Idemokhrasi ihleli kwisiseko somelo olulungileyo, kodwa inkqubo yokhetho esetyenziselwa ukuguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo zahluka kakhulu kwiintlanga. Ukhetho lwenkqubo yokuvota luguqula umhlaba wezopolitiko, luphembelela ukuziphatha, kwaye lumisela ukuba ngubani ovayo amazwi kumagumbi owiso-mthetho. Phakathi koluhlu olukhulayo lwezinto ezinokusetyenziswa kulwazi oluqhelekileyo lokuphumelela kuzo zonke iindlela, iPportonal Imelo (PR) ivele njengemodeli enyanzelisayo ebeka phambili kwimiqathango yezopolitiko kunye nolwahluka-tshintsha. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo yePR, intlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, urhwebo olulunika, nendlela abantu abalwamkela ngayo ukuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda i-ndeyidemodefase.

Yintoni Umfuziselo Ovela Kulo Mhla?

Umelo lwepropotigal lusapho lweenkqubo zonyulo ezilungiselelwe ukwabelana ngezihlalo zomthetho ngokuthe ngqo kumlinganiselo weevoti nganye yeqela okanye yolu hlomelo. Ngokungafaniyo nobubanzi okanye iinkqubo zolawulo, apho umvotelwa angaphumelela ngobuninzi kuphela (umz., Eyokuqala-Past-Post) okanye kufuneka akhusele uninzi olupheleleyo (umz., iinkqubo zokugxotha), PR zijolise ukubonakalisa uloliwe wezinto ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba iqela lifumana ama-30% evoti yeezihlalo, kufuneka lamkele malunga nama-30% ezihlalo-neenjongo enzulu yolawulo nomelo.

Isiseko sentanda-bulumko yePR sihleli kwingcamango yokuba lonke uvoti kufuneka luthwale ubunzima obulinganayo. Kulonke ulwamkelo, ivoti eziphoswayo zabaphumeleleyo zinokuphumelela "ziphoswe," kunye namaqela amakhulu abantu angashiywa ngaphandle kwelizwi. Iinkqubo zePR zizama ukuthoba ukuvota ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela namaqela ancinane kunobuninzi besithili anokufumana umelo. Olu tshintsho lungaguqula ngokubhekiselele kwindlela amaqela amaqela, indlela amiswa ngayo iminqongo, nendlela abemi abayiqonda ngayo impembelelo yawo kwimithetho karhulumente.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zomelo

I-PR asiyondlela enye kodwa yintlu-ngendlela, nganye inemithetho yayo yokuguqula amavoti izihlalo. Ezintathu eziqhelekileyo zezoluhlu lwePR, i-PR eDlulisayo i Vote (STV), kunye neMixte-Member Proportonal (MMP). Ukuqonda ukwahluka kwazo kungundoqo wokuvavanya ukuba luluphi uguquko olulunge ngakumbi olunokufanela isithethe sezobupolitika esinikiweyo.

Umelo loLuhlu lweQela

Kuluhlu-loluhlu lwePartical PR, abavoti bakhetha iqela lezobupolitika kunokuba babe ngabatsha. Iintlanganiso ezikhoyo zidweliswe ngokwemiba yabathathi-nxaxheba kwisithili ngasinye (okanye ngokwesizwe), kwaye izihlalo zabelwa amaqela asekelwe kwisabelo sovotiwo. Umnyango wokufumana izihlalo ungahluka-hluka-hluka-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda (amazwe athile amisela ipesenti encinane (umz. 5% eJamani kumaqela angaphantsi komnyango) ukuthintela ukwahlulwa. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • Uluhlu Oluvaliweyo: Iqela limisela indlela yabathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye abavoti abanakuthetha ukuba abantu banyulwe phi kolo luhlu. Oku kunika ulawulo olunamandla kumntu ongenayo kwipalamente.
  • Uluhlu oluvulekileyo: Ivoters zingabonisa ukhetho kubathathi-nxaxheba abathile kuluhlu lweqela, zibavumela ukuba baphembelele ukuba ngabaphi abantu abaphakanyisiweyo. Olu guquko lunyusa umbutho wevoti kodwa lungadala ukhuphiswano lwecandelo elikwicandelo elincinane.

Iinkqubo zoluhlu lweqela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi: i-Israel, i-Netherlands, iMzantsi Afrika, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika asebenzisa inguqulelo ethile. Ukukhetha umahluko olula kwevoti .

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV yinkqubo ye-PR ekwindawo ezininzi esetyenziswayo. Abavoters bakwisikhundla esiphezulu ngokomyalelo wokhetho (1, 2, 3, njalo-njalo.) Ukuphumelela esihlalweni, umvotelwa kufuneka afikelele umlinganiselo weevoti (obalwe ngokwenani lezihlalo kunye neevoti ezipheleleyo ezisebenzayo). Xa umvotelwa egqithisa umlinganiselo, iivoti ezinamacala amaninzi zidluliselwa kukhetho olulandelayo kwibholati nganye. Ukuba akukho siko i-mvoti ifikelela kumlinganiselo, i-ast - translate iyasuswa, kwaye ivoti yabo ithunyelwe kwinani elilandelayo ekukhethwayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.

I-STV iyanconywa ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukudlulisela iziphumo zolungelelwano lo gama ivumela abavoti bachaze izikhethelo ezichanekileyo ngapha kwemigca yeqela. Isetyenziselwa iNtlanganiso ye-Australia, i-Dáil, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni eSkotlani naseNew Zealand. Ukuntsonkotha kwe-STV, noko ke, kusenokuba ngumqobo kwiindawo ezinemfundo ephantsi okanye imfundo elinganiselweyo yabavoti.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

MMP idibanisa icandelo eliphumeleleyo- lonke (ngokuqhelekileyo izithili ezinamalungu anye ezinyulwe ngokulinganayo) ngelungu elilungelelanisiweyo. Ivoters ziphosa iibhola ezimbini: enye yezakho ubhaptizo lwengingqi (i-"nominal" vhota) kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela (ivoti" yokhetho). Iinqanawa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho zigcwaliswa kuqala ngabaphumeleleyo besithili. Ngoko, izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo zinikwa amaqela ukuzisa izabelo zawo ezihlalweni ezipheleleyo kuludwe lwevoti. Umzekelo, ukuba iqela lifumana izihlalo ezilishumi zesithili kodwa uluhlu lwalo luzibophelele kwizihlalo ezingama-20, zifumana uluhlu lwezihlalo ezilishumi ukufikelela kwinani elifanelekileyo.

I-MMP isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, eBolivia, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Igcina umelo lwelizwe ngexesha kuqinisekiswe ukulingana. Noko ke, inkqubo yebhola ezimbini ingadida abanye abavoti, kunye "nezihlalo ze-overhang" (xa iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi zesithili kunemimiselo yevoti) ingenza lula ulwahlulo.

Iingenelo zomelo lwenkcazelo

Abaxhasi bePR babonisa uthotho lweenzuzo zedemokhrasi ezidlulela ngaphaya kokwabiwa kwesihlalo esilula. Ezi nzuzo zisoloko zihambelana nosukelo lokwandisa ukufakwa kwezobupolitika nokunciphisa ukudimazeka kwabavoti.

Umelo olwandisiweyo lwemiba ephikisanayo

Eyona nzuzo idla ngokucatshulwa kakhulu yeyokuba i-PR ivumela amaqela amancinane . Nokuba kusekelwe kwingqiqo, ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ijografi (ukufumana izihlalo.) Ukuphumelela inkqubo yokufumana inkxaso, iqela elinamashumi amahlanu anesithathu exhathisa ilizwe lingazuza izihlalo ze-zero; kwi-PR, izakufumana malunga ne 15% yezihlalo. Oku kunganciphisa ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika nokukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba. Amazwe anePR atyekele ekubeni namabhinqa amaninzi kwipalamente, njengoko amaqela ngokufuthi equka iimfuno ezilungelelanisiweyo zokubhenela kwi-ovoti enkulu. Umzekelo, iPrivel-List PR systeens inegalelo kumelo lwamabhinqa angaphezulu kwama-45% kwi-paleartheme.

Imbalwa "Iyachithwa" ne Vote-ephezulu

EPR, phantse yonke ivoti inceda unyulo lomntu othile. Oku kunciphisa iprojekthi "egatyiweyo" apho abavoti baziva benyanzelekile ukuxhasa iqela elikhulu ukunqanda "ukulahla" ibhola yabo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba umvoti urhoxi kwisixokelelwano se PR usoloko ehamba ngo-5-10 izalathiso eziphezulu kuneenkqubo zobuninzi, nasemva kokuba belawule ezinye izinto. Xa abemi beyazi imicimbi yabo yokuvota, basenokuba banokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye bahlale bebophelele phakathi konyulo.

Ukuchana Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo Nenkqubo

I-PR ikhokelela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinamaqela amaninzi, ezinyanzela amaqela ukuba anxibelelane aze enze imiqolo. Izivumelwano zingamela icandelo elibanzi elinqumla ibutho labantu kunecandelo elinye likarhulumente. Oku kusoloko kuphumela kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-centrist kuba ulalaniso luyimfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela amancinane angazisa iingcamango ezintsha ezithi kamva zamkelwe ngamaqela amakhulu.

Ukunciphisa iGerrymandering

Iinkqubo ze-PR, ingakumbi ezo zisekelwe kwimimandla emikhulu yamalungu amaninzi okanye kuludwe lwelizwe lonke, azinakuchaphazeleka kakhulu ekusebenziseni imida yesithili ukwenzela uncedo lwabaphambukeli. Kuluhlu lwePR, imida yesithili ingaphantsi kakhulu, nakwi-STV, ikhomishini ezimeleyo yomda ingatsala izithili kodwa inempembelelo encinci. Oku kungabuyisela ukuthemba kwinkqubo yokhetho.

Iingozi Nokugxekwa Komelo Oluvela Kumthetho

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, iPR ayingalamli ngaphandle korhwebo. Abahlalutyi bakhomba kumacandelo amaninzi anokulawulwa ngononophelo.

Ukungabikho komdla kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid yomgaqo-nkqubo

Utyekelo lwe-PR lokuvelisa urhulumente odibanisayo maxa wambi lungakhokelela ekungazinzi. Kumazwe afana ne-Itali, izahlulo zepalamente zisoloko zibangela oorhulumente abahlala ixesha elifutshane kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezicothayo. Ucalucalulo lobungquzulwano lungathatha iiveki okanye iinyanga, lushiye ikhefu lezobupolitika. Kodwa oku akunakunqandwa `IJamani' neNetherlands zigcine ulawulo oluzinzileyo phezu kwayo nje iminqongobelo emininzi ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano eziqinileyo kunye neevoti zokungathemba.

Ukuphazamiseka Kwezinto Ezintsonkothileyo Nezinto Ezininzi

Iinkqubo ezifana ne-STV ne-MMP zifuna abavoti baqonde amaqela aphezulu okanye amaqela amabini. Kwiindawo ezinolwazi oluphantsi lokufumana imfundo okanye amava alinganiselweyo ngokuvota, olu bunzima bungacinezela ukuthatha inxaxheba okanye bukhokelele kwabavoti abangasebenzi. Iphulo lemfundo elisebenzayo liyimfuneko ukwenzela utshintsho olunempumelelo kwi-PR.

Umngcipheko Wokugxothwa Nokudityaniswa Kwamaqela

Ngokuhlisa umqobo ekumelweni, iPR ingavumela amaqela achasene nedemokrasi okanye antiyo amaqonga `ukufumana indawo ephakamileyo epalamente'. Oku kuxhalabisa kakhulu, njengokuba kuboniswa kwamanye amazwe apho amaqela amancinane agabadelayo aphazamise intetho. Iinkqubo ezininzi zePR zithetha ngale nto ngemfuno yomqobo (umz. 3-5%) ukuthintela amaqela athabatha amaqela. Noko ke, imiqobo ephezulu kakhulu inganciphisa ulwahluzo, ngoko umlinganiselo kufuneka ubethwe.

Umelo lwelizwe olubuthathaka

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zePR − ingakumbi iimodeli zoluhlu olukhulu olunezahlulo, azinakubamba ummeli ngamnye ngokungqalileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Oku kunokuphelisa uqhagamshelwano olunxulumeneyo oluxabiseke ngabemi abaninzi. IMMP ne-STV yohlisa oku ngomlinganiselo othile ngokugcina amaphondo omhlaba, kodwa urhwebo olungekhoyo lugciniweyo.

Imizekelo yomhlaba wonke yomelo lwenkcazelo eboniswayo ekuqheliseni

Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iPR ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

EJamani: Umzekelo WeMMP

IBundestag yaseJamani isebenzisa i-MMP ne-299 yemida yephondo enye neendawo ezinamalungu angama-299 zoluhlu (amanani asandul' ukutshintshwa). Iivote ezimbini. Inkqubo iveze ulawulo oluzinzileyo ```````````I-DC''''''''' iphakathi kwe-Christian Democratic Union (CDU') kunye ne Social Democratic Partition' (SPD) kunye neendawo ezincinci ze-299 zezihlalo (amanani asandula asandula ukutshintsha). Imiqobo ye-5% inqanda ukwahlulwa kwezahlulo. Inkqubo ye-Jamani ifundwa ngokuba yi-evedrojini ephumelelayo. [FTLD:0] inika ingingqini yelizwe ye-BMP ingcaciso yendlela ye-yonkene-injini ye-injini ye-MP isebenza njani.[FFFFP:1]

INew Zealand: Inkqubo Encinane YePR

I-New Zealand itshintshelwe ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 emva kwezibini ezithe tye. Utshintsho lwakhokelela kumelo olwahlukeneyo (Izihlalo zeMaori, amabhinqa amaninzi kunye neqela elincinane kwipalamente) kunye noorhulumente abasebenzisanayo. Le nkqubo ibisoloko ifunyenwe kakuhle, nangona bekukho ubizo lotshintsho kufutshane nomthetho "locacio-mtail" nezihlalo ezingaphezulu. Amava aseNew Zealand abonisa ukuba utshintsho olunempumelelo lufuna ukuxilonga olubanzi nokuphumeza imigangatho kawonke-wonke. IKhomishini ye-Elctoral yeNew Zealand ichaza i-MMP ngolwazi.

EIreland: Umsebenzi Owodwa Odluliselwa Ngakumbi

I-Dáil Éireann ye-Ireland inyulwa ngokusebenzisa i-STV kwizihlalo ezininzi. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwe-intra-particy kwaye ivumela abavoti ukuba bajonge kwiilayini zeqela. Oorhulumente base-Ireland ngokwembali bebeyimibutho okanye oorhulumente abambalwa, kwaye inkqubo iyanconywa ngokunika abavoti ukhetho lokwenene. Ukuntsonkotha kokuvota kungenza ukubaleka kweziphumo kodwa ulwahlulo luphezulu. [[FLT: 0] I-Oiaittas (IPalamente ye-paleji epheleleyo) inika ushwankathelo lwenkqubo yokhetho.[FLT]

UMzantsi Afrika: Uluhlu-lweqela PR

IPost-partheid South Africa eyamkelweyo yoLuhlu lweQela lePR ukuqinisekisa umelo olulungileyo lwabemi balo abahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo isebenzisa uluhlu oluvaliweyo kumgangatho wesizwe nowephondo, kungekho mqobo. I-African National Congress (ANC) iye yalawula, kodwa amaqela amancinane njenge Democratic Alliance kunye ne-Economic Freedom Referencers azimele ngokuqinileyo. Le nkqubo iye yanceda ukwakha idemokhrasi eqinileyo kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokwenza ii-MPs zibukhokeli beqela kunokuba zikhokelwe. Kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuzisa isiqalelo somelo somelo sobugqeqesho.

INetherlands: Inkqubo Enyulu Yokuvelisa Imveliso

I-Netherlands isebenzisa inkqubo yesizwe yoLuhlu lweQela eligquma ilizwe lonke. Naliphi na iqela elifumana u-0.67% lovoti (isihlalo esinye) likhusela umelo. Olu manyano lugqithisele kwipalamente eziqhekeziweyo kakhulu (kunamaqela alishumi elinesibini), ezifuna ulwakhiwo oluthe lwadityaniswa. Le nkqubo yenza ipalamente esondeleyo ekhetha imboni kodwa enokuthi icothe ukuseka ulawulo. Urhulumente waseDatshi uchaza ukwenziwa kwe-webhsayithi yemiv ediyo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwabantu Abangakwaziyo Ukutshintsha Indlela Abaphila Ngayo

Ukusuka kwimiba emininzi okanye kwinkqubo ye-Oritaries ukuya kwi-PR akufane kucace. I-politiki yezopolitiko, inzuzo enzima, nokuthandabuza kwabantu kuzisa imiqobo ebalulekileyo. Iingcinga ezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • Ukwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke: Impumelelo yotshintsho, njengakwiNew Zealand, isoloko ibandakanya inkqubo yeqonga elininzi: ugunyaziso lommi, i-arhente, kunye nokupheliswa okuthe rhoqo kwinkqubo entsha. Amaphulo emfundo abalulekileyo ukucacisa indlela iPR esebenza ngayo nendlela yokuvota ezakutshintsha ngayo.
  • Ukukhetha i-Irriant Esekunene: Ukhetho phakathi koLuhlu lweQela, STV, okanye MMP luxhomekeke kubukhulu belizwe, ulwahluka-hluka lwabemi, kunye nempucuko yezopolitiko ekhoyo. Inkqubo esebenza kakuhle e-Ireland ayinakulingana nemeko enkulu, yengingqi enjenge-United States.
  • Inani leesihlalo kwisithili ngasinye (ubungalingani) lichaphazela ulwahlulo. Ubukhulu obuphezulu (obongeziweyo izihlalo kwisithili ngasinye) bunika ulwahlulo oluphezulu kodwa olubuthathaka. Ubungamandla obusezantsi bungavelisa iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo.
  • Uyilo loMqobo: Ukubeka umqobo osusiweyo (umz. 3-5%) kungathintela iiklasi ezincinane kunye noontamo-phambili ekungeneni epalamente, kodwa umqobo ophezulu kakhulu ukunciphisa umlinganiselo. Umqobo ofanelekileyo usoloko ubonisa ukunyamezela kwebutho labantu ukwahlukahlukana nomngcipheko wokwahlukana.
  • I-PR ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezithethe zezobupolitika: ifuna amaqela ukuba akhululeke ekulawuleni nokulalanisa. Kulwazi olufumana lonke ulawulo, olu tshintsho lungaba nzima. Ukuqeqeshelwa abezobupolitika namagosa asekuhlaleni kwingxoxo kunye nobuchule bamandla kungalunciphisa utshintsho.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokuguqula Izinto Neziko

IPR asiyoyoyo kuphela indlela yokufumana ibhaptizo. Ezinye iinkqubo ziquka:

  • Ukukhetha Okukhethiweyo okushicilelweyo (Impuku- i- Runoff Voling): Isetyenziswa kunyulo olunye, abavoti-matshati. Ukuba akukho bani ufikelela kuninzi, ubhaptizo lokugqibela lwendawo luyasuswa kwaye lunyuswe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi oluphumeleleyo ngaphandle kolungelelwaniso. Ezinye izithuba zidibanisa iRCV kunye nemimandla emininzi (uhlobo lweSTV) ukufumana iziphumo zolungelelwaniso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Approicible Vont: Ivoti zingavotela abaza kubhaptizwa abaninzi njengoko bethanda. Umlandeli onezona zivunyelwayo uphumelele. Oku kunganciphisa ulwahlulo kodwa akuqinisekisi ulwahlulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-MEMber Majoritarian (MMM): efana ne MMP kodwa izihlalo zoluhlu azikulungisi ukurhoxa kwengingqi yeqela elinye. Isetyenziswa eJapani, igcina uqhekeko olungundoqo.

Naluphi na utshintsho olukhethiweyo kufuneka luqwalasele iinjongo ezikhethekileyo: umelo olungakumbi, ukuphendula okunamandla, okanye ukuvota okulula. IPR ingaphezulu ngokulinganayo nangokufakwa, kodwa ezinye iinkqubo zinokusebenza kakuhle izinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Umelo lwepropotigal lunika umbono onamandla wedemokhrasi apho ivoti nganye ibala ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye apho ipalamente ibona khona ilaphu elahlukeneyo lebutho labantu. Inzuzo yayo ekunciphiseni ukuvota okulahlwayo, ukwandisa ukubolekisa, kunye nokukhuthaza ukulawulwa okuququlunqayo kubhalwe kakuhle. Kodwa ubuntlola behlabathi bePR/ubuchule bokusebenza, umngcipheko wokuzikisa, ukungazinzi, okunokwenzeka kokungazinziyo, / alunakutyeshelwa. Isitshixo silele kwindlela elungileyo yokuyila: ukukhetha ubuchule obufanelekileyo, ukumisela imiqobo, nokufaka imali kwimfundo kunye nomthamo wequluko. Amazwe afana neJamani, i-Ireland, ne-Netherlands ibonisa ukuba iPR iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo nokuthemba ngokubanziswa kwabantu ngexesha elibanzi. Njengoko ulungiso lwezinzo lwezinzo lwehlabathi lonke, umgangatho wolwandondo oluphambili lwe-PR lufuna naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi ulawulo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezolawulo lolawulo lwezo