Umthetho wamakhaya umisela umphambili wesigqibo sengxoxo yabucala kwiinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Enoba ungumfundi olungiselela uvavanyo, umfundisi- ntsapho ophuhlisayo, okanye ugqirha ofuna ukuqonda indlela iingxabano ezilawulwa ngayo ngaphandle kwengquzulwano, ubambe iinkqubo ezingundoqo kunye neenkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zibalulekile. Eli nqaku linikeza uphando oluneenkcukacha, olucwangcisiweyo lomthetho wesizwe, qhaqho kwimigaqo yesiseko kunye nemimiselo eqinisekisiweyo ukuya kuqhubele phambili enyathelweni letyala eliqhelekileyo. Ngesiphelo, uza kuba nolwazi olucacileyo, olusebenzisekayo lwendlela ingxubengo zamakhaya ezisungulwa ngayo, ezicaciswe ngayo, neziphelisiweyo.

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula amalungelo neembopheleleko zabantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho. Iyahluka kakhulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente agweba amatyala kwibutho labantu. Endaweni yoko, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekuququzeleni amaxhoba, ekuqinisekiseni izivumelwano, nokucombulula ukungavisisani ngezinto, imicimbi yentsapho, imicimbi yezoshishino, kunye nomonakalo wobuqu. Amazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo asemazwekazini aseYurophu, iLatin America, kunye neenxalenye ezithile zesizwe ezifuna ukucacisa nawu we-Asiya kunye ne-Afrika, asebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya exhomekeke kwimigaqo ebhalwe ngokuyintloko kunemigaqo-mthetho esekelwe kwimigalelo. Eli nqaku linciphisa iinxalenye ezingundoqo, imibambo, kunye nabadlali kumthetho wezemibalelwa-pulane, inikela ukhokelo olupheleleyo kuye nabani nabani ofuna imibandela ecacileyo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya, ongundoqo, liqumrhu lemithetho echazayo nekhusela amalungelo ayimfihlo abemi, inika unyango olusemthethweni lwempikiswano, kwaye imisela iinkqubo zokuphelisa ezo mpikiswano. Isuka kumthetho wamaRoma, ingakumbi iCorpus Juris Civilis equlunswe phantsi koMlawuli Justinian, kwaye kamva yavela ngemithetho ye-Napoleon kunye nezinye ii-ac khowudi ze-Europe. Imithombo engundoqo yomthetho wamakhaya iquka:

  • Imithetho eqinisekisiweyo: Imithetho egquma ngokuphandle iindawo ezifana nomthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wempahla, itort wiret, umthetho wentsapho, nelifa. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukuba ilungelelaniswe kwaye ifikeleleke.
  • Imigaqo yeConstituanical: amalungelo asisiseko kunye nemithetho yesakhiwo ebumba inkqubo yamakhaya kunye namalungelo angaphantsi asekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo zolawulo:[ Imithetho yolawulo engaphandle kwemigaqo yomthetho (umz., imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi, ikhowudi yokwakha).
  • [[NT.:0] Izigqibo ze-Judicic (indima elinganiselweyo): Ngelixesha iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zingawuqondi ngokusesikweni umlinganiso wesibophelelo (stare decisis) njengomthetho oqhelekileyo, imithetho yenkundla ephezulu isoloko ithwele ubunzima obuyekelelayo, ingakumbi kwikhowudi ecacisayo.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kufuna ukuxabisa ukugxininiswa kwawo kumthetho obhaliweyo ngaphezu kobuchule bokwenza ikomiti. ABagwebi kulawulo lomthetho wasekuhlaleni basebenza ngokuyintloko njengabaphandi kunye nabanyanzelisi bemithetho, hayi njengabalathisi bomthetho. Amaqela `anglaintiff kunye nommangalelwa---aphosw' abeke ityala lokunikela ubungqina, ngoxa ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyaqhubeka kwaye usebenza ngokusesikweni kwiingxelo.

Isakhelo Senkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zilungelelaniswe ngemimiselo yeqela elilawulayo elinemisebenzi echazwe ngokucacileyo. Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo siquka inkqubo yenkundla eneziqu ezithathu: iinkundla zokuvavanya (umzekelo wokuqala), iinkundla zetyala, nenkundla ephakamileyo (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla yokhupho). Umgangatho ngamnye unemisebenzi eyahlukileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo: Yiva ubungqina, fumana iimpikiswano, kwaye ikhupha isigwebo esibophelelekileyo. Ezi ntena zisenokulwahlulwa ngokwemibandela (umz., iinkundla zentsapho, iinkundla zezorhwebo, iinkundla zabasebenzi).
  • Inkundla edityanisiweyo: Hlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo yomthetho okanye inkqubo. Zingabhukuqa okanye ziqinisekise isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, kwaye kwezinye iinkqubo zingaphinda zive izibakala phantsi kweemeko ezimxinwa.
  • Inkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo (Ityala loMgaqo): ihlola kuphela imibuzo yomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukucaciswa kwemithetho efanayo. Ayibuphulanga ubungqina obutsha.

Iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni ubhaliwe, kuba abemi bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo ngokuqiniseka, nto leyo enciphisa imfuneko yokucaciswa okunzulu.

Amalungu Angundoqo Omthetho Waseburhulumenteni

  • [[UMTL:0] Izigqubuthelo nemithetho: Umthombo ongundoqo womthetho. Umzekelo, Ikhowudi yabemi yase French (Inani elipheleleyo) lihlala liyimodeli yezizwe ezininzi.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho weCase (Umthetho weThunga): Nangona ingabopheleli, imithetho engaguquguqukiyo evela kwiinkundla eziphezulu inika ukhokelo kwaye izalise izithuba kwikhowudi.
  • Imfundiso yeLegal (Imfundiso): ukugqabaza ngobuchule kwizifundo ezingokwasemthethweni eziphembelela utoliko notshintsho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isiko nokusetyenziswa: Kumthetho wentengiso nempahla, imisebenzi yorhwebo emileyo ixesha elide ingadibanisa imithetho ebhaliweyo.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho wabemi: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ucalulo lwemibutho lulandela indlela ecwangcisiweyo elungiselelwe ukukhusela inkqubo efanelekileyo nokunika amacala omabini ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza imeko yawo.

Ukuphendla i-Anglicant (Izitena zokukhokela)

Ummangali uqala ityala ngokufaka uxwebhu olubhaliweyo olubizwa ngokuba sizikhalazo okanye isicelo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo isiseko esisemthethweni setyala (unobangela wesenzo), izibakala ezisixhasayo, kunye noncedo olukhethekileyo olufunwayo ngezantsi. Ngokufuthi ilahleko yemali, isiqabu semali, okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Umrhumo wegalelo udla ngokufuneka, kwaye ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba inkundla inegunya elinomxholo-onkenezo zombini (ulawulo lohlobo lwetyala) kunye nolawulo lobuqu kuMmangaleli.

2. Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Xa isikhalazo sithe saqukunjelwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe ngokusemthethweni. Oku kwaziwa njengenkonzo yenkqubo. Ukubizwa nokumangalelwa kunikezelwa kummangalelwa (okanye ummeli wabo ogunyazisiweyo) kusetyenziswa iindlela ezimiselwe ngumthetho ```okanye ummeli ogunyazisiweyo) ukunikezelwa kobuqu, iposi eqinisekisiweyo, okanye impapasho ukuba ummangalelwa akanako ukufumaneka. Inkonzo efanelekileyo iyagwetywa; ukuba ityala linesiphene, isenokungabi nagunyaziso lokuqhubeka.

3. Indlela Abameli Abasabela Ngayo

Ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo (ngokufuthi 20-30 yeentsuku) lokuphendula. Iimpendulo zomzekelo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Impendulo: Ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyela ityholo ngalinye nokuphakamisa naluphi na ukhuselo oluvumayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhupha ityala: Ukuxambulisana ukuba nokuba zonke izibakala ziyinyaniso, i-paltiff ayinaziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni (ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ityala) okanye ukuba inkundla ayinagunya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibala elipheleleyo: Ummangalelwa uqinisekisa eyakhe imvume ngokuchasene nomphandle ophuma kwintengiselwano enye okanye ukwenzeka.

Ukuba ummangalelwa akasaphenduli, basenokugwetywa ngokungeyomfuneko.

4. Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufunyaniswa kwale ngxelo lixesha apho amacala omabini edluliselana khona inkcazelo aze aqokelele ubungqina. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukufunyanwa akusoloko kukhulu kunomthetho oqhelekileyo, kodwa kusafuneka ukuze kwakhiwe imeko. izixhobo zokufumanisa eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Izicelo zoxwebhu: Ifuna iikopi zeerekhodi ezifanelekileyo, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, kunye nezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa:[ Umbuzo woobhazabhaza bamangqina okanye amaqela (okuqheleke ngakumbi kumthetho oqhelekileyo, kodwa osetyenziswa kumagunya athile omthetho wasekuhlaleni).
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicelo sokukhupha imvume: icela elinye icala ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyela iinkcukacha ezithile ekunqumleni imiba.

Injongo yokufumana izinto kukuthintela izinto ezingalindelekanga ekucingweni nokukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa ngokucacisa amandla nobuthathaka bemeko nganye.

5. Intshukumo neNgqungquthela zangaphambi

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angafaka ifayile yentshukumo ukusombulula imiba yokuqala. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: Ukuxambulisana ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana iCompal Discovery: ucela inkundla ukuyalela elinye icala ukuba livelise ubungqina obungagcinwanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Motion kwi Limine: icela ukuba ubungqina obuthile bukhutshwe ekuvavanyweni.

Iinkundla ezininzi zikwagcina iingqungquthela zangaphambi kwetyala zimisele ixesha elimiselweyo, zixubushe ngemibandela engokwasemthethweni neyangaphambili ukuze kuthethwe ngayo.

6. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye aligxothi, liqhubekela kwityala. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukuvavanywa akusoloko kusenziwa nto ithile kwaye kuphando oluninzi kunomthetho oqhelekileyo. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umgwebi- Obenziwe: Umgwebi ubuza amangqina ngokukhutheleyo, ahlole ubungqina besehlo, kwaye angayalela uphando olongezelelweyo.
  • Uqhelaniso lweWritten: uninzi lobungqina lufakwa ngokubhaliweyo phambi kokuva; isiphumezi- miyalelo esidlulisiweyo sidla ngokuba sesibini.
  • [[FLT: 0] No- Jury (ngokuqhelekileyo): Uvavanyo oluninzi lomthetho wasekuhlaleni luvavanyo lwebhentshi, kunye nejaji igqiba zombini izibakala nomthetho. Kuphela ngamagunya ambalwa (umz., amanye amagunya e-U.S. kwiminye imiba yabemi) asebenzisa amatyala ejaji.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibherin yebuGcisa: I-Placttiff mayingqine oko ithethayo ngokuqwalasela kwangaphambili kobungqina", okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunento yokuba uguqulelo lwabo lweziganeko luyinyaniso.

Xa egqiba, ijaji iguqulela umgwebo osengqiqweni, inikela iziphumo zenyaniso, ihlalutya ngokusemthethweni, kunye nonyango olunikwayo.

7. Umgwebo Nezicombululo

Ukuba umchasi uphumelele, inkundla iza kunika isicombululo. Iindlela zomthetho wamakhaya zidla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezintathu:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umonakalo ocacileyo: Uqokelelo lwelahleko (umonakalo wokuhlawula) okanye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, isohlwayo somonakalo wokusohlwaya ihambo engalunganga.
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze isibopho somnqophiso (oqhelekileyo kwifama nezivumelwano zempahla).
  • Iinjnations: Imiyalelo yokumisa isenzo esiyingozi (umz., iyeka ukusebenzisa iimfihlo zorhwebo ezibiweyo) okanye ukunyanzela isenzo esithile.

Iqela elilawulayo likwanelungelo lokuhlawula iindleko zenkundla kwaye, kwamanye amazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni, intlawulo yamagqwetha (imali ehlawulwayo).

8. Izibheno

Amaqela anganelisekanga angabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno ezikumthetho wasekuhlaleni zisoloko zipheleliselwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho okanye iimpazamo ezinzulu zemithetho. Inkundla elawulayo isenokuthi:

  • Siqinisekise isigqibo senkundla engaphantsi.
  • Yiguqule iphelele okanye inxenye.
  • Waphinda wacelwa ukuba avavanywe ngokutsha okanye aqhutywe.

Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho wamakhaya zivumela isibheno esinye kuphela (kwinkundla ephakathi), nesibheno esingakumbi esisemthethweni kwinkundla ephakamileyo kuphela ukwenzela amatyala abalulekileyo angokwasemthethweni. Iqela eliphulukana nemithetho lisenokufuneka lifake iqhina okanye lihlawule iindleko zelinye icala ukuze liqhubeke nesibheno.

9. Enye impikiswano yesigqibo (ADR)

Asizizo zonke iingxabano zamakhaya ezimele ziqhutywe. Iindlela zokucombulula imbambano ezinokungephi zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukonga ixesha neendleko. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ze-ADR ziquka:

  • Uququzelelo: Umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba unceda amaqela ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela.
  • I-Arbitation: A ephakathi (okanye indawo yolawulo) iva ubungqina kwaye yenza isigqibo esibophelelayo. I-Arbitro isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizivumelwano zentengiso.
  • [[Unikezelo:0] Unikezelo: olufanayo nokulungisa kodwa isihlanganisi sisenokucebisa amagama okuhlalisa.

Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni adibanisa i-ADR kwinkqubo yawo yenkundla (umz., ulawulo olusemgceni kumatyala amancinci eFransi). Icandelo lehlabathi lonke lezorhwebo linika imithetho ehlonelwa ngokubanzi yokwahlula.

Iindidi Zomthetho Wamakhaya Zinzulu

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uthotho lweembambano. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo zimela ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo ekuthethwa ngazo.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Ezi zivela xa elinye iqela lisilela ukuzalisekisa izithembiso ezenziwe kwisivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo esisemthethweni. Imibandela eqhelekileyo iquka ukwaphuka kwesivumelwano, ukutolikwa kwamagama angaqondakaliyo, nokungafezeki komsebenzi. Iinkqubo zisoloko zijolise ekuququzeleleni iqela elingangeni mvume yokufumana uncedo olulahlekileyo.

Ityala Elincinane

Iitort zizizono zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa. I-negligence (umz. ingozi yemoto), ukunyelisa, ukutyhala, ukukhutshwa kweziphumo, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kweemvakalelo kuthotywa phantsi komthetho ochaphazelekayo. I-plattiff ifuna umonakalo wokonzakalisa umzimba, umonakalo wempahla, okanye umonakalo odumileyo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ukulahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho kusenokuchatshazelwa.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Ezi zibandakanya ubunikazi, imida, ukukhululeka, nelungelo lokusebenzisa okanye ukudlulisela izinto zokwenene okanye zobuqu. Imizekelo iquka ungquzulwano lwendawo yefa, izinto ezingalunganga, kunye neempikiswano ngelifa. Ikhowudi yempahla yomthetho wamakhaya idla ngokuzichaza kwaye iqine, inciphisa ukungacaca.

Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho

Imibandela yentsapho enjengoqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yabantwana, ukukhuselwa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya ilawulwa phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zentsapho zidla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo engeyoyasemthethweni kwaye zibeka phambili iinjongo ezintle zabantwana.

Iimpikiswano Zomsebenzi

Iinkundla zemisebenzi okanye iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zisingatha ukupheliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo emsebenzini, ukwaphulwa kwemivuzo neeyure, nokuqhekezwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Amazwe amaninzi asebenza ngoorhulumente anemithetho ebanzi ekhusela abasebenzi.

Iintshukumo

Xa abantu abaninzi bebandezeleka ngokufanayo (umz., iimveliso ezinesiphene, ukukhutshelwa kwetyala), iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zingavumela izenzo zomelo okanye izenzo zodidi. Lo msebenzi wokohluka ngokubanzi ``France, umzekelo, ukwazisa ulawulo olusikelwe umda lwesenzo sodidi ngo-2014. Imanyano yeMelika Bar inika ubuncwane kwiinkqubo zemisebenzi yeklasi kwi U.S, esoloko isebenza njengembekiselo kwimpikiswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Indima Yabo Balawuli Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Iingcali zomthetho zidlala indima ephambili ekukhokeleleni abaxhasi ngokucaciswa. Imisebenzi yabo idlulela ngaphaya komelo lwenkundla iquka ukwenziwa kwengxelo, uxwebhu lokuyila nokuxoxa.

  • [[UMTL:0] Amacebiso asemthethweni kunye novavanyo lomzekelo: abagwebi bahlola inzuzo yento enokwenzeka okanye ukhuseleko kwaye bacebisa ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza, isoloko iquka amathuba empumelelo kunye neendleko ezinokwenzeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukudibanisa nokufikisa Amaxwebhu: iingcinga, iimpendulo, iintshukumo, izicelo zokufumana, izivumelwano, kunye nezivumelwano zokuhlalisa zifuna ulwimi oluthe ngqo kunye nokunamathela kwimithetho ebhaliweyo. Abalawuli baqinisekisa ukuthobela iifomati zenkundla kunye nexesha elimisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izaziso kunye noLawulo lobungqina:[ AbaLawuli banceda ekuqokelelweni, ekucwangcisweni, nasekuboneni ubungqina obukhoyo] ukuquka iingxelo zobuchule, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, kunye nohlalutyo lwetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungiso nozinzo: Imiba emininzi yabemi isombulula phambi kokuvavanywa ngengxoxo. Abalawuli basebenza njengabameli bezinto ezinqwenelekayo zomxhasi wabo, besebenzisa isixhathiso kunye nolwazi olusemthethweni ukukhusela iimbono ezilungileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isibheno nomelo lwezibheno: Enkundleni, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano zomlomo, amangqina, kwaye aphicothe izibheno ezingokwasemthethweni. Ekubhexesheni, babhala uqwalaselo olufutshane lolungiso olungokwasemthethweni.

Kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, amagqwetha asoloko ebhekisa phambili kwiindawo ezithile (umz., avocat eFransi, Rechtwalt[]) eJamani. Imisebenzi yabo esesikweni iquka imfihlo, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokungafihlisi kwinkundla. Izicwangciso ziyahluka: irekhothi yeeyure, ngelixa abanye besebenza kwimiqathango (ukufumana ipesenti yokuchachacha) okanye imirhumo eqinisekisiweyo yemicimbi yesiqhelo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya Kubaluleke

Umthetho wamakhaya uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla: ukuthenga ikhaya, ukusayina isivumelwano semisebenzi, ukuqhubana nengozi yemoto, okanye ukucombulula ilifa lentsapho. Ukwazi iinkqubo ezisisiseko kunika amandla abantu ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo, baphephe ukukhanyela okungeyomfuneko, baze benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Kubafundisi-lwazi olunzulu lwenkqubo yezentlalo-ntle kunye nento ethile kwenza abafundi bakwazi ukufundisa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ngeengcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Kubani na obandakanye nenkqubela-mthetho netyala lomthetho woluntu akunakugwetywa. Ngokukhupha umthetho wamakhaya, eli nqaku linika iglasi yendlela esebenzayo yokuqhuba inkqubo, nokuba uceba ukulungiselela ukuhlalisa, ukuhlalisa, okanye ukuqonda kakuhle iprojectives.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga imithombo enegunya enje ICornell Legin Information yeStudents yocaciso lomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye kunye nooECD yoovimba kwisiseko solawulo[ ezisoloko zibhekisa kwimigaqo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ukudlala phakathi kwekhowudi kunye nenkqubo kungundoqo ekulawuleni lo mgaqo womthetho.