Umthetho wamakhaya wenza isiseko sengxubusho yabucala, unika ingxubusho ecwangcisiweyo kubantu, amashishini, kunye nemibutho yokufuna ukubuyiselwa xa amalungelo abo ephulwa. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, ngokubandakanya ukumangalelwa kwetyala lomthetho ngokuchasene nocwangco lukawonke-wonke,(--i-civil igxininisa ngokupheleleyo kulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Isivumelwano ngasinye esophukileyo, ingozi nganye yemoto ebangelwa kukungakhathali, yonke imida edibaniswayo phakathi kwabamelwane, kunye nayo yonke into ehlazisayo elwonakalisa udumo lwendawo ephantsi kwalo mhlaba umthetho omkhulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo esisiseko, imigaqo echaza umthetho wezezomthetho, kunye nemigaqo echaza indlela ecacileyo yokuqonda indlela okusebenza ngayo okusesikweni ngaphandle kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqonda uMthetho wamakhaya: Isidanga nesiseko

Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimbambano apho omnye umntu athi ukhe wahlelwa yingozi ebangelwa sisenzo somnye okanye ukungasabeli. Ingozi isenokuba yeyokwenyama, yezemali, ngokweemvakalelo okanye iyabantu abadumileyo. Iqela elilimeleyo, elaziwa njengommangaleli, liqalisa ukumangalela umenzi-tyala otyholwayo, ummangalelwa, efuna imbuyiselo okanye umyalelo wenkundla wokuphelisa isimilo esiyingozi. Injongo ephambili asikohlwaywa, kodwa ukubuyiselwa (ukuphinda wenze iqela elilimeleyo liphelele kwakhona ukuya kwimali okanye imiyalelo yenkundla.)

Umthetho wamakhaya awungomthetho omnye kodwa yingqokelela yeendidi zomthetho. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhontrakthi yomthetho — ilawula izithembiso ezinyanzelekileyo nezivumelwano.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] [[Umthetho weTort] [[UMTL:1]] — ugquma izono zabemi ezifana nokungakhathali, ukunyelisa kunye nokuhlupha ngokweemvakalelo.
  • [[Umthetho wokongamela:0] umthetho weproperty [ — uqhubana nobunikazi, ukuqeshwa, nokusetyenziswa kwempahla yokwenene neyobuqu.
  • [[Umthetho wosapho:0] [ — uthetha ngomtshato, uqhawulo mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, kunye nokufumana umntwana wabanye abantu.
  • [[Umthetho wokwaphula umthetho] — isingatha iimbambano zasemsebenzini ezifana nokuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo, kunye nemali yemivuzo.
  • umthetho wobuchule bempahla — ukhusela indalo njengemvume, imvume yamalungelo ombhali, kunye neempawu zophawu.

Nganye kwezi ndawo isebenza phantsi kwemigaqo engokwahlukileyo yomthetho kodwa yabelana ngenjongo efanayo egqithisileyo: ukunikezela ngegosa elilungele ukuphelisa ukungavisisani kwazo ngaphandle kokubhenela kuncedo lwazo okanye kugonyamelo. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yase-U.S., njengamanye amaninzi, ixhomekeke kumxube womthetho wemithetho (odluliswa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho) nomthetho oqhelekileyo (okhuliswe kwizigqibo zenkundla) ukubumba amalungelo abantu neemfuno.

Iingcinga ezingundoqo eziqhuba ulungiso olungaphakathi lwe-CD

Ubuxoki Netyala

Umthetho wobutyala ngezenzo okanye iziphazamiso. Kwimeko zabemi, ityala lingasekwa lisekelwe kwityala elingu ````ukungakhathali' okanye ukunganyaniseki'''' okanye ukunganyaniseki ngempazamo kusenokuvela ngaphandle kwetyala phantsi kwemfundiso engqongqo (umz., iimveliso ezinesiphene). Ukuseka ityala linyathelo lokuqala ekufumaneni unyango.

Umonakalo: Ulwimi lokuqokelela

Umonakalo yimali elungiselelwe ukuhlawula ilahleko.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilahleko yokuhlahlela [ — kugquma ilahleko yokwenene, kuquka amatyala ezonyango, imivuzo elahlekileyo, iindleko zokulungisa impahla, neentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka.
  • Umonakalo ophakathi [ — unikwa kuphela kwiimeko zokungakhathali okugqithisileyo okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwangabom ukohlwaya ummangalelwa kwaye uthintela ububi bexesha elizayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo okhoyo [ — imali encinane (ngokufuthi i $1) xa ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni liphulwa kodwa akukho lahleko yemali ekhoyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo ocetyiweyo — umlinganiselo omiselwe kwangaphambili ochaziweyo kwisivumelwano sokwaphuka.

Icebo: Elona Galethi Liqhelekileyo

I-gligence yenzeka xa umntu engakwazi ukwenza ngesantya senkathalo anokusisebenzisa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, ebangela umonakalo onokubonwa kwangaphambili. Ukuze aphumelele intengo yokungakhathali, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka angqine izinto ezine: umsebenzi, ulwaphuko, ukonakalisa, kunye nengozi. Umzekelo, umqhubi obaleka isibane esibomvu aze abethe umntu ohamba ngenyawo ubophelele umsebenzi wokunyamekela abanye endleleni, ukonakalisa loo msebenzi ngokutyeshela uphawu lwendlela, ubangela ingozi, kwaye ubangele ilahleko ebangelwa yimali yezonyango kunye nengeniso elahlekileyo.

Iimbopheleleko ezihambelanayo

Isivumelwano sisivumelwano esinyanzelisayo ngokomthetho. Xa omnye umntu engakwazi ukwenza njengowaphulo oluthenjiweyo, --a) omnye angamangalelwa ngemichiza efana nembuyekezo yolindelo olulahlekileyo okanye umsebenzi othile. Umthetho odityanisiweyo uchaphazela phantse yonke intengiso yentengiso, ukusuka ekuthengeni ikofu ukuya ekusayineni isivumelwano se-dillion-dillion.

Ezinye iimfundiso ezibalulekileyo ziquka ukuvalwa kwemiqathango , emisela ixesha lokuphuma ekhusini lomthetho (ukuvalwa ngohlobo kunye nemeko), kunye nomthwalo wobungqina [, oluthi kwimeko zabemi lufuneke umchasi wokongamela imeko yabo ngokufaka ubungqina "ukuqwalasela ngobungqina" (ngokunokwenzeka kunokunganjalo) kunomlinganiselo ophezulu wolwaphulo-mthetho we "QULATH,], olufuna umchasi wobunyani obusengqiqweni."

Iindlela Zokucombulula Iingxaki Zamakhaya: Akuyomali Nje

Amayeza asetyenziswa ngabemi ziinkundla zezixhobo ezisebenzisa ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okanye iimpazamo. Ziwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: unyango olusemthethweni (umonakalo we-monterary) kunye nonyango olulinganayo (imiyalelo engeyoya-zizo ezongezelelo ekhutshwayo xa imali inganelanga).

Umonakalo Wokhuphiswano

Unyango oluqhelekileyo, umonakalo wento efakwa kwikhompyutha esetyenziswayo ukubuyisela i-atlantiff kwindawo ebeya kuba ikho ukuba ibingaphosananga. Luquka zombini iindleko zezoqoqosho (umz., iindleko zezamayeza, ukulahleka komsebenzi wokufumana, ukonakaliswa kwempahla) kunye nokulahlekelwa okungeyomeko yezoqoqosho (umz., iintlungu, ukubandezeleka, uxinezeleko ngokweemvakalelo).

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko

Umonakalo owenziweyo awupheleli kwisohlwayo; ulungiselelwe ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga aze adimaze ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Amazwe amaninzi abeka iikepisi kwilahleko yesohlwayo (umzekelo, izihlandlo ezithathu inani lelahleko ye-complation) ukunqanda iimbasarha ezigqithisileyo.

Iintshukumo

Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna ukuba umbutho ukwenze okanye uphephe ukwenza isenzo esithile. Imiyalelo ethintela (TROs) kunye nemiyalelo yokuqalisa igcina ubume bemeko ngexesha lokubekwa kwengxelo, ngeli xesha imiyalelo esisigxina inika isiqabu sokugqibela. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukunqanda lowo wakha umqeshwa ukusuka kwimfihlo zorhwebo okanye ukuyalela inkampani ukuba iyeke ukungcolisa indlela yamanzi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Imisebenzi ethile inyanzelisa iqela eliya kwaphula imisebenzi yalo kunokuba lihlawule umonakalo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umthengisi wekhaya eliyimbali akavumi ukuvala, inkundla isenokubayalela ukuba bagqibe ukuthengisa kuba loo ndawo ingaqhelekanga kwaye imali iyodwa ayinakuhlawula umthengi.

Ukuchana nokuHlaziywa

La mayeza alinganayo avumela iinkundla ukuba zirhoxe isivumelwano (ukulungisa) okanye zibhale kwakhona amagama azo (ukulungisa) ukuze zibonise iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela xa eqhatha, ephazama okanye enempembelelo engafanelekanga yangcolisa isivumelwano.

Umgwebo Wokuvakalisa

Umgwebo ohlaziyiweyo lukuzimisela kwenkundla amalungelo amaqela okanye ulwalamano olusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingavakalisa ukuba inkqubo ethile ye-inshorensi igqubuthela uhlobo oluthile lwetyala, icacisa iimfanelo zamalungu alapho phambi kokuba kuvele ukumangalelwa.

Ukuqonda ezi nyango kunceda amagqwetha agqibe enoba afanele amangalele okanye afune enye indlela yokuzicombulula.

Iindlela Zokoyisa: Ukusuka kulwahlulo ukusa ekugwetyweni

Asiyoengxoxo zamakhaya eziphela kwinkundla yenkundla. Enyanisweni, abaninzi baconjululwa ngezigqibo ezingezizo iimpikiswano (ADR) iinkqubo ezigcina ixesha, imali, kunye nolwalamano. Iindlela ezininzi zokwenza izigqibo ziquka:

Uqukuqelo

Indlela elula neqhelekileyo, ingxubusho ibandakanya unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamaqela (ngokufuthi namagqwetha awo) ukuze angene kwindawo yokuhlala. Kuyinto engacwangciswanga, eyimfihlo, neyokuzithandela ngokupheleleyo. Unxibelelwano oluphumelelayo lufuna icala ngalinye ukuba liqonde izilangazelelo zalo nezinto eziphambili zomnye umbutho. Iisivumelwano ezininzi ziquka "uquko lokuqala" uxwebhu phambi kokuba lunyuke kumaziko eendaba okanye kukhutshwe.

Isicwangciso

Isihlomelo sizisa iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba, “‘ umlamleli onceda incoko kwaye onceda amaqela azame izisombululo, kodwa anganyanzeli sigqibo. Umsebenzi womlamleli kukukhuthaza ukuqonda, ukucacisa imibandela, nokucebisa ukulalanisa. Ukuba amaqela afikelela kwisivumelwano, kuba yisivumelwano esibophelelayo. Isivumelwano sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumthetho wentsapho, iingxabano zezentengiso, kunye neengxabano zoluntu. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ukuchanaba kwiingxoxo malunga nama-80% eengxoxo ezingenayo.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo luyindlela esesikweni apho umntu omnye okanye abaninzi beva ubungqina kunye neempikiswano kwaye benikela isigqibo esibophekayo. Lufana nokuvavanywa okulula ngaphandle kwemithetho yenkundla epheleleyo. Izivumelwano ezininzi zabathengi `njengezivumelwano zamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kunye nentsebenziswano yeselfowuni yesivumelwano seselfowuni `ziquka iingxelo zokudityaniswa komcimbiso. Ngoxa ukudityaniswa komtyano-moya kusoloko kukhawulezekile kwaye kuxabisa kancinci kunentengiso, abagxeki baphawula ukuba kungalinganisela amalungelo okufunyanwa kwamaqela kunye nokubhena koluhlu lokubhena.

Uqikelelo

Ukumangalelwa yinkqubo yesithethe yokusa imbambano enkundleni. Iqala ngokuvala isikhalazo nokuthumela izicelo, kulandelwe kukuncenga, ukufunyanwa (ukutshintsha ubungqina), ukuququzelelwa kwetyala, ukuxambulisana, kunye nokuvavanywa kwetyala phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala. Ukuba iqela alivumelani neziphumo, bangabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Ukubhenela kunika esona sigqibo sisemthethweni nesinegunya kodwa kudla ngokucotha, ukubiza imali eninzi, kwaye kudla ngokusetyenziswa njengesahluleli-mthetho.

Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekhoyo yokuxambulisana, ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela, isixa esisemngciphekweni, nomgangatho ofunekayo wokugqibela. Ukumangalelwa okuninzi kwamakhaya kuconjululwa ngokucombululeka ngesigaba esithile.

Indima Yeenkundla Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Iinkundla zamakhaya zinika ingqwalaselo epheleleyo yempikiswano yesigqibo xa ezinye iindlela zingaphumeleli. Isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla sinegunya, siqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo kunye nethuba lokulungisa iimpazamo.

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala, ezikwasaziwa njengeenkundla eziphakamileyo okanye iinkundla zesithili, zilapho amatyala aphezulu aqhubeka khona kuqala. Ziva ubungqina, zisebenzisa umthetho, kwaye zikhupha imiqathango. Iinkundla ezincinane ziyicandelo elikhethekileyo elisingatha iimpikiswano eziphantsi ze-dolar (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe-$5 000-$, kuxhomekeke kwimeko) ngemigaqo eyenziwe lula kwaye ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwamagqwetha. Izenzo zodidi zivumela amaqela amakhulu abantu abanezityholo ezifanayo (umz., iziphumo ezingalunganga okanye ukuqhatha-qhinga) ukuba angene kwiqela, ukuphumelela nokwanda kokusesikweni.

Inkundla

Iinkundla eziqulunqileyo zihlola izigqibo zamatyala zetyala zezobutyala zezobutyala, njengemiyalelo engachananga yetyala, isigwebo sobungqina obungafanelekanga, okanye ukuchazwa kakubi komthetho. Abubuphulanga ubungqina obuyinyaniso kodwa endaweni yoko buhlolisise ingxelo yamatyala kunye neengxelo ezimfutshane ezibhaliweyo. Umgangatho wokuzihlola uyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyaphinda ihlolwe "devo" (entsha), ngoxa iingxelo ezichanekileyo zixhaswa ngaphandle kokuba "ziphosakele kakhulu".

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ziva inani elilinganiselweyo lamatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye apho iinkundla ezingaphantsi ziye zakhupha imithetho engqubanayo. Izigqibo zazo ziba ngumzekelo ongqongqo, ubumba indlela umthetho wesizwe ochazwa ngayo ngaphaya kolawulo.

Indima yabagwebi kumatyala asekuhlaleni iquka ukuphatha inkqubo yangaphambili, ukulawula kwimiqathango, ukuyalela iijaji (ukuba zikho), kwaye ekugqibeleni ziphumele kwisigwebo. Ii Juils zikhona kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni. Ingakumbi kwiimeko zetort kunye nokuvumelana kwempikiswano, kwaye bafumana izibakala kunye nemiphumo yokonzakalisa.

Ityala lomthetho oqhelekileyo: Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Umthetho wamakhaya uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngezantsi yimizekelo yeendidi ezixhaphakileyo zamatyala amakhaya:

  • Impikiswano ye-[FOLT:0] i-' umninindlu umangalela inkampani ngenxa yokusilela ukugqiba ulungiso ngexesha, efuna umonakalo wokulibazisa nokuzikhulula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo wesiqu sakho (tort): Umntu ohamba ngezinyawo obethwa ngumqhubi ophazamisekileyo ubeka ityala lokungahoywa kwemali yezonyango, ulahleko lwemivuzo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano evakalayo: Abamelwane ababini abaphikisanayo ngokusingisele kwindawo yocingo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisenzo esizolileyo sesihloko sokufumana ubunikazi.
  • Umthetho wosapho: Isibini esitshatileyo sifuna uqhawulo-mtshato, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimpikiswano ngokwahlulwa kwempahla, inkxaso yomtshato, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana.
  • [[UMTL:0] iimpikiswano zokwahlula: Owayesakuba ngumqeshwa umangalela ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwisiphene.
  • Ipropati yolwazi: Imvumi iphakamisa igama lokushicilela elisetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni ingoma yabo ngaphandle kwemvume, ifuna umyalelo kunye nolawulo lobukumkani.
  • ungquzulwano lwelizwe olunamandla: Isheshi ye-ant ekubuyiseni kokhuseleko emva kokuphuma, isithi umninindlu ukhuphelwe umphandle wesigulo esiqhelekileyo nekrazukileyo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba umthetho wamakhaya awukho ngqiqweni, kodwa ucombulula iimfazwe zemihla ngemihla ezichaphazela imali, amakhaya kunye nezinto zokuziphilisa.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Wamakhaya Kuluntu Lwanamhlanje

Ngapha koko kucombulula iingxabano, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unceda imisebenzi emininzi ebanzi yasekuhlaleni. Ithintela ihambo engakhathaliyo okanye eyingozi ngokumisela iziphumo zemali. Imisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngemizekelo yezemali, ikhokela abantu kunye namashishini koko kwamkelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Inika urhwebo ngokunikezela ngamalungelo anyanzelekileyo, abo babolekisayo, abanikeli, nabathengi, kunye nabathengi abaxhomekeke kuyo. Yaye inika utshintsho loxolo kuncedo lwabo okanye kugonyamelo, lugcina ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda umthetho wasekuhlaleni kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Iingxoxo zokulungisa iinguqu, indima yeziphumo zokohlwaywa, nokufikelela kwimiqathango esemthethweni kuyaqhubeka. Amashishini, ulwazi ngetyala lasekuhlaleni lunceda ukunciphisa iingozi nge-inshorensi, iinkqubo zokuthobela, kunye nezivumelwano ezilungiselelwe kakuhle.

Ukusikelwa umda: Ukulungisa Imibandela

Umthetho ngamnye welizwe unexesha elisisigxina elingumlinganiselo ```````Ingxubusho'''')). Lo mmiselo wexesha kufuneka ugcinwe ngalo. Le miqathango iyahluka ngokohlobo lwemeko nohlobo, ukusuka kunyaka omnye (ukubekwa phambili kwamanye amazwe) ukuya kunyaka omnye ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu (impikiswano kwezinye). Iwotshi iqala xa ingozi ifunyenwe okanye ifanele ukuba ifunyaniswe. Ukungalufumani ixesha lokusebenza kungasibeka ngokupheleleyo eso sigqibo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kufanelekile.

Izibheno kunye nonyango lwePosi

Kwanasemva kwesigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo, iqela eliphulukana netyala linokufumana ezinye iindlela: isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ithathela ityala elitsha, okanye ifune ukubeka ecaleni umgwebo osekelwe kubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa okanye ubuqhetseba. Ukunyanzeliswa komgwebo (ukuqokelela imali) kunokuba lucelomngeni olunye, olufuna imigudu efana nokuhlawulwa kwemali okanye intlawulo yasebhankini.

Imithombo Engaphandle Yokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubo bafuna ukuphanda ngobunzulu bomthetho wasekuhlaleni, le mithombo ilandelayo inegunya ikho kumanqaku abalaseleyo:

  • [[NTLA] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho loMgaqo-siseko: Ushwankathelo loMthetho waBami — iEncyclopedia yasemthethweni ekhululekileyo, ebanzi egquma inkqubo yamakhaya kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni ophantsi.
  • Nolo: Inkqubo yeJaji yeSizwe — amanqaku aFikelelekayo abhalelwe abangengomthetho abhalelwe abo bangengomthetho kwimixholo efana nenkundla encinane, umonakalo wobuqu, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango.
  • I-Melika Bar : Indlela Iinkundla Zomsebenzi-Matyala aBangabemi — izinto zokufundisa ezichaza amanqanaba okumangalelwa kwemiba.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya unika isiseko sokucombulula iimfazwe ezingezozezolwaphulo-mthetho ezivela kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokwaphuka ukuya kwiingozi zenqwelo-mafutha, ukusuka ekudibeni kweentsapho ukuya kwimfazwe yempahla, amayeza omthetho wamakhaya (_monetary corality, imiqathango, kwaye umsebenzi othile) unikela indlela yokulungisa ngaphandle kokucela amandla okukhupha ulawulo lwesizwe. Ngokuqonda iimpazamo, umonakalo, kunye neenguqu zesigqibo sengxoxo ukusuka ekuqululweni kwe-internation ukuya ekudibanisweni, abantu banokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo, bahambele ngokusemthethweni, kwaye baqonde indlela inkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yesizwe elungelelanisa ibutho labantu abazinzileyo. Ukuba ungumfundi, ungomfundi oqeqeshiweyo, okanye ummi onomdla, okwaziyo ukukunika amandla okusebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho kunye nokuzinzisa.