ukuzithethelela kungekho kwaye indlebe ingachanabeka, umtshutshisi anganikela ibali elinye elinoncedo ekunzima ukuba abagwebi abaphezulu bathethele.

Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma kwi yeUnited States v. Williams (1992, “umsebenzi omkhulu wabachopheli-mthetho awukugqiba ukuba urhulumente unike ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ityala; kunoko, kukugqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ummangalelwa wenze ityala." Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba le ndima ilinganiselweyo yenza ukuba iqumrhu elikhulu labacholi-jaji lifane “isithetho sokuchophela”. Uphalo olunelwayo luxhasa le mbono: izijungqelo ezinkulu zejaji zemali ezikwimeko ezingama-99% eziboniswe kubo.

Ukuhlalutya okunzulu kwempembelelo yabatshutshisi, bona Isebe leJaji leGrand Jury Manual[[FLT: 1].

Iinkokeli kunye nezikhuseli ezingqongwe yiGrand Juries

Phezu kwako nje ukupheliswa kwazo okungokomGaqo-siseko, iijaji ezibalaseleyo ziye zafumana ukugxekwa okunzulu ngabaphengululi, amagqwetha athethelelayo, abameli bamalungelo abantu, kwanabanye abagwebi. Oku kulandelayo zezona zibalulekileyo.

Ukungabikho kokubonisa ngaphaya kombane nokuphendula

Imfihlo enkulu yabachopheli-mgwebi, ngoxa ithethelelwa kwezinye izizathu, yenza imeko apho ukuziphatha okubi kusenokungabonwa. Abatshutshisi basenokunikela ubungqina obulahlekisayo, bangawurhoxi umchazi, okanye amangqina afundisa ngokungafanelekanga ngaphandle koloyiko lokubhencwa kwabantu. Ngokungafaniyo nokuvalwa kokuqala, okuvulekelelwa nguwonke-wonke kunye nokushicilela, amatyala amakhulu abandakanywa emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo bayasifeza na isigqibo sabo sokulinganisa okanye bade basenzele ngokulula isigqibo somtshutshisi.

I-Presential dominicance kunye neNxalabo yeRubber Stamp”

Isantya esiphakamileyo sokubekwa amatyala sibangela ingcamango yokuba amaqumrhu amakhulu eejaji akabenzi zisigqibo esizimeleyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukulawula komtshutshisi ngobuphi ubungqina obunikelwayo, kunye nokungabikho kobungqina bokuzikhusela, kubangela ukungalingani kwesakhiwo. Abagwebi abakhulu abasoloko bebuva ubungqina obungabulula ubungamela ityala lengtshutshiso. Ngokufuthi bungabuchaphaza iziphumo zokuthembeka kwamatyala, ubungqina obuyi-alibi, okanye ezinye iingcaciso. Ngaphandle kokuvavanya okunga, ukufunyanwa kwetyala elikhulu eligwetyiweyo kusoloko kungumqukumbelo owenzileyo.

Amalungelo Alinganiselweyo Abo Bamangalelwayo

Abameli abanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuvela phambi kwabachopheli-tyala abaphezulu, ukunikela ubungqina babo, okanye ukuba nesiluleko esikhoyo. Ngoxa amanye amazwe evumela ummangalelwa ukuba anikele ubungqina (ngokufuthi emoyiselayo wezokhuselo), oku kuyinto engaqhelekanga kunokuba kube ngumthetho. Ukungabikho kokhuselo kuthetha ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu abangevanga icala lalo mmangalelwa ngaphambi kokuba bagqibe ukuba bayayichasa na into. Oku kuchasene ngokupheleleyo nokuva kokuqala, apho ukhuselo lunokunikela ubungqina bokunqumla i-equamine kwaye luphikisane nokugxotha i-Rhulumente.

Ukwahluka ngokweentlalo nezoqoqosho

Iqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala linokubonakalisa ukucalula okuphangaleleyo kwinkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala. Phantsi kokunikwa intlawulo ngabantu abambalwa nabangenayo kwimibutho ephezulu yabachopheli-mthetho kubhaliwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukufihla iziphumo zemicimbi kunokuzifihla iipakethi zokufihla i-discriniricarication. Ingxelo yama-2021 e- ACLU ibalaselisa inkxalabo yokuba abaphathi abakhulu abanokungawagwebi amapolisa okanye amanye amanani anamandla, ngoxa isoloko ivuma izityholo ezichasene nabamangali abagwebi abagwebi.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Ukuphendula kwezi ntlobo zoqhagamshelwano, kucetyiswa ulungiso oluninzi. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ukuvumela ubukho bokhuselo – ivumela ummangalelwa okanye isiluleko sokuzikhusela ukuba abekho aze abuze imibuzo, okanye ubuncinane ukunikezela imibuzo ebhaliweyo yabagwebi abaphezulu.
  • Ukuqinisa uphatho lwejaji – ukuba nejaji ngexesha leziphumo zokulawula kwiimpikiswano ezicacileyo nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni.
  • Ukuvunywa ngokuphandle kobungqina bokukhuthuza - - Ukuqhatha ukuba abatshutshisi banikela ubungqina obusoloko busilahla ityala, njengoko amanye amaphondo esenjenjalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwanda kokubonakala ngaphaya – Ukuvumela iikhowudi okanye ukushwankathelwa kweziganeko kusenziwa kuwonke wonke emva kwetyala, kuxhomekeke ekukhuseleni amangqina kunye nophando oluqhubekayo.
  • Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kokuva kokuqala – ukubuyisela iijaji ezinkulu ngesizathu sokuva esilindelekileyo, njengoko amazwe amaninzi sele eyenzile.

Amanye amagunya aye azama ukuthatha imilinganiselo exutyiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, abatshutshisi baseKhalifoniya bavumela abatshutshisi ukuba baqhubeke ngolwazi emva kokuchotshelwa kokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ecela ukugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu. Utshintsho olunjalo lujolise ekulondolozeni inzuzo yabachopheli-tyala njengesixhobo sophando ngoxa bethetha ngeentsilelo zabo zedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ijaji ezukileyo inendawo entsonkothileyo kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMerika. Lisikhuselo somGaqo-siseko nxamnye nokuqhathwa ngabagqinisi, injini enamandla yokuphanda, nesiko elibuthathaka kakhulu elisoloko lisilela ukunikela uhlolo olunentsingiselo oluzimeleyo. Imvelaphi yalo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nokuchanabeka kweBhili yamaLungelo kubonisa inkxalabo engaphelelwa lixesha: ukuba akukho mntu ufanele ajongene namandla amangalisayo ejajini lejaji ngaphandle kwemvume yabemi abahlala kunye nabo. Kodwa izinto ezisebenzayo zabachopheli-tyala banamhlanje, ezibekwe ngasese, kwaye zichazwe ngokuyintloko kwiziphumo zayo ezinzulu ukuba ziyasebenza kusini na.

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wezigqeba eziphezulu zezigwebi kufuna ukuvuma ezi ngxaki. Asiyompumelelo epheleleyo okanye asisosithintelo esingenakulungiseka. Kunoko, sisiko elilawulayo eliqhubeka lidala impikiswano ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwamandla karhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Njengoko imibutho yobulungisa yokulungisa inyanzelisa inyanzelela ukuba iphendule ngakumbi kwaye ingabi natyala, ngokungathandabuzekiyo indima yabachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu iya kuhlala iyindawo ephambili engxubungwane ngayo.

Kwabo bafuna ukufunda okubhekele phaya, iCornell Information yeQumrhu lezeNkcubeko zeMigaqo yezeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo inika isiseko esihle, ngelixa Brennan Center yeJaji inika uhlalutyo olucaphukisayo lwezindululo zotshintsho.