Isakhiwo sikarhulumente eUnited States sibekwe ngabom, ngegunya elisasazwa kumgangatho wengingqi, welizwe, kunye nowesizwe. Kubemi, ukuhamba ngezi maleko kungavakala njengokuchaza imaphu entsonkothileyo. Kodwa ukuqonda umahluko phakathi korhulumente wongingqi nowomhlaba kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo, ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko, nokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kubomi bentlalo-ntle yabantu. Eli nqaku lihlola umgangatho okhoyo wolawulo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMelika, `ewezwelonke nelonke] ukushwankathela imisebenzi yabo, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, ukwahluka, kunye nokudlala. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nombono ocacileyo womntu okwenzayo, ofanele enze oku, isizathu sokuba kubaluleke, nendlela onokuqhubana ngayo kumgangatho ngamnye.

Yintoni Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni?

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uliqondo lolawulo olusondelelene nabantu. Usebenza kummandla othile wengingqi njengengingqi, idolophu, idolophu, idolophu, idolophana, okanye isithili esikhethekileyo. I-Censurenial Bureau yase-U. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho amaqela karhulumente angaphezulu kwe-90 000 kulo lonke elo lizwe, aquka yonke into esuka kwimimandla emikhulu yedolophu ukuya kwimimandla emincinane esemaphandleni. Oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo kwimimiselo karhulumente, kungekhona ngqo kwi-U.

Iintlobo zoRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuwela kwiindidi eziliqela:

  • Amaqela olawulo lwesizwe adla ngokusingatha iinkonzo zengingqi ezinjengokunyanzeliswa komthetho, iinkundla, iingxelo zempahla, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo: eziquka izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, okanye amasebe anika iinkonzo kubemi abaphezulu, njengamanzi, umphunga, amapolisa, ukukhusela umlilo, kunye neendawo.
  • Iinqanawa ezizimeleyo: eziqhelekile kwiMidwa neMntlampuma, ilokishi zisebenza ngokufanayo kubalo kodwa kumlinganiselo omncinci wendawo, idla ngokukhonza emaphandleni okanye kwimimandla yedolophu.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: amaqela karhulumente azimeleyo enzelwe ukuhambisa inkonzo enye, njengesithili sesikolo, igunya lokunika amanzi, igunya lezokuthutha, okanye isithili sethala leencwadi.

Imisebenzi yeCore kaRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Imbopheleleko yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziluncedo kwaye zikhawulezile.

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: umkhosi wamapolisa, ukucinezelwa komlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokusabela kwintlekele.
  • Imfundo:[[FLT:] Imisebenzi yezikolo zikawonke-wonke K-12, ukuvelela iibhodi zesikolo, kunye nolawulo lwenkxaso-mali yemfundo yasekuhlaleni.
  • Isakhiwo sesakhiwo: ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, iibhulorho, indlela, izibane zesitrato, iintloko zamanzi kunye neenkqubo zokulahla amanzi.
  • [[NT.:0] Impilo ekhoyo: iikliniki zempilo ezibalekayo, iivenkile zokutyela, iinkqubo zokugoma, nokuqinisekisa imithetho yogutyulo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuzinza nomhlaba Ukusetyenziswa: Ukulawula indlela impahla enokusetyenziswa ngayo, imvume yokwakha, kunye nokukhokela inkqubela-phambili yasedolophini ngokwezicwangciso ezibanzi.
  • IiPark kunye noHlalo: Ukugcina iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amaziko oluntu, amaqula, kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa.
  • Ulawulo lwenkunkuma: ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iinkonzo zokuphinda isetyenziswe, kunye nomsebenzi wokugcwalisa umhlaba.

Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokuhlawula irhafu yelevy, ngokuyintloko irhafu yempahla, nokunyanzelisa iindleko zeenkonzo.

Yintoni Urhulumente Wesizwe?

Urhulumente wesizwe, okwabizwa ngokuba ngurhulumente wesizwe, ulawula i-othorali ye-United States iphela. Amandla awo asuka kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Oku kuwanika amandla akhethekileyo adwelisweyo ngeli lixa egcina onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Urhulumente wesizwe wakhiwe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nekomiti elawulayo. Oku kwahlula amagunya, kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso, kulungiselelwe ukunqanda naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Wesizwe

  • Isebe elinokwandiswa (Icala): Lenziwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi neNdlu yooMmeli, iBhunga lenza imithetho, ibhengeze imfazwe, ilawula urhwebo lwamazwe, kwaye ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo (uMphathi kunye neZiqu zengingqi): UMongameli unyanzelisa imithetho, uyalela umkhosi, uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye ujonge amasebe karhulumente anjengeSebe loKhuselo, i-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-ntle, kunye noLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle.
  • [[NTLA] Isebe leSebe leMicitho (IiNkundla zaseNtshona): INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zesebe zichaza imithetho, zihlola ubugqeba bazo, kwaye zicombulule iimpikiswano ezibandakanya umthetho worhulumente.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo kaRhulumente weSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi engaphaya kombuso ngamnye okanye efuna inkqubo efanayo yesizwe. Imisebenzi yayo engundoqo iquka:

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga nokhuseleko: Ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukukhusela imida yesizwe, kunye nokudibanisa imigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi.
  • [[NT.:0] Imicimbi yasebuRhubheni kunye neMicimbi yeNkcubeko: ithetha izivumelwano, ilawula ii- embassions, kwaye imela i-U.S. kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inkqubo ye-Monetary kunye ne-Fiscal: Ukulawula unikezelo lwemali ngeFederal Reserve, ukuphatha irhafu karhulumente, kunye nokuxhasa iinkqubo zesizwe ezifana noKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neMedicare.
  • Ummiselo wezorhwebo we-Interstate: ukukhangela urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, ukumisela imilinganiselo yezithuthi, nokumisa imithetho echasene nokholo.
  • ICivil Rights and Liberties: ikhupha imithetho yesizwe ekhusela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iindidi.
  • Ukhuseleko lwezengqondo: Ukubeka umoya nemigangatho yobunjani bamanzi kwilizwe lonke, ukulawula amazwe kawonke-wonke, kunye nokulawula izinto ezingcolisayo.
  • Ukungena nokuziqhelanisa: Ukulawula ukungena kwelizwe, ukunika iimvume zokungena nokufumana ubumi, nokumisa imithetho yokufuduka.

Urhulumente wesizwe unyusa ingeniso ngokuyintloko ngerhafu yengeniso, irhafu yequmrhu, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi.

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowesizwe

Ngoxa omabini amanqanaba karhulumente enceda uluntu ngokubanzi, ngokusisiseko ayahluka kumgangatho, igunya, inkxaso, nokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kunceda abemi balapho bazi ukuba umgangatho omele ufikelelwe ngawo kwimibandela ethile.

Umda weGunya

  • esendaweni ekufuphi: Ijolise kwimfuno ezicacileyo zoluntu] izikolo zikawonke-wonke, iindlela zasekuhlaleni, indawo, amapolisa ajikelezayo, ukuqokelelwa komgqomo womgqomo. Izigqibo zichaphazela indawo echaziweyo yendawo.
  • Uhlanga: Idilesi zelizwe lonke okanye imiba yombuso onqamlezeneyo neyamanye amazwe, inkqubo yezorhwebo yelinye ilizwe, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, amalungelo asekuhlaleni. Izigqibo zisebenza kuwo onke amazwe kunye nemimandla.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

  • Amandla anikwe ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho karhulumente. Akukho gunya lomgaqo-siseko ngqo worhulumente; oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zesizwe.
  • Uhlanga: Amandla adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye namandla athatyathweyo athathwe kokufanelekileyo nokufanelekileyo kukaClaus. Urhulumente wesizwe ukwanamandla akhethekileyo afana nokukhupha imali kunye nokulawula imimandla kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle.

Inkxaso

  • Arever: Irhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso (kwamanye amazwe), iindleko zeenkonzo (amanzi, imvume), kunye nokufuduswa kwemali yorhulumente (imali yorhulumente yorhulumente).
  • I- yobuzwe: ubukhulu becala] irhafu yengeniso yomntu ngamnye neyoshishino, ukuhlawula iirhafu eziqengqelekayo (Ukhuseleko loburhulumente, i-Medicare), iirhafu ezikhutshiweyo, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi.

Unxulumano Olukhulu

  • Amagosa asekuhlaleni: asoloko enyulwa kunyulo olungelulo iparatis okanye olusezantsi. Abami banonikezelo oluthe ngqo kumalungu ebhunga, oosodolophu, namalungu ebhodi yesikolo. Amagama asoloko efutshane (2/4 iminyaka).
  • Uhlanga: "Uhlanga: unyulo lobuzwe novolo lobuzwe lutsale ingqalelo ephezulu yesizwe kwaye lutsale ne-crimeout. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini, abaphathi bendlu emithandathu, kunye nomongameli ezine. Inkamkelo zinkulu kwaye zixabisa kakhulu.

Ukulungelelanisa Nokuguquka

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangalinga ngemigaqo-nkqubo evumelaniswe nengingqi zabo. Umzekelo, amasiko asekuhlaleni aphantsi komvuzo, ulawulo lwerente, okanye iinkqubo zokuphinda isetyenziswe. Urhulumente wesizwe uthanda ukumisela imigangatho ebanzi esebenzisa iyunithi enye, nangona isenokunika abaxhasi okanye iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya. Le ntshukumo isoloko ichazwa njengenkcubeko yedemokhrasi" ingqiqo, apho amaphondo kunye neendawo zivavanya iingcamango phambi kokuba zithathwe ngokwesizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Umanyano

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowesizwe lusekelwe kurhulumente wesizwe, `a' apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwegunya elisembindini kunye namaqela ezobupolitika azimeleyo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka inkqubo karhulumente wesizwe, urhulumente wesizwe onikezele amagunya (Icandelo 8) kunye namazwe agcina amagunya agciniweyo phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi: "Amagunya angaphathiswanga i-United States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulinganayo, okanye kubantu.""

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngenxa yokuba bedalwe ngamazwe, bawela phantsi kwala magunya agciniweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanakukwazi ukuyalela ngqo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimimandla emininzi. Noko ke, urhulumente wesizwe unokuphembelela izenzo zoluntu ngeemeko ezidibene nenkxaso-mali karhulumente, ukukhulula (xa umthetho karhulumente ulawula ulawula urhulumente okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni), kwaye ngokumisela ubuncinane bomgaqo-siseko bonke oorhulumente abamele bawulandele.

Ukuyiqonda ngokunzulu inkqubo yorhulumente kunye noMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi, inika uhlalutyo olugunyazisiweyo . Ukongeza, U.S. ugcino-lwazi lwe-Cunication Bureauting kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni lunikela ujongo olubanzi kwinani nakwiintlobo zemibutho yasekuhlaleni kulo lonke ilizwe.

Indlela Oomarhulumente Basekuhlaleni Nabesizwe Abangenelela Ngayo

Ukuqhelisela, oorhulumente bengingqi nabesizwe abasebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Basebenzisana ngemiqathango entsonkothileyo, ngemimiselo, izigunyaziso, nangezivumelwano zentsebenziswano. Le ngxoxo idla ngokuphawulwa njengentsebenziswano yorhulumente esebenzisanayo, apho omabini amanqanaba asebenza kunye ukuhambisa iinkonzo nokufikelela iinjongo zenkqubo.

Iminikelo yomanyano noncedo lwemali

Urhulumente wesizwe unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amawaka ezigidi zee-dola ngonyaka ngenkxaso-mali.

  • IGawulo eziGciniweyo:[ Imali yeenjongo ezikhethekileyo, ezicacisiweyo ezimxinwa (umz. ulwakhiwo lohola wendlela, izibonelelo zophuhliso loluntu). Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathobele iimeko zorhulumente ezineenkcukacha.
  • nqanda iiMarkes: Imali yemiqathango ebanzi yemimandla enjengeenkonzo zentlalo okanye impilo kawonke-wonke, enemiqathango encinci, enika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ubuchule obungakumbi.

Izixhobo zinokuba sixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela ilizwe. Umzekelo, amaphondo nemimandla kufuneka anyuse ubuncinane beminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21 okanye aphulukane nenxalenye yemali yendlela karhulumente. Le meko yeyona ikhokelela kwimithetho yobudala obufanayo besizwe, nangona loo mithetho ingumbandela karhulumente.

Uvavanyo lweManual kunye noKhuselo

Imithetho yesizwe ingayikhulula imithetho okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwiindawo apho umGaqo-siseko unika igunya lorhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko we-Avidi Ecocekileyo yoMsitho-moya umisela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abamele bayinyanzelise. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wokufuduka ukhuphisa imigudu yasekuhlaleni yolawulo lokufuduka ngokwayo. I-Preadetion isenokuchazwa (Umthetho weSizwe uthi uwise umthetho wesizwe udedededele umthetho) okanye uboniswe (umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owesizwe umele uhlale ngokucokisekileyo umasimi akwako angenandawo aseleyo ukuze asebenze urhulumente).

Imithetho kaMandela isoloko ingenamali ipheleleyo, qha ngaphandle kwemiqathango ebizwa ngokuba yimiqathango engagunyaziswanga. IMithetho yoMsebenzi weNguqulo ka-1995 izama ukumisela umda lo mkhwa, kodwa isenzeka, ibeka ingcinezelo yemali koorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamasebe

Iingxaki ezininzi zale mihla zifuna ukulungelelana koorhulumente.

  • Impendulo ye-Disaster Resolution:[ I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ilungelelanisa neenkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nezongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni ngexesha leenkanyamba, imililo yelanga, kunye nezikhukula.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingeniso: Imali encediswa liSebe lezothutho ixhasa imisebenzi yothutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye norhulumente kunye nezinto zasekuhlaleni ezilawula ukuphunyezwa.
  • [[NTLA] Ingxamiseko yempilo ye-Public Emercial: Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, urhulumente wesizwe wanika isitofu kunye nenkxaso-mali, ngelixa amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni enikela izithoba kunye nemigaqo enyanzelisayo.

Imizekelo Yokuwa Ngokugqithiseleyo Neyokuxambulisana

Nangona intsebenziswano iqhelekile, kukwavela uxaniso. Nazi iindawo ezintathu eziphawulekayo apho igunya lasekuhlaleni nelesizwe lidibana khona/ kwaye maxa wambi lingqubana:

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umthetho womanyano unika urhulumente wesizwe igunya elipheleleyo ekungeneni. Noko ke, abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bamkela "imigaqo-nkqubo elawula intsebenziswano kunye nokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwengingqi. Ekuphenduleni, urhulumente wesizwe usongela ukugob ’ intlawulo yokunika inkxaso. Iinkundla ziye zavavanya, ngokufuthi zixhasa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente wesizwe akanakukwazi ukumisela ngqo ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuba uphumeze imisebenzi yezoshishino, kodwa unokwenza izivumelwano ezithile ekuthobeleni.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Nangona umthetho karhulumente ubeka umya njengento elawulwa yiShedyuli, amazwe amaninzi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwezonyango okanye ezokuzonwabisa. Oku kudala uxanduva olusemthethweni: amacandelo asekuhlaleni asebenza ngokusemthethweni phantsi komthetho karhulumente kodwa abeka ityala kwityala lorhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi ulubeke uxanduva lokunyanzeliswa komthetho (umz., iCole Metrirandum), kodwa ingxabano ekhoyo ayipheliswanga. Oku kubonakalisa imida yokukhutshwa komthetho xa umthetho uthelelwa.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko befuna ukwamkela imithetho engqongqo yemeko-bume kuneyobuncinane besizwe. Umzekelo, izixeko zingazivalela iingxowa zeplastiki okanye zifune amandla avuselelekayo kwizakhiwo ezintsha. Maxa wambi umthetho womanyano lwamazwe udelela le migudu yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho ukulingana kwesizwe kugqalwa njengokubalulekileyo, njengemigangatho yenqwelo-moya. I-Ceaian Air Act ivumela iKlifoniyania ukuba imisele imiqathango ye-slaspiter (ngendlela ye-omatilone) kwaye amanye amazwe alandela isikhokelo seKhalifoni-* kodwa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakukwazi ukumisela imilinganiselo yabo ngokwabo yokuhamba iimoto ezintsha.

Ukucel ’ Ityala Kubemi

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwegunya kunemiphumo esebenzisekayo xa kugatywa urhulumente. Ukwazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho osingatha imbambano ethile kukunceda ulathise imigudu yakho ngokunempumelelo.

  • Ukudibana namagosa alungileyo: Ukuba umngxuma ufuna ukulungiswa, biza isebe lesixeko sakho, hayi ilungu leBhunga. Ukuba unenkxalabo ngodweliso lwenkqubo lwesizwe olufana noKhuseleko lweNtlalo, qhagamshelana nommeli wakho wengqungquthela okanye umbutho wesizwe ofanelekileyo.
  • I-Vote kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni: Ii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zinempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. /amalungu ebhodi yesikolo semfundo, abaququzeleli besixeko, ookhomishinari bephondo, kunye noosodolophu. Ukanti unyulo lwengingqi lunethuba eliphantsi kakhulu. Uvotelo lwakho luthwala ubunzima obuthe chatha kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.
  • Iparicipe kwintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babamba ukuchotshelwa kwabantu ngeendleko zoqingqo-mali, iinguqu zokwahlula, kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso. Ukuya kwezi ntlanganiso okanye ukunikela iintetho yindlela enamandla yokuphembelela inkqubo.
  • Amalungelo akho ayazi: Zombini umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Amagosa asekuhlaleni kufuneka awahlonele la malungelo, yaye ekugqibeleni ijaji yesizwe iwanyanzelisa. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo nendlela esebenza ngayo kwisenzo sasekuhlaleni kubalulekile.
  • I-engage kunye namaqumrhu kazwelonke: Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente anee-ofisi zengingqi ezisebenzisana noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i-Nkundla yokusingqongileyo ibamba amaxesha emvume echaphazela umgangatho womoya namanzi. Ingingqi zingaba nenxaxheba kwezi nkqubo.

Ukudibanisa okungakumbi norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, .gov portal inika ulawulo lwe-ofisi zorhulumente zobulali kunye nezibonelelo. Ukuntywilisela nzulu kwi-uthorialism, i- IQITYELA NOlwazi eCornell inikeza inkcazo ecacileyo esemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika asiyoyondidi olunye kodwa lunethwekhi yamagunya angenanayo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uphatha iinkonzo zosuku nosuku ezibumba abantu, ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe ethetha ngemibandela enqamleza imigca karhulumente okanye efuna inkqubo efanayo. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala elungelelene. Kodwa inkqubo ixhomekeke kulwazi, ibandakanya abemi abaqonda ukuba sisiphi isixhathiso sokutsala, kwaye xa. Ngokuqaphela iindima, iimbopheleleko, kunye nonxulumano lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowesizwe, uba ngumxhasi ophumelelayo kwidemokhrasi, uyakwazi ukuxhasa utshintsho kumgangatho apho imicimbi emininzi yenkupho yakho. Inyathelo lokuqala likwazi umahluko; elandelayo isebenza kuyo.