Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wakha isiseko senkqubo yokusesikweni, uchaza indlela yokuziphatha ekwalelwe ngayo ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impahla, kunye nocwangco. Ayibonisi nje kuphela oko kungulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ikwazinkqubo ezibonisa ngazo irejista yomthetho owephula umthetho, ukuvavanya icandelo lomthetho weqonga, ukuvavanya iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba ezingundoqo, ukubalaselisa iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba, ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo, ukukhusela okukhoyo, kunye nemithetho ecacileyo elawulayo.

Isiseko Somthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wesaphuli-mthetho usebenza ngokuqiqa ukuba izenzo ezithile ziyingozi kakhulu kwibutho labantu kangangokuba urhulumente unegunya kunye nembopheleleko yokubohlwaya. Embilinini yawo, ulwaphulo-mthetho luquka izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: [ i-actus reus[ [isenzo setyala] [izenzo zetyala] [izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho] [[FLT:] kunye [iiimposiso]] kunye [imithetho eninzi] echaphazekileyo] ibonakalisa ityala elingaphaya kobukhali. Ityala limele libonise ukuba zombini zibubugxele ngokungenakuphikiswa. [5], njengokuba ityala elinjalo likhohlazinziswa yimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho [FUM] [effel] [effel, ngaphandle kokuba ingqina ityala elininzi lolwaphulo-mthetho] ngenxa yokuba ityala.[5]

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ukutshutshiswa nokuzithethelela ngezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kubandakanya abadlali abaninzi, ngamnye onemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo neembopheleleko ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo.

Umtshutshisi

Abatshutshisi bamela urhulumente — urhulumente, okanye ummandla wasekuhlaleni. Banesigqibo sokuba bafake izityholo, nokuba baza kufaka izicelo zetyala, nokuba baza kunikela na izivumelwano. Umsebenzi wabo asikokuqinisekisa nje ukuqiniseka kodwa kukubona ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokuzikhusela, njengoko kufuneka Brady v. Maryland

Iattorney Yokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo axhasa abamangalelwa, akhusela amalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo. Abameli abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha banikwa omnye ngurhulumente phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo weSithandathu. Abakhuseli boluntu basingatha ukubekwa kwamatyala amakhulu kodwa badla ngokufumana amava. Icebiso lobuqu linokunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kubantu ngabanye.

Umgwebi

Ijaji isalathisa inkundla, imisela imithetho yokuthatha inxaxheba, iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho, yaye kwiinkundla zetyala ezisemagqabini iqinisekisa isigqibo. Abathathi cala, abameli macala omabini. Indima yabo iquka ukubususa ubungqina obungenasihlahla nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkundla ilungile.

IJury

Kumatyala amaninzi anzima olwaphulo-mthetho, iSithandathu SoMthetho-Mbetho siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa lityala limgwebi ongakhethiyo. Abachopheli betyala bakhethwa ngako umkhosi oyingozi , apho amacala omabini athandabuza abachopheli bejaji ukuba bangabhenca ikhethelo. Umsebenzi wejaji yenye ityala kukugqiba ngemibuzo yenyaniso — nokuba ngaba ijaji libonise ukuba linetyala elingenathandabuzeka.

I-Iatlebar

Umntu omangalelwe ngesikreqo. Banelungelo lokuthi cwaka, lokuthetha namangqina, lokungqina (okanye angenjalo), nokubakho ngamaxesha onke anzima aloo matyala. Izigqibo zommangalelwa, ezinjengalokuba uyasamkela isibongozo, okanye ungqina, zenziwa ngokucebisana.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Namaxhoba

Amagosa amapolisa aqokelela ubungqina, abophe, asoloko enikela ubungqina. Nangona kungengamalungu alo, aphumeza indima esisiseko yophando. Amaxhoba anamalungelo phantsi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente, kuquka nelungelo lokuxelelwa amatyala, lokuthetha ngesigwebo, nokufumana imbuyekezo. Noko ke, indima yawo yahlukile kweyomtshutshisi neyomtshutshisi.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho: Uphando Lwakhokelela Kwisibheno

Uhambo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho luqhubekeka ngamanqanaba achaziweyo. Iqonga ngalinye libandakanya imithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nemigaqo ekhuselweyo yesiseko elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zomthetho namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuqala ngokuqokelela ubungqina ngokuphanda, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nokuhlola. UHlomelo lwesine lufuna ukuba ukuphanda nokubanjwa kuxhaswe ngokunokwenzeka. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amagosa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso kumphathi-mthetho ongathathi cala, nangona kukho iinkalo ezininzi (umz., imvume, imbono ecacileyo). Xa kuveliswe ubungqina obaneleyo, ukubanjwa kungenziwa ngesizathu okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba igosa linonobangela ofanelekileyo.

Ukuvumela Izigqibo

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba kukho ulwaneleyo kusini na ukuba kukho uxwebhu olusemthethweni. Esi sigqibo siqwalasela amandla obungqina, ubungxengxezo, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye nezilangazelelo zobulungisa. Kwimeko zorhulumente kunye namanye amazwe, izityholo kufuneka zinikelwe kwiqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala, eligqibayo ukuba liyinike ityala. Kweminye imiqathango, abatshutshisi bachaza iinkcukacha emva kommangaleli wokuqala apho umgwebi afumana khona unobangela olindelekileyo.

Ulungelelwaniso nokungabikho

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi, uva izityholo, angene kwisibongozo — ````i-ayinatyala', , , okanye [ nokhuphiswano [[FLT:] olungenalukhuphiswano] [[[FLT]] [iiisihlanu] (akukho ukhuphiswano oluphakathi). Ijaji i-prestriegement. [il:2] ayisekelwanga sengozini yenqwelo-moya, ingozi kawonke, kunye nobume bolwaphulo-mthetho. Abo bangakwazi ukuvalwa; umgudu wokuphucula ukuzama ukunciphisa ukuthemba imali kubagcime-mfama.

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, omabini amacala anikana ubungqina ngokufunyanwa. Ityala kufuneka lityhile bonke ubungqina, kuquka izinto eziluncedo kukhuseleko. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka ukuthatha inyathelo lokuphelisa ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuthatha inyathelo lokulahla ubungqina obunganelanga, nokuthatha inyathelo lokutshintsha indawo.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho — angaphezu kwama-90% — aqukunjelwa ngezicelo ezithengwayo kunokuba avavanywe. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ukutshintshiselana ngesigwebo esinconyelweyo. Ingxoxo ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa akwazi ukumangalelwa kwaye anikezele amalungelo okuzithandela. Ngoxa kuthandabuzeka ngenxa yokuba banamandla okunyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa, ukucetyiswa kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo exinzelelwe phantsi.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liqhubekeka livavanywa, lilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo: ukhetho lwabachopheli-mthetho, iingxelo ezivulayo, ukumangalelwa ngetyala elikwintloko, ityala lokukhusela (ukuba ukhona), ukuphikisa nokuphikisa, iimpikiswano zokuvala, imiyalelo, kunye nokuqwalasela. Uxanduva lokungqina luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala; ukuzikhusela akufuni kubekwa nabuphi na ubungqina ukuba urhulumente ukholelwa ukuba akawuhlangabezanga umthwalo wakhe. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukungqina kodwa akanakunyanzelwa ukuba enze njalo; nayiphi na into engavumiyo ukungqina ukuba zichaziwe.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo sokuba netyala okanye ungenatyala. Ityala kufuneka lihlangane kuzo zonke iityala ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvumelana (ukuxhonywa kwabachopheli-tyala), ijaji ingathetha ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye umtshutshisi angakhetha ukulilungisa kwakhona ityala. Ukuba isigqibo asinatyala, ummangalelwa ukhululwe akhululwe ngetyala elifanayo phantsi kwe

Ukugweba

Emva kwesigqibo setyala okanye isibongozo, ijaji ibeka isigwebo. Ukugwetywa kungabandakanya ukuchotshelwa ngokwahlukeneyo apho inkundla iqwalasela ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kwemvume, iingxelo zempembelelo yamaxhoba, neempikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini. Izigwebo zisuka kuvavanyo nentengo ukuya kumatyala ahlawulweyo, kwaye, kwiimeko zekomkhulu, ukufa. Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa imigaqo yokugweba ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, nangona abagwebi begcina ingqiqo kwimida yemithetho.

Izibheno kunye nonyango lonyango lwePosi

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo unelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ephikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ebudeni betyala — ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi kwabagxeli-tyala, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Izibheno zijolise kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni, hayi ukuphengulula okuyinyaniso. Ngaphaya koko, abamangalelwa bangafaka izibongozo ze-habeas corpus kwinkundla yesizwe eziphikisa ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango yabo. Ukuvavanya inkqubo ye-orhulumente yokufumana i-appellette, i-U.S. Inkundla ye-webhsayithi ye-web yezo zinika inkcazelo enzulu yetyala

Ukwahlula Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo - mthetho lucalulwe ngokuqatha, okumisela umlinganiselo wesohlwayo neenkqubo ezisebenzayo.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Ii-flonies zezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezidla ngokugwetywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka omnye (okanye ngokufa). Ii-felonia eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukurhwa, kunye nokurhwaphiliza ngesantya esikhulu kweziyobisi. Iinkolelo ezijolise ekucingelwa kuzo zithwala iziphumo ezingqinelanayo, njengokuphulukana kwamalungelo ovota, imiqathango yomsebenzi, nokungavunyelwa kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke. Ezinye izigaba zodidi zodidi lwe-felonies kumaqondo (umz. umzekelo, okokuqala ukubulala nge-seb) okubulala kwesibini-degreegee) okusekelwe kwiinjongo nakwimeko.

Iimpazamo

Imizekelo iquka ukuhlaselwa, ubusela (ngokufuthi obubandakanya izinto ezibalwa ngaphantsi komnyango), ukungalungelelani, kunye nexesha lokuqala le-DUI. Ii-Misdemeor zidla ngokuvavanywa kwiinkundla ezisezantsi ngaphandle kwejaji kwezinye iindawo, nangona abamangalelwa begcine ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwinkundla yetyala.

uphazamiso

Kwakhona kwaziwa njengokwaphula umthetho, ukuqhekeza ngamatyala amancinane – ngokuqhelekileyo amatikiti endlela, ukulahla inkunkuma, okanye ukuhamba ngentambo. Aphatha fashoni kodwa akukho xesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni.

Ukuqhekeka okusebenzisekayo kwendlela amatyala akhethekileyo abekwa ngayo, icandelo lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho weNolo linika ukhokelo olucacileyo lukarhulumente lokwahlula kunye nezohlwayo.

Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho: Iingcamango Neengcamango

Abameli bangaliphikisa ityala lomtshutshisi ngokuthi urhulumente ahlule ukungqina ukuba unetyala, okanye bangazithethelela ngokuzithethelela okuthethelela okanye ukuthethelela ihambo. Indlela yokuzikhusela ixhomekeke kwizibakala, kubungqina, nakumthetho.

Ukungaphumeleli kokhuselo olububungqina

Ukhuselo olulula luthi ityala aliwuphumeleli umthwalo walo — ummangalelwa akawenzanga lo msebenzi, akakhange afumane ngxaki yengqondo, okanye ubungqina abonwanga ngokwaneleyo ukumisa ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. albibi luhlobo olungqalileyo lwale nto: ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bokuba wayekwenye indawo xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka.

Ukhuselo oluzinzileyo

Apha ummangalelwa uyavuma ukuba wenza eso senzo kodwa uphikisa ngelithi sasigwetyelwe okanye sivunywe phantsi kweemeko.

  • [[NTL:0] Ukweyisa-ukuziphakamisa: Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kuyathetheleleka ukuba ummangalelwa ukholelwa ukuba amandla ayeyimfuneko ukukhusela umonakalo okufuphi ongekho mthethweni. Umandla abulalayo afuna ukukholelwa okufanelekileyo ngokufa okukufuphi okanye umonakalo onzulu emzimbeni. "imfundiso egobileyo" kunye "nokuma komhlaba" imithetho iguqula oku kumazwe athile.
  • Imigaqo efanayo iyasebenza xa kukhuselwa omnye umntu okanye ikhaya likabani.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukungalungisi: Oku akusiyo i-"ephanyazar" kodwa kukuzimisela okusemthethweni okuthi ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ubandezelwe sisifo esinzima sengqondo emenza angakuqondi ukugqibeka kwezenzo zabo okanye avumelane nehambo yakhe nomthetho. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [2] UMGANT , (ukwazi okulungileyo kokuphosakeleyo) kusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi, kunye nentsingiselo engaqhelekanga.[FLT]
  • [[FLT: 0] Intelekelelo: Urhulumente waphembelela ummangalelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ababengalufuni ukulwenziwa. Isitshixo sinokuba ingcamango ivela kumthetho onyanzelisayo nokuba uxinzelelo olungafanelekanga lusetyenzisiwe kusini na. Olu khuselo alufumaneki ukuba ummangalelwa wayesele ekulungele ukwaphula umthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbindi woMmangalelwa wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kuphela ngenxa yesisongelo sokufa esikhawulezileyo okanye ingozi enzulu emzimbeni wakhe okanye kwenye. Ithuba alingokhuseleko ekubulaleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Imfuneko: Ummangalelwa wathatha inyathelo lokukhusela ingozi enkulu. Umzekelo, ukuqhekeza kwigumbi lokulala ukuze uphume kwigumbi lokulala eliqinileyo ukukhusela ukuba akukho enye indlela ekhoyo. Ingozi mayiphephe ngaphezu kwengozi ebangelekayo.
  • Inyaniso ithatyathwe `` Ukungaqondi nyani kwento ephathekayo kungawadida amadoda aphinde adibane. Umzekelo, ukuthatha ingubo yomnye umntu ekholelwa ukuba yeyakho asikokuba ukuba impazamo ibisengqiqweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume: Kwezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana nokuhlasela, umvume womntu wokuzithandela ungaba lukhuselo (umz., uqhagamshelwano lwemidlalo). Ukuvuma akunakunikwa kwingozi enzulu emzimbeni kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukhuselo lwemveli nolomGaqo-siseko

Ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela azithethi ngokungqalileyo ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kodwa zingqina ukuba ukutshutshiswa akuvumelekanga ukuba kuqhubeke.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uqikelelo lodangaliso: Imo kufuneka izise izityholo ngexesha elibekiweyo emva kolwaphulo-mthetho. Amatyala amakhulu afana nokubulala asoloko engenaxesha elilinganiselweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Reopardy engatshoniyo: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu soMphetho-mva wetyala wesibini emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala lesantya: Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu lufuna iimvavanyo eziza kwenzeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo; ukwaphula kusenokuphumela ekugxothweni.
  • Ukuvalwa kwamalungelo oMgaqo-siseko: ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, ngokuvunywa kwesicelo esinyanzelekileyo, okanye ngoncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, bungakhutshwa ngaphandle — okanye ukurhoxiswa kwesiqinisekiso esibhenqweni.

Ukuqonda ubuchule bokhuselo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukugqabaza okugunyazisiweyo ngokufumaneka kokhuselo oluqhelekileyo, [[FLT: 0] iAmerican Bar Association inika izinto zokukhusela kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yobungqina Kwizilingo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ubungqina yimali yenkundla. Ngaphandle kobuchule, ubungqina obungachatshazelwanga, ityala alinakuwufumana umthwalo walo. Imithetho yobungqina — ubukhulu becala igunyaziswa kwimithetho esemthethweni yobungqina [[FLT: 0] kunye nemithetho egunyazisayo — ilawula oko abachopheli-tyala bangakuqwalasela.

Ubungqina

  • Ubungqina obuthe ngqo: Izinto ezifana ne-DNA iisampuli, iminwe, izixhobo, kunye neziyobisi. i-kain ye-avarep [ mayibhalwe ukuthintela ukuphithana.
  • [[NTL:0] Ubungqina obungathathi-nxaxheba: Iingxelo ze-Svorn ezisuka kumangqina aqhelekileyo (oko bakuqondayo) kunye namangqina olwazi (iinkcukacha ezisekelwe kulwazi olukhethekileyo). Amangqina okunika awanakunikela iimbono; iingcali kufuneka zifanele zifaneleke kwaye zixhomekeke kwiindlela ezinokuthenjwa phantsi
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungqina bobuxwebhu: Ii-Contracts, ii-imeyili, iifoto, iifoto, ushicilelo. Uqinisekiso luyafuneka — umxhasi kufuneka abonise lento yindlela eyiyo.
  • Ubungqina obubalulekileyo: obungangqalanga obuvumela abachopheli-tyala ukuba bachaze inyaniso. Umzekelo, ukufumana iminwe yommangalelwa embonisi ngqo ukuba benze ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa uxhasa umboniso. Ubungqina obupheleleyo busebenza ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Ukubonakala nokuphakamisa

Ukuvunywa, ubungqina kufuneka bube bungabangela iziphumo ezininzi okanye ezingenzekiyo. Kwanobungqina obunxulumeneyo bungasuswa ukuba ixabiso lalo lokuvelisa ingqwalaselo lingaphezulu kakhulu kwekhethe elingalunganga, ukudideka kwemiba, okanye ukuchitha ixesha. phulaphula ingcaciso [ — inkcazelo engaphandle-mgaqo enikelwe ukungqina inyaniso yombandela oqinisekisiweyo — isoloko ingena ngqiqwe, kunye neengxelo ezininzi (ezikhuthazayo, iingxelo zeshishini, iingxelo ezichasene nomdla).

Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ngaphandle Kokuthandabuza Okusengqiqweni

Lo nguwona mgaqo uphakamileyo kumthetho. Akufuneki ukuba uqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine inxalenye nganye yetyala inyanise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha — ukuze umntu onengqondo aqiniseke ngetyala lommangalelwa. Ukuzithethelela akufuneki ukuvelisa nabuphi na ubungqina; ukuba ingtshutshiso iyasilela, ityala liphela ngokugwetywa.

Ukuqwalasela iinkcukacha zemithetho ecacileyo kwinkundla yesizwe, iMithetho eManyeneyo yoBubungqina igcinwa ziiNkundla zase-U.S..

Isiphelo

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ungumsebenzi onamandla olungelelanisa umsebenzi worhulumente wokohlwaya ububi ngelungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuzikhusela ngokusesikweni. Ukusuka kwiingcamango ezisisiseko ze-Stuus reus kunye nabantu babuyela kwintsokothile yenkqubo yokuvavanya kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bobungqina kunye nokuzikhusela, inkqubo izama ukudlulisela okusesikweni. Ukuqonda indlela amatyala abekwa ngayo kwaye akhuselwe ngayo kunika abemi amandla okuba benze into ecacileyo ngemibandela esemthethweni, enoba ngabafundi, abaqeqeshi, abalawuli, okanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwintetho kawonke-wonke. Njengokuba imithetho iguqula kunye nomgangatho wemithetho, ukugcina amaxabiso elungelela amanani eenjongo zolwaphulo-mthetho ahlala esaziswe ngemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ziselutyekelo lwedemo-demo-demokh.