Unyulo lwenza isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, lunika abemi indlela elungelelanisiweyo yokuvakalisa ukhetho lwabo lwezopolitiko nokugcina iinkokeli zabo ziphendulile. Ingqibelelo yale nkqubo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwisiseko esiqinileyo somthetho esichaza imithetho ecacileyo, enyanzelekileyo, enyanzelekileyo, iziphumo zonyulo zihla zisiba semxokekweni, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuphatha kakubi, ukuphelisa intembelo yoluntu kuyo yonke inkqubo yezobupolitika. Isiseko somthetho esisemthethweni simisela imida yokhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ikhusela amalungelo okhuphiswano olufanelekileyo nabavoti, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo sokugqibela sibonise ngokwenene ukuthanda kwabantu. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olubanzi lolwanolwanomthetho olubonisa ukulunga nokubonakala, ukuhlola isiseko sawo, imigaqo yawo, kunye nemingeni eqhubekayo engundoqo, kunye neengxaki ezibupolitiki.

Ukuqonda Isiseko Sasemthethweni Sonyulo

Umiselo olusemthethweni olulawula unyulo yinkqubo ebekwe ngobuninzi bemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho yolawulo. Asiloxwebhu olunye kodwa kunoko siseko lwemimiselo edityanisiweyo efumaneka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yomthetho. Ngoxa isakhiwo esikhethekileyo singafani ngokwelizwe, ulawulo-melo oluninzi lwakha ulungiso lwazo olusemthethweni kwimimiselo emithathu engundoqo: imimiselo yemithetho-siseko, imithetho yokhetho, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ekhutshwa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, imizekelo yezomthetho nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe isoloko ibumba ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwale mithetho.

Kuwona mgangatho usisiseko, imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ifaka imigaqo esisiseko yenkqubo yokuvota. Ezi ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvota (indawo), ukuchaza iimfuno zobumi, ukumisela imilinganiselo engqinelanayo kubanyuli, ukukhankanya ubuninzi bonyulo, kwaye ichaze amandla amaqumrhu olawulo olukhethiweyo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States unika igunya lokumisela "ixesha, iindawo, kunye neendlela" zonyulo ngelixa umisela ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwamazwe athile. Ngokufanayo, umGaqo-siseko weIndiya umisela iKhomishini yokhetho lwe-Endiya njengegunya elizimeleyo lokwalathisa urhulumente nokhetho.

Imithetho yokhetho, ewiswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, inika imithetho elawula iincamisa kwisigaba ngasinye sonyulo. Le mithetho igquma iinkqubo zobhaliso lovoti, ihambo yamaqela ezobupolitika nabavoti, imimiselo yezemali, iindlela zokuvota, ucwangciso lokuvota, ubalo lwemithetho yokuvota, kunye nesigqibo sempikiswano. Kumazwe amaninzi, le mithetho idityaniswe kwikhowudi enye "yokubeko lokhetho" okanye "ukhetho lommiselo". Umzekelo, umelo lwemithetho ye-UK's loMthetho ka-Act kunye noMthetho we-Ecounity we-Canada ingumzekelo ongundoqo.

Imigaqo yolawulo kunye nemithetho yolawulo igcwalisa izithuba ezishiywe yimimiselo ebanzi. Le mithetho mayihlale ithambe ngokwaneleyo ukuze ilungelelanise utshintsho lobugcisa kunye neemeko zentlalo ngeli xesha ihlala ihambelana nemithetho ephantsi.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlolo lwetyala ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekunyanzeleni ummiselo wemithetho esemthethweni. Iinkundla zisoloko zigqiba ngokomgaqo-siseko wezicelo zonyulo, kwaye zimisela imizekelo emalunga namalungelo ovoti, ukurhoxa, kunye nemali yephondo. Imimiselo yephondo, njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. izigqibo bush v. Gore [2] [2000] kunye neSithi sephondo.Harker

Imithombo Yomthetho Ongunobangela

Imithombo yomthetho wokhetho yahlukene, kwaye imidlalo yayo imisela ukusebenza kwesakhiwo. Kumagunya amaninzi omthetho wabemi, ikhowudi yokhetho ebanzi ilawula zonke iinkalo, ngelixa amazwe aqhelekileyo axhomekeke kakhulu kumthetho nemithetho yolawulo. Iizixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe, njengesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samaLungelo oLuntu kunye nawobupolitika (ICCPR) kunye neSindululo soMbutho waMalungelo oMntu woNcedo-wonke woNtsebeko-wonke, kwakhona kusekwa imiqathango encinane yonyulo lwedemokhrasi. Imibutho yephondo efana neNtlanganiso yoKhuselo noMbutho woLawulo lwaseYurophu (OSCE) inikela izibonelelo zokhetho ezineenkcukacha ezisebenza njengamabharristments ukuze ziqululwe ngokusemthethweni.

Ingqikelelo-magama

Uhlolisiso lwamazwe awahlukeneyo lutyhila zombini iziphumo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuzimela. Umzekelo, i-Australia inyanzelisa ukuvota okunyanzelisayo, ixhaswa ziziphumo ezisemthethweni zokungathabathi cala, kanti i-United States ixhomekeke ekunyukeni ngokuzithandela. Inkqubo yonyulo lwaseJamani iquka imodeli edityanisiweyo yolwahlulo, ngelixesha iUnited Kingdom isebenzisa kuqala intsika. Olu mahluko lusekelwe kwisithethe esisemthethweni selizwe ngalinye, izithethe zezobupolitika, kunye namava embalini. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo zibalulekile ekuyileni utshintsho olulungelenezo lwemeko yasekuhlaleni.

Ukubonisa Ubunyulu Kukhetho

Ubulungisa kunyulo asiyonto nje elungileyo; yimfuneko esemthethweni ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngamaziko athile kunye neenkqubo ezithile. Unyulo olufanelekileyo lunika bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ibala lokudlala, luthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, luqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ofanelekileyo unethuba elilinganayo lokufaka itoliki yemali ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukunyanzelwa. Isiseko somthetho sifikelela koku ngolwalathiso oluzimeleyo, uphakamiso olucacileyo, kunye nonyango olufikelelekayo olusemthethweni.

IiKhomishini zoMphathiswa ozimeleyo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela okusesikweni kokhetho liqumrhu labalawuli abazimeleyo (EMB) elisebenza ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezobupolitika. Isakhiwo namandla e-EMB ayahluka ngokubanzi, kodwa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zigxininisa ukungakhethi, ubuchule, kunye nezobugcisa bemali kunye nolawulo. Ngokomzekelo, iKhomishini yoLuhlu yaseIndiya inandipha ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko kunye negunya lokuqeqesha amagosa aphambukayo, ngelixa iU.S. itsala kwimodeli elungeleleneyo apho oorhulumente baphatha ulawulo lonyulo oluninzi.

Iimbopheleleko ze-EMB ezizimeleyo ziquka ukulawula ubhaliso lovoti, ukuqinisekisa abatshati-voti, abasebenzi bokhetho, ukulungiselela nokukhusela izixhobo zokuvota, ukuvelela nokuchonga kwangaphambili nokungekho, ukubala iibhola, nokubhengeza iziphumo. Ukugcina ukuthemba, ii-EMB kufuneka zibe zicace gca ekwenzeni kwabo izigqibo kwaye zimele zijongeke ekulawuleni uluntu. Ii-EMB ezininzi zipapasha iincwadi zesandla ezisebenza ngokucokisekileyo, ukupapasha izigwebo zezikhalazo, nokugcina iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo apho abagcini-matyala banokunyusa imicimbi.

Ukujonga nokulawula

Uhlolo oluqhelekileyo lwemibutho yasekhaya neyezizwe ngezizwe luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwingqibelelo yonyulo. Iinkonzo zokuhlola zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana neziqhutywa yi-OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) okanye i-European Union, zinikela uluvo olungakhethiyo lwesiseko somthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwaso. Abaqwalaseli bavavanya ukuba unyulo luhlangabezana na nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ngenkululeko, okusesikweni, nokubonakala ngokucacileyo, kwaye iingxelo zabo zisoloko ziqulethe iingcebiso lotshintsho.

Ingxelo yamakhaya, eyenziwa ngamaqela ebutho lasekuhlaleni, imibutho yamajelo eendaba, namaqumrhu ezobupolitika, asebenza indima encedisayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho eqinisekisiwe ngababukeli ibonelela ekufumaneni izitishi zokuvota, amaziko okubala, kunye nenkcazelo yonyulo. Ukubakho kwababukeli kungayithintela inkohliso kwaye kuqinisekise uluntu. Umzekelo, umsebenzi weGhana Coalition of Preal Evolution Observers (UMGAWU) uye wafak'unika igalelo loxolo noluvotilo oluthembekileyo kwelo lizwe.

Ukuququzelela okungokwasemthethweni kunye nempikiswano

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho egotyelweyo ekungeneni kwiimpikiswano. Ulungiselelo olufanelekileyo lunika iinkqubo ezifikelelekayo nezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukwenzela iziphumo zonyulo ezilucelomngeni, ukusingatha izikhalazo ezimalunga norhoqo-ncomo, nokucombulula izityholo ezichasileyo zokunganyaniseki. Inkoliso yamazwe avumela abathathi-nxaxheba, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye nabavoti ukuba bafake izibongozo kwiinkundla ezinyuliweyo, amaqumrhu olawulo, okanye iinkundla. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla zonyulo ezikhethekileyo zisingatha amatyala ngokukhawuleza ukuphepha ukungaqiniseki okuqhubekayo.

Imizekelo yesigqibo esinempumelelo esiquka isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKenya 2017 sokuba lucinywe unyulo lomongameli ngenxa yemposiso, olukhokelela kwi-inshorensi. Ngelixesha impikiswano, isigqibo sabonisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokuba netyala kumagunya anyuliweyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ubuchule bokuphikisana obubuthathaka okanye obuchuliweyo bungabangela isiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala ngaphaya kokhetho

Ukucaca ngaphaya kolwazi luyintsika yendlela yokusesikweni. Abami kufuneka bakwazi ukubona nokuqonda indlela onyulo oluqhutywa ngayo ukuze babe nokholo kwisiphumo. Inkqubo ecacileyo ibandakanya ukufikelela ekufumaneni ulwazi, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuhleni ekwenzeni izigqibo, nonxibelelwano olucacileyo lwemithetho neziphumo. Izicwangciso ezingokwasemthethweni zikhuthaza ukubonakala okungephi ngemiyalelo yokukhutshwa kogcino-lwazi, iintlanganiso ezivuliweyo, kunye nokusasazwa kweemfuno zemizi yonyulo.

Ugcino-lwazi olubanzi olufumaneka kuwonke-wonke

Ulawulo lonyulo lwangoku luvelisa ubuninzi obukhulu bogcino-lwazi, ukusuka kuludwe lobhaliso lovoti ukuya kwiziphumo zokoqobo zokuvota. Imithetho efuna ukupapashwa kolu gcino-lwazi kwiifomati ezifikelelekayo yenza ukuba uqinisekiso oluzimeleyo kunye nohlalutyo. Umzekelo, i-Boogany System Directory Sylines kunye nemigangatho efanayo kwamanye amazwe inyanzela ukuvavanya ngokucace ngeyona ndlela iinkqubo zokuvota. Imithetho emininzi ngoku ipapasha iziphumo ze-intanethi, ivumela iintatheli kunye namaqela ajongileyo ukuba enze ubalo lwemibaliso.

Uludwe lokubhalisa iVoter, xa lufumaneka phantsi kokhuseleko logcino-lwazi, luvumela amaqela nababukeli ukuba bahlole iimpazamo okanye amaza enkcitho okuvota kabini. Ukutyhilwa kwemali yeCampey, ukuba ichaza iinkcukacha kunye nexesha, yenza uluntu lubone ukuba ngubani oxhasa amaphulo ezobupolitika. Ngokomzekelo, iKhomishini ye-United Kingdom igcina isiseko sokukhangela semirhumo yemirhumo yezopolitiko.

Iintlanganiso Ezivulekileyo Nobungqina Basekuhlaleni

Amaqumrhu ee-Electoral kufuneka aqhube ishishini lawo ngaphandle kwengxelo. Imithetho efuna ukuboniswa kwabantu ngeentlanganiso, ukupapashwa kwezakhelo, kunye nokuvunywa kwamagqabaza oluntu iqinisa ukuphendula. Kumazwe amaninzi aseScandinavia, iintlanganiso zonyulo ziqukuqela kwi-intanethi, kwaye abemi bayakwazi ukubuza imibuzo okanye ukuxhalabisa. Ukuva kwabantu ngeenguquko ezikhethiweyo kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu azenzeki emva kweminyango evaliweyo.

Imfundo nokungena ngaphandle kubalulekile ukuze kubonakale. Imiqathango esemthethweni yamaphulo emfundo evoti inceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela yokuvota, amalungelo abo nendlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yabo. EOstreliya, i-Electoral Commission ye-Australia iqhuba iinkqubo zezikolo namaqela oluntu, ezixhaswa ngumthetho.

Ezemadiliya kunye nobuxhakaxhaka bokubonisa ngaphaya

Izixhobo zobugcisa ziphumeze izixhobo ezintsha zokubonisa ukukhanya okusekelwe kwibloko okanye iibhodi ezincinane ze-intanethi ezibonisa unyulo oluneziphumo zexesha lokwenene. Kodwa ke, ubugcisa buzisa umngcipheko, kuquka ukuqhekeza nokukhupha i-algorictic diffial. Ngoko ke, izakhiwo zomthetho kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuchanabeka nokhuseleko.

Ucelomngeni Kwisakhiwo Sasemthethweni

Phezu kwayo nje imigudu elungileyo yokwakha izakhiwo ezomeleleyo ezingokwasemthethweni, unyulo lujongene nezisongelo ezizingisileyo nezijikelezayo. Ukucinezelwa kwamaVoter, ukurhwebelana ngemali, inkxaso-mali engekho mthethweni, kunye namaphulo okurhoxiswa kwenkcazelo aphakathi kwezona ngxaki zinzima. Ukuphendula oku akufuni utshintsho olusemthethweni kuphela kodwa kukwafuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nokuthelelwa kwamapolisa ngokuphandle.

Ubuchule bocinezelo lwegesi

Unyamezelo lweVoter luhlala luyingxaki yomhlaba wonke, idla ngokuhlasela iinguqu ezincinane, abantu abafumana imali ephantsi, kunye nabachasi bezobupolitika. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka imithetho engqongqo yokuvota ngaphandle kolunye uhlobo olufikelelekayo, ukukhutshwa kweerololi ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunesiphene, ukunciphisa inani leendawo zokuvota, ukumisela ixesha elifutshane lokubhalisa, kunye nokusasaza ulwazi olungeyonyaniso malunga neemfuno zokuvota. Umzekelo, eUnited States, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna i-ID yokuvota, echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nangaphezulu. Iinkundla maxa wambi ziye zayibetha le mithetho njengemithetho engabhaliswangamiselanga okanye echasanayo iMithethothotho-mthetho yamaLungelo.

Izicwangciso ezisemthethweni zingalwa nokucinezelwa ngokufuna ezinye iindlela zokuzichaza, ukubhalisa okunosuku olunye, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kovota kwangethuba, kunye nokuthintela ukoyikisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya, umzekelo, igqibe kwelokuba abavoti abanakujikwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-ID ukuba sele besoluqengqelekile. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi ayaluthintela uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabavoti kumgama othile wophatho lwezitishi.

Gerrymandering

UGerymandering — ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ekhethayo ukuze kungenelwe iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile — kugqwetha ukumeleka kwaye kunokwenza umgangatho othile wokutsala imaphu ubaluleke, ukusetyenziswa kwemida yonyulo esesikweni. Iinkqubo zemithetho yemithetho-mthetho zingayithetha le nto ngokuzikokela kwemida ecacileyo (ngokunjalo ukudibanisa, ukuhlonela imida yendalo, nokuphindaphindezela kwemida), kunye nokuhlola okulinganayo. Amazwe afana neKhanada noBukumkani boMda obumanyeneyo asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, ngelixa amaninzi enziwe ngomthetho okanye umthetho.

Iphulo Elingekho Mthethweni Likhuthaza Urhwaphilizo

Imali kwezobupolitika ingumngcipheko onzulu wokunyulwa kwemiqathango. Imithetho elinganisela iminikelo, ifuna ukutyhilwa kwabanikeli, kwaye inyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa koonotyikityo benzelwe ukuthintela izilangazelelo ezityebileyo ekusebenziseni impembelelo engalinganiyo. Noko ke, ukubhaxeleka, imali emnyama (evaliweyo kwezobupolitika), kunye nokunyotywa okungekho mthethweni kungayiphazamisa le mithetho. Ukunyanzela kukucelomngeni olukhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. ingucelomngeni olukhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U. [FLT:] Isigqibo sokuvula i-United[FFLT [FFFT:1] sivula umnyango ongenakuthintelwa kwezono oluzimeleyo kwezobupolitika, nto ekhokelela ekupheliseni kwemali emnyama. Ngokuphikisanayo, amazwe ajongeneyo, kunye nolawulo olunamandla, njengomkhosi onamandla njengeJamani kunye neSweden, igcina intembelo kwimibangolungelene yezo ezithethotho.

Ingxelo eHlanganisiweyo

Ukuvela kwezixhobo zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kuvelise umlinganiselo omtsha wobuchule. Abadlali abanobungozi bangasasaza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo malunga neenkqubo zokuvota, abatshatisi, okanye iziphumo zonyulo, zifikelele izigidi ngesiquphe. Iimpendulo zomthetho zisacaciswa. Amanye amazwe anike imithetho efuna iqonga ukuchaza izibhengezo zezopolitiko zezobupolitika, ukususa umxholo wobuxoki, okanye ukunikezela ngokucacela kokunyuselwa okuhlawulwayo. Abanye baye bazenza iintlobo ezithile zonyulo olugqwethiweyo olususiweyo. Kodwa, ukubetha umlinganiselo wasekunene phakathi kokulwa nokukhuselwa kweprojective nokukhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekile kuyachaphaza. Imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe, njengaleyo yemithetho yeKhomishini yeNkstiki yeDignotion, inika izicwangciso ezidityaniweyo ezidityaniweyo.

Ukuqinisa Isakhiwo Sasemthethweni Sekamva

Imithetho yokhetho kufuneka ilungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. Njengokuba ubugcisa butshintsha, namathuba okuvota nge-elektroniki, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekude, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kogcino-lwazi. Kwangaxeshanye, kuvela iingozi ezintsha, kuquka uhlaselo lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha kwisiseko sonyulo, uluvo-lwazi lwe-algamentic, kunye nee-apply. Iisiseko zenkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zilungiswe ngamaxesha athile ukuze ziqukelele awona buchule kunye nedilesi yedilesi. Intlanganiso yezizwe, efana nolweRCMLT, i-RCM, i-RCY I-IFLT] kunye noncedo lwe-ISCMALIT [FLT:] ACE], inikezela ngoovimba bokuthelekisa kunye nolungiso oluthekisiweyo.

Ukwethemba uluntu lungumlinganiselo opheleleyo wempumelelo esemthethweni. Kwaneyona mithetho ichazayo ayinakuqinisekisa ingqibelelo ukuba uluntu luyigqala njengenetyala okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle. Ngoko ke, ulwakhiwo lufuna kungekuphela nje ulungelelwaniso olusemthethweni kodwa luxhaswe ngokuhambelana nophando, uququzelelo, imisebenzi ecacileyo. I-execdifidings, ibutho labantu, kunye ne-mediama yokukhululeka yonke idlala iindima ezibalulekileyo. Ekupheleni, isiseko somthetho sibaluleke njengozibopho lwabemi neenkokeli zokuyixhasa.

Ngokuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bomthetho wonyulo ``iisiseko', iziseko zawo, izikhuselo zawo, kunye nobuthathaka bawo ```ivoltatel' zingalunga ukufuna nokukhusela nokusesikweni nokubonakala okufunekayo yidemokhrasi. Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngeenkqubo zokhetho kunye namanyathelo okuguqula iinguqu, jonga izibonelelo ezisuka kwi [ Brennan Center for Justice , i-[FLT:] i-OSCOSCERY yeD ne-RCANDENTs zamalungelo oluntu, kunye ne[FLT:] Isiseko senkqubo ye-ECMFLT]