Umsebenzi wonyulo olusisiseko njengenkqubo esisiseko kwidemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi, eyenza amaqela ezobupolitika akwazi ukukhetha abaza kufikelela kwisikhundla sikawonke-wonke. Olu khuphiswano lwangaphakathi aluyilo kuphela olufumana ukhetho olukhoyo kumavoti jikelele kodwa lusebenza njengebala elibalulekileyo lokubophelela uluntu, ingxoxo yengcamango, kunye nokwenziwa kolwazi lweqela. Ngokuvumela amalungu eqela kunye nokunyulwa okubanzi ukuba aphembelela ukuphembelela, unyulo oluphambili luqinisekisa ukuba abatsha babonise izikhethelo ezikhoyo neziphambili kwisiseko seqela. Ukuqonda indlela abayiyila, imisebenzi, kunye neempazamo zeqela ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo-ofisi zezobupolitika eziza kuguqula ngayo ulawulo-wonke zize zifikelele kukhokelo lwezopolitiki.

Ukuqonda Unyulo Olusisiseko

Unyulo lokuqala lukhuphiswano lokuqala olubanjelwe phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo oluza kugqiba ukuba ngowuphi umbutho wezopolitiko oza kumela umbutho wezopolitiko kwivoti. Luhlobo oluphambili apho amaqela athe athe athabatha abathathi-nxaxheba eUnited States, kunye neenguqu zenkqubo zenkqubo zamkelelwe kwidemokhrasi ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Le nkqubo ilawulwa luluhlu oluntsonko lwemithetho karhulumente, imithetho yeqela, kunye nemizekelo yembali. Ii-ristars zingahlulwa kwii-karuucredi, ezilungelelaniswe ngakumbi, iintlanganiso ezilungiselelwe amaqela eqeqeshiweyo, kodwa igama elithi “i-priminary” libandakanya uluhlu lweefomfono ezilawula ukuba abakhweli nabaqhubi bakhethwe njani.

Imbali

Inkqubo engundoqo yavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 njengenxalenye yeNkqubela yeXesha leNkqubela ukutyhala ulawulo lwabalawuli beqela kunye nomatshini weqela ngokukhetha okukhethiweyo. Ngaphambi kokuba i-primente, iinkokeli zeqela zahlanganisana ngokufihlakeleyo “amagumbi azeleyo” ukukhetha ama-minenene, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwegalelo eliqhelekileyo labavoti. Umthetho wokuqala ongqalileyo wamiswa eWiscoversien ngo1903 phantsi kweRhuluman Robert La Follette. Ngeminyaka yee1920, uninzi lwamazwe lwamkele uhlobo oluthile lonyulo lokuqala. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, inkqubo yokuguquka, ngeenguquko, emva konyaka ka-1970 emva kweKhomishini ye-Freterscreastry Comment yomthetho woluntu lweDidemocratic Par, olungenamgalelo lwandiso lwamanyeneyo, olubanzi lwamanani amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani aseMelika asetyenziswa ngoomatika kunye noomatika angamashumi amane.

Iintlobo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Unyulo lokuqala alufani; imithetho yorhulumente kunye neqela lemithetho yenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Olona didi luqhelekileyo luvulekile, luvaliwe, luvalwe kancinci, lunengubo, kunye nemigangatho emibini ephezulu.

  • OpenPRIAR: Ivota zivumelekile ukuba zithathe inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela na na kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu elibhalisiweyo. Le modeli ijolise ukwandisa ukhetho lovoti nolwabathathi-nxaxheba kodwa ingavumela abavoti abaphikisanayo ukuba banqamleze kwaye baphembelele ukusetyenziswa kwemichako, ubuchule obaziwa ngokuba “kukubhalisa.”
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Primes ezivaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kwintloko yeqela lawo. Le nkqubo iqinisa umanyano lweqela kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umtyunjwa unyulwe ngabalawuli ababotshelelweyo. Abahlalutyi bayiphikisa ngokuthi ayibandakanye abavoti abazimeleyo kwaye inyanzelela abathathi-nxaxheba kwizikhundla ezingaphaya.
  • Semi-Valed Primes: kwezi nkqubo, amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo avote kwisiseko seqela lawo, kodwa angenamkhethe okanye ozimeleyo angakhetha ukuba yeyiphi yokuqala enokuthatha inxaxheba. Oku kulinganiswa kweqela elidibeneyo nokuquka inani elikhulayo labavoti abazimeleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Blanket Primitary: Ivota yamkela ibhola enye edwelisa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuwo onke amaqela kwaye ingavota umvotelwa omnye kwisikhundla ngasinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Umba othe wangenelwa kwiqela ngalinye elineenkqubela ezininzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi ii-primenti njengeequatrion kwi iCalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones
  • Phezulu-isibini-Iindawo eziphambili: Yaziwa ngokuba yi- “jungle primeries” okanye“aphartarian primerities,” bonke abatshayeli bavela kwisixhobo esinye esiphambili, kunye nezingenisi eziphezulu zonyulo eziphambili ezimbini eziya kunyulwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphi na abaquququzeli. Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa urhulumente nonyulo lwasenozwelo eCalifornia, Washington, kunye neNebraska (ongeyonxalenye yeeofisi). Inganciphisa impembelelo yonyusotho lweziququ zonyulo ezigqithisileyo kwaye ikhuthaza abatshayo ukuba babhenele kwiqela elibanzi.

Amanye amaphondo akwasebenzisa iziqalelo ezikhethiweyo ekukhetheni abathunywa kwiindibano zesizwe ezihlohliweyo, ezisoloko zibandakanya ukhuphiswano kunye nemithetho enzima enikezelweyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokhetho Oluphambili

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ziyi-injini yoluvo lweqela, injini yokuvota, kunye nesixhobo sokunqanda umgaqo wengqiqo yamaqela. Ngokuvumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kukhetho lomntu oza kubhaptizwa, i-primente iphucula ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kwaye inika abavoti umthi obonakalayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwisithuthi Esikhuthazayo

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zezi nonyulo kukukhuthaza umvoti ukuba abe nenxaxheba, ingakumbi phakathi kweqela labaxhasi abanyanisekileyo kunye nabaxhasi abaphambili. Xa abavoti bethetha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngubani obamelayo kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, basenokuziva bebotshelelwe kwisiphumo kwaye babuye bequke ngomhla woNqulo. Uphando oluvela kwiZiko loPhicotho-zincwadi [[FLT:] [[FLT]] i-Pult Uphando [[FLT: 1]] lubonisa ukuba abavoti-phambili batyekele ekufundeni, abadala, kunye ne-decutrust kunomvoti jikelele, kodwa imigudu yokwandisa ukufikelela kusuku olunye lonyuso-voti kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ii-crivercationsss zikwanikezela umhlaba wokuqeqesha abavoti botyali, amatshaneentsi oonozakuzo, kunye ne-omatilanti, ii-omatilanti, i-ontacracractial proservation, i-ography.

Iingcebiso Zeqela

Abasebenzi bezomthetho banikela ithuba lokuba amaqela achaze iingcamango zawo ezingundoqo kunye nemilinganiselo yawo. Iphulo eliqhelekileyo elikwiqonga elivumelana nesiseko seqela . Ngokufuthi ligxininisa ubunyulu kwimibandela enjengerhafu, ukuqhomfa, ukufuduka, okanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni. Le ngxoxo yangaphakathi inokuba namandla kwaye ityhile, inyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bathathe izimiliseko ezicacileyo ngoko ke ezichaza ukuba ngabaphi na abantu abatsha. Kwizikhuseli ezivaliweyo, apho kuphela abavoti, abamele ukubhenela kwimiba elininzi leqela. Oku kungenza ukuba abalawuli abagqithisileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bachaze ukuba babe nophawu olupheleleyo, kodwa kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela lihlale lizibonke, kwaye abavelelwe kwimibutho labo abaxhasayo.

Ukujija Unyulo Jikelele

Iziphumo zonyulo oluphambili zineziphumo ezinzulu kunyulo jikelele kunye nemeko ebanzi yezobupolitika. Ukhuphiswano oluphambili lungavelisa unyulo olubanzi lwe-media, lungakha igama lomntu oza kubhaptizwa, luze luvelise ii-intername zentlangano eziqhubela phambili kwiphulo jikelele. Ngokufuthi abaphumeleli bafumana amandla `ukuzandisa) kwingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, umdla womnikeli, kunye nehlombelo lokuzithandela. [iIInkqubo yonyulo-"enokuthi igqibelele kufutshane kunyulo jikelele. Ngokuphikisana noko, ingxube yahlula-phambili ingenza umtyali wonyulo , ukukhupha oovimba kunye namaqela asemzini angenakuxhasa ngokupheleleyo ukuwa. [[FLT:]

Imonteum kunye nokugqunywa kwezixhobo eendaba

Abathathi-nxaxheba abaphumeleleyo kunyulo oluphambili basoloko befumana ukhupho-lwazi oluphezulu, olulucaphulela umyalezo wabo kubaphulaphuli abaphangaleleyo. “Impembelelo ye-banwagon” ingacenga abavoti abangelwanga ukuxhasa intelekelelo ecacileyo ephambili, ngeli xesha betsala ingqalelo yenginginya yesizwe, ii-puntits, kunye nenkxaso. Oku kutyhilwa kwamajelo eendaba okukhululekileyo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kubaceli-mali abangenazo izibhengezo zemali zokubhengeza. Noko ke, uphando olunzulu lunganyusa ukuchasana kwegaffes okanye iingxoxo zezixhobo eendaba, kwenza uphando oluphezulu lwe-athotho-phindo.

Ukusebenzisa Amathuba Okusebenzisa Imali

Ukuphumelela okanye ukwenza ngamandla kuvulo lokuqala olunyuliweyo lwamathuba okubonelela. Abanikazi, ngokukodwa abaququzeleli beqela, iikomiti zezenzo zobupolitika kunye nabantu abanikela ngabanye, bakulungele kakhulu ukuqokelela ababonise ukusebenziseka kwiskrini (ngokokuba banethuba lokwenene lokuphumelela kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Imiqondiso eyomeleleyo ebonakalisa uluntu lomnikeli yokuba umvoteli unengqeqesho equququzelela, inkxaso yengca, kunye nekhono lokuphumelela kwivoti. Olu khuthazo lwemali lungaba lubalulekileyo kwizibhengezo zokhetho jikelele, imisebenzi yasemasimini, kunye nokuvota.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neenkalo Eziphambili

Phezu kwalo nje idinga labo ledemokhrasi, unyulo oluphambili lujamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunokudodobalisa ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwabo. Iimpikiswano ezifana nokubhadula okusezantsi, ukuphembelela, impembelelo ekhutshiweyo yemali, kunye nekhalenda ephoxekileyo zonke ezi zinto zisongela ingqibelelo yenkqubo.

Ukungakhathali nokuhamba okusezantsi

I-Voter ingxaki eqhubekayo kunyulo oluphambili. Amaqondo okujika-jika aphantsi kakhulu kunokhetho jikelele, asoloko ehla ngezantsi kwama-20% kwimijikelo yexesha eliphakathi. Abavoti abaninzi bayaqonda ukuba inxaxheba yabo ayinampembelelo encinane kwisiqalo, ingakumbi kwisithili apho isiphumo sisiphelo se-egeon sisodwa. Ngokungathi umsantsa uthandwa kakhulu okanye ngenxa yokuba isithili silawulwa kakhulu liqela elinye. Oku kuthoba phantsi kuthethwa ukuba abavoti abaphambili abameli bokhetho abamelelikhulu; batyelele ukuba babe badala, bamhlophe, batyebile, batyebe ngakumbi. Lo msantsalwano ungafumana iziphumo ezigqithisileyo kwaye unciphise ukusabela okupheleleyo kwinkqubo.

Ukuqhuba kunye nezithili ezingadibaniyo

Gerrymandering − ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ye-evotors ukwenzela uncedo lwabakhuseli-nkonzo — kunciphisa iingxaki zonyulo olungundoqo. Kwizithili ezinamandla, unyulo jikelele lugqibeke ngokunempumelelo kwintloko, kuba igosa elilawulayo liqinisekiswe ukuba liphumelele ngoNovemba. Oku kunciphisa intshukumisa yababhexeshi ukuba babhenele kwimiba ephakathi okanye abavoti abazimeleyo, kwaye kunokuthi kunyanzele intetho yezobupolitika kwizithuba eziphezulu. Ukungachongi kwevoti ibangela ukuba ikhalele phambili inzala yovoti, njengoko isoloko ithenjiswa. Utshintsho luphikisa ukuba ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nemithetho yesithili engekho ngqini i-paraties inceda ukubuyisa ukhuphiswano kuzo zombini neenkokeli zonyulo-okhi.

Impembelelo Yemali

Indima yemali kunyulo lokuqala lucelomngeni olunzulu nolubhalwe kakuhle. Abasebenzi abanokuzinika ngokwabo okanye abanyusa iimali ezinkulu kubanikeli abazizityebi bafumana uncedo olubalulekileyo ekubhengezeni, ekusebenzeni, nasentsimini. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ku] Iziphene ze-United[FLT]. FATIN [2010] [2010] kunye [[FLT]] MCcheon. FFECC[FLT][3] [20] (ivule ucangolulo olungenasiphelo lwenkcitho yePS yePRCPGS nezengeniso, ezidla ngokungeneyo ukungeneka okanye ukuchasa izikhuthazo ezidisana nezilangazelelo eziphambili. Le mali ingcuthelela iingcayi ze-ogrootsssss ze-ocks ezishushu, ezithenjiweyo, ezisoloko zikho kwimiqatha, ezithenwa nguwonke wobutho oluthe zithe nyani, kwaye ziluncedo, kwaye ziluncedo kakhulu.

Ikhalenda entsha

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-primpmicals ``enziwa ngenkangeleko''''. kwaye kwaziwa njengekhalenda yokuqala. Ukutyekela koorhulumente ukuhambisa amabala abo akwindawo ephezulu ekuqaleni konyaka (imeko ebizwa ngokuba “kukulayisha phambili”) kuthetha ukuba ukhuphiswano oludityanisiweyo lucinezelwe kwixesha elifutshane, lusoloko luxhasa kakuhle, abathathi-nxaxheba belizwe abaziwa kakhulu kunabo banemiqathango elinganiselweyo. Kwindawo yomongameli ephezulu, ithetha oko kuthethwa ekuqaleni njenge-Iowa, iNew Hampshire, kunye noMzantsi Carolina i-Priscover, iguqula impembelelo yohlanga phambi kwamazwe amaninzi abe nethuba lokuvota. Iinguquko ezifana neziququ zephondo, umgaqo-onqando olujikelezayo, okanye ulawulo lwesizwe olubanzi lwelizwe luye lwadityaniswa, kodwa lungadityaniswa ngenxa ye-ea eepiepietiop.

Ukwenziwa kokukhanya kunye nokungacoceki

Unyulo lokuqala lungafak' isandla ekuhlaziyweni kwezobupolitika ngokufaka abatsha abatsha abaza kufumana eyona nxalenye ivakalayo nesebenzayo yesiseko seqela labo. Kwiiprim ezivaliweyo, apho kulula khona ukujika kusezantsi kwaye kulawulwa ngabalawuli abavunyiweyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abanobungozi obufanelekileyo bokohlwaywa. Oku kunamandla kuye kwabekwa ityala lokunyuka kwentetho ephezulu ne-rectivation. Noko ke, uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili ezivulekileyo eziphezulu `==aphonslated namalungu eqela anokuvota/tend ukuvelisa ii-minemone. Ukuthathwa komphezulu-ontang'a-2 eKhalifoninian kunye neWashington kunxulunya oluncinane lwendlela yokusebenza kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho, nangona ubungqina buxulukile.

Utshintsho Nezintshalo Eziphambili

Ukuphendula kwezi ngxaki, uludwe lweenguqu kunye nohlaziyo lucetyiwe luze lwaphunyezwe kumgangatho welizwe nasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekunyuseni inxaxheba, ukuphucula ukuma, ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali, nokuphuncuka komoya.

Ukujija okuzinzileyo

Uvoto olunechokoza eliphambili, olubizwa ngokuba luvota ngokukhawulezileyo, lufumana uvolo oluthi lunyuswe njengokhetho olubalulekileyo. Kwi-RCV primies, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, abathathi-nxaxheba abadumileyo bayasuswa kwaye iibhola zabo zibekwe kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo de omnye umvoti ufikelele kuninzi. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhe imibutho ebanzi, inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga (ukususela ekubeni abathathi-nxaxheba bafune ukuphepha abaxhasi abaphambukeli babo), kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo baxhase uninzi. Maine noAlas bakhuphe i-RC yesizwe ne-ocesss ngooventine, kwaye abanye oomatshini abaninzi boomatisi beqela.

Ukuvulwa Nokungabi Nabudlelane

Ukwandisa ukufikelela ngemibhobho evulekileyo ye-priminders okanye engekho partisan promicals yenye indlela yotshintsho. Ngokuvumela abavoti abazimeleyo kunye namalungu eqela eliphikisanayo ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba, ezi nkqubo zinciphisa impembelelo yeyona qela likhulu kwaye zinika abavuzizo abanokubhena kwimigca enqamlezileyo. Inkqubo ephezulu-bini ephambili yeKhalifoniya, eyamkelwa ngokugqitha kweprotime 14 ngo-2010, iye yaba nesiphumo esinokwenzeka: inyuse inani labafuni abathelekayo abahambela phambili ngokufanelekileyo kunyulo jikelele, ingakumbi kwimimandla apho iqela elinye lilawula khona. Kodwa, abagxeki baphawula ukuba iyakwazi ukukhulula icandelo lesithathu lesithathu labathathi-nxaxheba yaye ngamanye amaxesha ikhokelela kukhetho oluqhelekileyo phakathi kwabavoti bomvoti, benciphisa ukhetho.

Ubhaliso lwezogcino oluzenzekelayo kunye nokusebenza kwasekuqaleni

Ukulwa nonyulo olusezantsi kunye nesithuba sokuthabatha inxaxheba, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo ezifana nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti (AVR) kwinqwelo-mafutha nakwamanye amasebe karhulumente, ukuvota ngosuku olunye, kunye nokwandisa amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba. La manyathelo akwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba abavoti abangekiyo bathathe inxaxheba kwiprojekthi. Amazwe asebenzisa i-AVR, njenge-Oregon, abone unyulo oluphawulekayo ekuvotisweni kwevoti kunye nempumelelo esezantsi ekunyulweni. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhambisa iimini zokuqala zonyulo kwihlobo okanye ekuqaleni kokuwa (kunye kuneTshayisana) kwaye ahlanganisa nabo ngonyulo lwasekuhlaleni anokunyusa inxaxheba.

Iphulo Lokuvelisa Iintlobo Zemali

Ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kwi-primetics kusengusukelo olunempikiswano kodwa olubalulekileyo. Iindlela zomthetho ziquka inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke yeenkcitho zabatshayeli abavumelanayo ukuchithwa kwemida (njengoko isetyenziswa kunyulo lomongameli okokugqibela ngo 2008, nangona inkqubo ithe yaphela), i-donoor encinane engqinelanayo (njengokwindlela yeSixeko saseNew York), kunye neemfuno zokwandiswa kwenkcitho ezizimeleyo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho ekwahlula umlinganiselo onokuthi abantu banikele ngawo abatsha abatshatiswe, nangona le nkqubo ijongene nemingeni esemthethweni. Kumgangatho worhulumente, i-DICLOSE Act nezicelo zokubhukula [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLD]]

Isiphelo

Unyulo oluphambili luyinxalenye esebenzayo nebalulekileyo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi, inika indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuvota, ukuvota, kunye nokuchaza kwengqiqo. Iyilazo yabo `evulekileyo, ivaliwe, okanye engathanga ndawo-ngalawuliyo/iiikhareyidi ezineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zempilo yomelo olukhoyo. Ngoxa imingeni enjengekujika phantsi, igerrymaning, imali kwezobupolitika, kunye nokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemali efunekayo, ukuvavanya utshintsho oluqhubekayo olufana novota oluphezulu, ukwandisa ukufikelela, kunye nempempempe-mali enika ithemba lokubonakala okungaphaya kwenkqubo epheleleyo nephumelelayo. Njengoko amaqela kunye novolo oluphambili luqhubeka lungundawo ebalulekileyo yokulungisa, iprojelo olungundoqo lokukhetha abaza kuba ngaba ngabamele abantu. [FF3] kunye noluvoluvolu lwabiwo oluphambili lwe-RFoffins [Fodkt syktion:[4], uphando olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo: [Foffin:[3]