Umngqungqo ocekeceke phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente kunye nemigaqo-siseko karhulumente uchaza uninzi lolawulo lwamaMelika. Urhulumente ngamnye uneemeko ezahlukileyo zamanani, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezobume obudala iimfuno ezidibeneyo.

ISicwangciso somGaqo-siseko soManyano

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela inkqubo yolawulo olumabini enika igunya elibalulekileyo lodwa lo gama ugcine amagunya athile kurhulumente wezwe. UMthetho oLamlayo weSihlaziyiweyo weshumi uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba amandla anganikwanga iUnited States okanye angagunyaziswanga kumazwe agcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Esi siseko sisemthethweni sivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengeejelo-demokhrasi zemigaqo-siseko (*) enokuzisa ukufikelela kwesizwe kamva.

Noko ke, iSupremacy Claus ekwiSiqendu VI yenza umthetho wesizwe ophakamileyo welizwe, intsingiselo yemithetho karhulumente engqubana ngqo nemithetho esebenzayo karhulumente ingatshintshwa. Iinkundla zisoloko ziphakamisa olu xanduva, zibumba imida yegunya likarhulumente. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2012 ye- iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Selius[ yaxhasa ummiselo we-Afford Carence Act wolawulo lomntu ngamnye kodwa yalinganisela amandla karhulumente worhulumente ukuba anyanzele uMdica.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo yokwakha yomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba oorhulumente belizwe kufuneka basoloko beyichasa imigaqo-nkqubo yabo ngokuchasene nemigaqo karhulumente. Asiyonto ilula ukugatya okanye ukuthobela; kunoko, yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxoxa, ukutolika okungokwasemthethweni, nokuqhelaniswa kwezobupolitika.

Ukungagunyaziswa kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenzisa iinkonzo ezininzi zikawonke-wonke ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. Imfundo esuka kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, kwimicimbi yamapolisa kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho, kwizethutho, kwisebe lezonyango, kwimida yezobume bemekobume, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango ephantsi kwemigaqo yezoshishino. Urhulumente ulungiselela ukuxhasa nokubeka imilinganiselo esisiseko kwiingingqi ezininzi zezi, kodwa urhulumente ugcina ingqiqo engakumbi ekuphumeleni.

Umzekelo, umthetho wengingqi we-Apply Receeds Act (ESSA) othabathe indawo ye-No Child Leat Berievect (ESA) uchaza ububhetyebhetye obuninzi ekumiseleni imigangatho yemfundo kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphendula. Oku kutshintsha kwaqaphela ukuba indlela enye yokulungisa isayizi yomgangatho ayikhange ijongene nengxelo yomodeli yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, iCeac Water Act ivumela ukuba kubekho umgangatho wamanzi olungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana okanye ukugqitha ubuncinane borhulumente.

Kodwa lo mthunywa wegunya unezitya ezidityanisiweyo. Izibonelelo zomanyano zidla ngokufuna imimandla ethile ukuba yamkele iinkqubo ezithile okanye izakhiwo zolawulo ukuze ifumane inkxaso-mali. Oku kubangela intshukumisa enamandla yokuthobelana kwanaxa izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente zicuthene. Isiphumo sisenzo sokuzinzisa ulungelelwaniso: ulwandiso kufuneka lulinganise iinzuzo ze-dola karhulumente kwiindleko zokwamkela imigaqo-siseko esenokungavisisani ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Ekulinganiseni Iimfuno Zasekuhlaleni NeeNkcukacha

Ukungalungelelani kwemali nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango

Imali edityanisiweyo inqabile. Iinkqubo ezifana noMedicaid, umthombo omkhulu wemali karhulumente, ufuna amazwe okugquma abemi abathile kunye neenkonzo ezithile okanye aphulukane nemali efanayo. Xa iimfuno zikarhulumente zitshintsha . Njengegunya lokuqala lokunika inkxaso yezemali ephezulu loMthetho wesibonelelo weMedicaid . Amanye amazwe akhetha ukungazandi, ukucaphula kunye nokuphikisa kwentanda-ntanda-bulumko, okushiya izigidi zezigidi zabantu abafumana imali encinci kwisithuba semali. Oku kubonisa indlela izakhiwo zemali ezinokudala ngayo ungquzuzukiswa phakathi kweenyaniso zemali zasekuhlaleni kunye neenjongo zenkqubo yorhulumente.

Ukuwiswa kolawulo kunye nokuhlenga-hlengiswa

Iimfazwe zolawulo zenzeka xa imithetho karhulumente norhulumente ithetha ngombandela ofanayo kodwa ithatha iindlela ezingafaniyo. Kwibala lemidlalo yemekobume, igunya leKhalifoniya ukumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha inqwelo-mafutha phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo we-Cooc Air ukhokelele kwiligita eqhubekayo. Ulawulo lweTrump luye lwarhoxa loo ndawo; ulawulo lwe Biden luyibuyisa kwakhona. Oku kubetha kwesaphulo kubangela ukungaqiniseki kweshishini namazwe ngokufanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukungqubana ngemidathangatho yenethi, imithetho ehlawulwa yi-oyile, kwaye ugcino-lwazi lwento luye lwarhoxisana kwimfuno yemithetho yolawulo yolawulo yorhulumente.

Ukwahlukana Kwezobupolitika Neengcamango

Oorhulumente basoloko besebenza phantsi kwemikhosi eyahlukeneyo yezobupolitika kunorhulumente worhulumente. Urhulumente onesininzi esinenkqubela eqhubekayo angamisela iinkqubo zokuchasana ngokuqatha nolawulo lwamarhulumente olumanyeneyo, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kungqubana kwengqiqo kubonakala kwiindawo ezifana nokuqhomfa, ukuvota, amalungelo okulawula imipu, kunye nokubekwa komjelo ngokomthetho. Amazwe angasebenzisa amandla awo amapolisa ukunyanzela imida, avavanye ukuba afikelele kangakanani phambi kokujamelana noluvo okanye ukudityalwa kwemali. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke kwiphondo lungaphinda luchase ingcinezelo yabaphathi kunye nabalawuli bemithetho yokuthoba ulawulo olusemthethweni, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephezulu ye-scratt.

Ulawulo kunye nobuchule

Ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesebe kufuneka ulawulo lukarhulumente. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe amancinane okanye angaphantsi kobutyebi asenokuzabalazela ukufikelela iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zokunika ingxelo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, okanye imiqathango yexesha ebekwe ngamasebe aseburhulumenteni. Xa amazwana elwamkela, abeka esichengeni izigwebo, acuthelwe, okanye kwanegunya lesizwe elilawula imisebenzi ethile. Ngokuchasene noko, amajelo anezikhuseli eziqinileyo anokuba ngcono ukuqhubana nabasebenzi beminxeba okanye iinkqubo zokulungisa kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ebangela ukungalungelelani kwiimeko zolwalamano lwesizwe ngokwalo.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo yoDidi lweMveli yeFriederal

Imbali izele yimizekelo yoorhulumente belizwe abachasa igunya lorhulumente. Ukuqonda la matyala kubonisa izibonda namaqhinga abandakanyekileyo.

Ukunyamekela Impilo: Ukwanda Kwesaga Enyaweni Ephantsi

UMthetho wesiChokoxo weAffordible Care Act ofunekayo ekuqaleni uthetha ukuba iMedicaid ifikelele phantse bonke abantu abadala abafumana imali ephantsi. Umthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo ka 2012 wenza ulwandiso lokuzithandela, nto leyo eyakhokelela kumsebenzi odibeneyo wokugquma. Ngonyaka wama-2025, amazwe alishumi akakakhuliswanga, nangona inkxaso karhulumente yemali ekhoyo yokufumana abantu abatsha. Le nkqubo karhulumente efana ne-Texas kunye ne-Florida iphikisa ukuba ukwandisa indleko lwexesha elizayo luza kubangela iindleko ezahlukeneyo kwaye zikhetha ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwintengiso. Okwangoku, kuchaza ukuba, ivelise, njengeKentuckyth ne-Arkansantian, ibone ukunciphisana kodwa ibambe ngenkxaso ende. Le nkqubo yokutshona kwelizwe ibalase.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemeko - bume: Igunya Lendawo Ephakamileyo EKhalifoniya

Ubuchule borhulumente weKhalifoniya bokwenza imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha imoto phantsi kwe-Ceaner Air Act iqala ngo-1970. Urhulumente uye wasebenzisa eli gunya ukwamkela ukuncitshiswa kwegesi eshushu, ukuphembelela abenzi beenqwelo-moya ezweni lonke nokukhuthaza amanye amazwe ukuba amkele imigangatho efanayo. Ukuzimisela kukarhulumente wephondo ukunyanzela okanye ukuphelisa ukudubula ukuba i-Epanerter ibangele i-SIP. Ngo-2019, uMongameli we-Trump urhoxisile igesi eshushu yokufudula igesi, kwaye wabiza igunya elipheleleyo lokumisela imithetho yezoqoqosho. I-California, kunye nolawulo lwe-Biden kamva lwabuyisela i-waver. Oku kuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda kuveza ukuchaphaza kwe-mthetho ne-mthetho wezopolitiko kwimeko-bume yemeko-bume yemeko-bume yemeko-bume. (ngokuba uMongameli waseKR.[0])

Ukwenziwa komthetho okuqhelekileyo: Umthetho weSizwe

Phezu kwayo nje imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yomjujelo njengeSicwangciso semiqathango I-Gaqo-siseko (igunya phantsi koMthetho we-Substances Act Elawulayo), njengangowama-2024, 24 amaphondo adibene neSithili saseColumbia ivumele ulonwabo lomya, kwaye ezininzi zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango. La mandla angundoqo angokwasemthethweni athe alawula iinkqubo zolawulo ezichasene nomthetho karhulumente. ISebe leJaji liye lazithintela ekumangaliseni imisebenzi ye-orhulumente ekwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo phantsi kwe-'i-Putellegement'srandances' (iCole Metandum, iRescision, kwaye ukhokelo lwalo olulandelayo), kodwa ukungaqiniseki. IBhangenwa ligalelo lokusebenza kwemiqatha yemali ngenxa yemithetho yomthetho karhulumente yorhulumente woluntu, ukwenza imisebenzi yemali kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Ufuduko: Ulawulo olungcwele noManyano

Umthetho wokwandiswa kolawulo lwezokhuseleko ulawulwa ngurhulumente, kodwa amaphondo angakhetha ukuba asebenzisana kangakanani. “Iziko lokusebenza.” limisela imigaqo-siseko yokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kwizenzo zorhulumente zokufuduka, liphikisa ukuba ukuthembana phakathi kwabantu abaphambukeli kunye namapolisa kubalulekile ukuze kukhuseleke uluntu. Urhulumente worhulumente ophantsi kolawulo oluhlukeneyo usongelwa ukuba angamniki intsebenziswano kwizixeko nakwiziko-ngameli. Ukunyanzeleka komthetho womthetho onjalo, ingakumbi phantsi kwesi-8 se-U.S.C. . . .1971373, inkxhuzula ihlala ingapheli, ngokuqinisekisa iSibonelelo-Hendith Amend njengekhulder ukuba asebenzise imiyalelo yolawulo loluntu loluntu ukuze luqhube ushishino-matilo-zwano-zwano-mali.

Iindlela Zokuvumelanisa Urhulumente Nosukelo Lomanyano

Nangona kukhuphisana, amazwe amaninzi ayakwazi ukumelana nokusebenzisa iindlela zokusebenzisa ingqiqo. Ezi ndlela zinokuba yimizekelo yokulinganisela iimfuno zasekuhlaleni ngemigaqo karhulumente.

Ukufuna Imisebenzi Yemivuzo Nemisebenzi Yoqhankqalazo

Amasebe omanyano anegunya lokunika abarhwebi abavumela amazwe ukuba aphambuke kwiimfuno ezisesikweni ukuba bacebisa ezinye iindlela ezintsha ezifikelela kwiinjongo zocwangciso. Phantsi koMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo, amaphondo angafaka isicelo seCandelo 1115 ukuvavanya iindlela ezintsha eMedicaid. Amazwe afana ne-Oregon aye asebenzisa ezo zingcebisi zokusasaza ukuxutyushwa kwemibutho yezibonelelo elungelelanisiweyo egxininisa ukunyanyekelwa. Kwimfundo, amaphondo angacela abaxhamli abavela kwimi ethile ye-ESA. Ezi zixhobo zinika umjelo ocwangcio womgaqo ocwangciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Ukunyanzelisana kunye nomanyano

Amagosa karhulumente asoloko ebhenela amasebe karhulumente kunye neBhunga leNkqutyana yeeNkqutyana yeSizwe, iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMasipala kaRhulumente isebenza njengeeqonga zokuhlanganisana ulawulo. Xa amaphondo amaninzi ejongene neengxaki ezifanayo, uxinzelelo lwamaqumrhu lungavelisa iziphumo. Umzekelo, amaphondo aye akhuthaza iEPA ngempumelelo ukuba anikele ukhokelo kwiinkqubo zorhwebo lomgangatho wamanzi ezivumela ukuhlangabezana nemiqathango ekhudlwana elula ngakumbi. Iinqanawa ezisebenza kunye namaziko orhulumente kunye norhulumente anokuvelisa izicombululo ezisebenzisanayo, njengemikhosi enxulumene nentsebenziswano yezo zoshishino okanye intlekele.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukuguqula abahlali ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo kunceda oorhulumente bahlule izigqibo eziza kuqala kumazwe asekuhlaleni. Amasebe ezothutho abangela ukuva iindlebe, amaxesha okuphendula kwi-intanethi, kunye neentlanganiso ezifaka isithintelo zivumela abantu ukuba bavakalise inkxalabo ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali karhulumente okanye indlela imimiselo karhulumente elungiselelwe ngayo. Iinkqubo ezicacileyo zinokulwakha uthemba kwaye zinciphise ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko xa izenzo zikarhulumente ziphambuka kwimigaqo karhulumente. Umzekelo, amasebe ezothutho aqhuba ukukhuthulwa komsebenzi woncedo oluxhaswe ngurhulumente asoloko evelisa izicwangciso ezibonisa igalelo zoluntu ngexesha lokudibana kweemfuno zolawulo kunye neemfuno zikarhulumente.

Comment

Xa incoko isilela, amaxwebhu angamangalela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba acel ’ umngeni ukuphamba okanye ukukhulula. Ukumangalelwa okuninzi kwemithetho karhulumente ngokuchasene nemithetho karhulumente kuqhelekile; i-Obama-Era Clean Power Plan yawavavanya ama-7 amatyala avavanya ubumthetho bayo. Ngokuchasene noko, amatyala akwagunyazisa ukunyanzela isenzo sikarhulumente, njengaxa i-Khalifoniya kunye namanye amazwe athe i-EPA ngenxa yokusilela ukulawula iigesi ezishushu. Ngoxa i-adversarial, i-ligal icacisa imida esemthethweni kwaye ikhokelele ekuhlalweni kweminye isakhiwo esibangela ukulala. I-Athoneygen-alcerisontive transssssssss, ithetha ukuba kuvumelanisa izinto ezisebenzayo.

Ukuhlolisisa Imeko Ngokunempumelelo

Inkqubo yeCap- and Trade yaseKhalifoniya kunye neNkxaso yeQela

IKhalifoniya yaqalisa inkqubo yayo yokunciphisa ukhupho-moya oshushu, inkqubo eyayikho phambi kwesakhelo sorhulumente esilinganayo. Ilizwe likhusele i-oyile ekhuselwe ngempumelelo kwi-EPA ukunyanzelisa imida yayo yokukhupha igesi kwizithuthi, kwaye inkqubo idibanise nenkqubo ye-Quebec phantsi kwesivumelwano sentsebenziswano. Ngokudibanisa ngezikhuthazo zemithetho ezifana nezincopho zerhafu ezikhutshwayo zamandla ahlaziyekayo, iKhalifoniyani ibonisa indlela ukhokelo lukarhulumente olunokuhlala ngayo kunye ne-$na/name nenkqubo yendale yotshintsho. Le nkqubo ibangele ukuba amawaka ezigidi zemisebenzi yoncedo olucocekileyo ngexesha lokudibana kwamaxhoba omgangatho womoya wolawulo.

Utshintsho Oluvela EMassachusetts Ezonyango Njengenkqubo Yesizwe

Massachusetts yadlulisela utshintsho olubanzi lwezonyango ngo- 2006 oluquka ukugunyaziswa kwabantu ngabanye, ii-inshorensi, kunye nenkxaso-mali-mali-yamalungu . I-Affordible Care Act. Imodule yasebenza namagosa karhulumente ukufumana iziphakamiso zokuphelisa utshintsho lwawo kuphuhliso lwesizwe. Emva kokuba i-ACA i-Massachusetts yakwazi ukuguqula ngokungatshintshiyo intengiso yayo yombuso ngelinye ixesha igcina izinto zobuzwe ezifana ne-Conneum Ague. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela uvavanyo lwesizwe olunokwazisa ngayo umthetho wesizwe nendlela imigudu karhulumente ngaphandle kokulawula uluntu. [[FLT: 0] [Massachetts Health Convince ]

Intsapho Ephathwe Bubuvulindlela EWashington

Iphondo lasebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yeli lizwe ehlawulwayo kunye nesonyango yekhefu ngo-2019, ixhaswa ngabaqeshwa nabaqeshi. Eli nyathelo lorhulumente ladlula ngaphaya komthetho karhulumente, ngelo xesha elathi lanikela ikhefu elingahlawulwayo phantsi koMthetho weNtsapho kunye noMgangatho we-Medical Leance. Ngokuyila inkqubo yayo, iWashington ilungele imigangatho eyingenelo kunye nokufezekisa inani lamanani abantu abasebenzayo. Le nkqubo inconywe ngokuba nenxaxheba ephezulu kwaye iphazamisa kancinci amashishini amancinane. Impumelelo yayo iye yaphembelela ingxubukiso yesicelo sorhulumente esihlawulwa yimeko yekhefuthelo, ebonisa indlela iinkqubo zemigangatho karhulumente ezinokubonakalisa ngayo ukufezeka kwayo nokuyilwa kwemigaqo yesizwe.

Ikamva leeNdlela zoLawulo

Iprojekthi ezininzi ziza kubumba indlela oorhulumente abalungelelanisa ngayo iimfuno zasekuhlaleni nemigaqo karhulumente ekhoyo kwiminyaka ezayo. Ukwanda kokuma kwamacandelo ezobupolitika aseMelika kunganyusa ungquzulwano, njengokuba amazwe alawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo avela kurhulumente worhulumente asebenza njengemibutho yokuxhathisa. Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo oluphantsi kwemiqathango , ingakumbi kumazwe angahlali mancinane, lungakhokelela ekuthembeni ngakumbi kuncedo lobugcisa okanye kwimibutho yengingqi.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziyaqhubeka zicacisa imida yegunya likarhulumente kwimimandla efana nomthetho wemekobume kunye norhwebo lwe-intanethi. Umdla okhulayo weNkundla “wemfundiso yemibuzo enzima” usenokunyanzela ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente anikele ingcebiso ngemithetho ebanzi echaphazela iimeko, anyanzelele emva kweBhunga aze ngaloo ndlela avule ithuba lokwahluka kombuso.

Ubugcisa kunye nogcino-lwazi olunika amathuba okulungelelanisa okungcono. Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene ngempilo, imfundo, nezibonelelo lunganceda amazwe kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni ajongene noncedo olunempumelelo. Noko ke, inkxalabo yobuqu kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yogcino-lwazi lungabangela iingxaki.

Isifo se-COVID-19 satyhila amandla nobuthathaka borhulumente kwingxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke. Ama-odosa okuqala akhuphisana ukuze afumane izinto kwaye akhupha imiqathango engangqinelaniyo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha imigudu elungelelanisiweyo njengomkhosi wovavanyo karhulumente yavela. La mava abonisa imfuneko yokuphendula ngendlela ecacileyo yongxamiseko ehlonela igunya loluntu ngoxa eqinisekisa umanyano lwesizwe.

Imigaqo-nkqubo edibanisa ulawulo olufana nolawulo lobuchule obungeyonkqubo, ikharbon eprinta, kunye nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi kuza kuvavanya uburhulumente kwakhona. Ngaphandle kokukhululwa korhulumente, amajelo angenza umsebenzi wemithetho edibeneyo eyenza ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe lube nzima, ukanti uvavanyo lukarhulumente lungavelisa imodeli esebenzayo. Ukubeka umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokulingana nokwahlukahlukana kuya kuhlala kusemzinzi.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente usebenza phakathi komgaqo-siseko obanika igunya elibalulekileyo kodwa ufuna ukuthotyelwa kobungangamsha borhulumente. Uxanduva phakathi kweemfuno zoluntu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente asikokungalungelelani nje kolawulo; luphawu olunamandla lolawulo lwaseMerika olukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa imingeni efana nenkxaso-mali, iimbambano zolawulo, nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika kuqhubekeka, amazwana aye aqinisekisa ukuba ayakwazi ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana, ukuncedisana namaqumrhu orhulumente orhulumente, kunye nezicombululo zobuvulindlela ezinceda zombini izilangazelelo zoluntu kunye nobezwe.

Imizekelo yeKhalifoniya, Massachusetts, neWashington ibonisa ukuba ukulungelelanisa okusebenzayo kunokwenzeka xa iimeko zidibanisa ingxubusho ecacileyo kunye nombono ocacileyo wezinto eziza kuqala. Njengoko ulawulo lwelizwe luqhubeka luguquka, oorhulumente baza kufuneka bahlale bephaphile kwaye besenza izinto ezizakudala. Beqinisekisa iimfuno zabo apho kuyimfuneko ukuba basebenzisane xa benceda abemi babo. Abo bafuna ukuqonda ulawulo eUnited States, ulwalamano lwesizwe nomanyano oluphakathi kolawulo lwelizwe lunika uphando olungaze luqhubeke noluqhubeke lwemeko kwikhono lokulala, ukumelana nokuzinza, kunye nengxaki yedemokhrasi. [[FLT] i-FLGenegasternet] inikeza uxanduval-unity.[FL]