Ukwazisa

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineseti yalo yoxanduva, amagunya asemthethweni, kunye namandla enkonzo. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo ``ngokufuthi sibhekiselwa kuso njengesifundo solawulo-loluntu kuphela; yimfuno eluncedo ngabani na ofuna ukucombulula ingxaki, ukuxhasa utshintsho, okanye ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ngokunempumelelo. Uhlaziyo lwe-10 kuMgaqo-siseko lumisela olu candelo ngokungawaphathisi kumagunya karhulumente orhulumente okanye kubantu, ngokunempumelelo edala iinkqubo ezimbini ezihambelanayo zolawulo ezisoloko zihambelana.

Umbuzo wokuba amagosa asekuhlaleni okanye amaziko asekuhlaleni axhomekeke kuhlobo lwale ngxaki. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uyilelwe ukusingatha iimfuno ezicacileyo zoluntu ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, njengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iindlela zongingqi, kunye nokuhlanganisa. Urhulumente wengingqi, kwelinye icala, ulawula imicimbi yelizwe lonke kunye neyamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye neenkqubo eziluncedo zikarhulumente. Ukuvakalisa isikhalazo ngemngxube kwindlu yesibhedlele okanye ukunxibelelana nebhunga lesixeko sakho malunga nebhunga lepasisi esilahlekileyo yimizekelo ebalaseleyo yokulindela okungahambelani ixesha nokulibala kokulahlwa kwenkunkuma nezo.

Esi sikhokelo sinika imaphu ecacileyo, enokusetyenziswa ekuqhubeni le nkqubo intsonkothileyo. Ngokuqonda iindima nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, ungagcina ixesha, unciphise unxunguphalo, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba inkxalabo yakho iphoswe kwindawo efanelekileyo ukwenzela isigqibo esifike ngexesha. Siza kuhlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo yolawulo, inikezele ngokunzulu kwiimbopheleleko zasekuhlaleni nezorhulumente, kwaye inike isiseko esisebenzayo sokufumana apho umele uthathe khona imbambano yakho.

Imigaqo Engathatyathi Nto YaseMerika

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kwimibutho ethile neenkonzo, kubalulekile ukuseka ingqiqo esisiseko yendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kwinkqubo ye-U. Oku kusasazwa akungomkhethe; kusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko nakumashumi eminyaka enkqubo esemthethweni.

Imibhrashi esusiweyo. Amandla agciniweyo

UMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wezwe igunya elikhethekileyo . Ezi ziquka amandla okulawula ushishino lwamazwe angaphandle, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, nokulawula ukufuduka kunye nokulawulwa kwendalo. Ngokuchaseneyo, amandla anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe ngamandla [[FLT:] amiselwe [[ kumazwe, adla ngokuthunyelwa kumasipala wasekuhlaleni. La mandla agcinelwenziweyo.

UNondyebo Nokukhululwa

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente kunye nemimandla benegunya elibalulekileyo, iSupremacy Claus (Artle VI yemGaqo-siseko) iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ngu "umthetho wengingqi welizwe". Oku kuthetha ukuba xa imithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente ingquzulana, umthetho worhulumente udla ngokulawula. Le ngcamango yaziwa njenge ukukhutshwa [. Lo mzekelo, lo mgaqo wesizwe okanye isixeko unakho ukudlulisela imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, loo milinganiselo ayinakwehla ngaphantsi komgangatho omiswe ngamaziko ekwisebe lengingqi yokhuselo lwemekobume yendalo (EPA). Ngokufanayo, umthetho wolawulo lwamazwe ovela kwamanye amazwe ukhuthulela urhulumente umgangatho ofanelekileyo wolawulo lokufuduka. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ngenxa yolwazi lomgangatho wolawulo oluthelo lwamathel

Amandla ahambelanayo kunye nonxulumano lwezoburhulumente

Iimbopheleleko ezininzi zabelwane phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni, karhulumente, kunye norhulumente worhulumente. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba ngamandla akhoyo. Imizekelo iquka amandla erhafu, ukwakha iindlela, nokuboleka imali. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukucombulula ingxaki kudla ngokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho emininzi karhulumente. Umthetho omkhulu wohola wendlela, umzekelo, uza kuxhaswa ngokwenxalenye ngurhulumente wezwe, olawulwa liSebe lezothutho, kwaye wakhiwe yinkampani yobulali ebambelele kwimithetho ecwangcisiweyo.

Indima neembopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (iidolophu, imimandla, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo) zingumgangatho karhulumente osondelelene nabantu. Ingqalelo yabo eyintloko yimpilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yoluntu lwabo. Ngenxa yokusondelelana kwabo, badla ngokuba ngowona mgangatho ulungileyo karhulumente kwimicimbi yemini yonke.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nomthetho

Le yenye yezona misebenzi zibonakalayo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kweenqwelo-moya, kunye nokusabela kongxamiseko kulawulo lwawo. Amasebe omlilo kunye neeNkonzo ze-Emergency Medical (EMS) zikwayimbopheleleko zasekuhlaleni. Ukuba uyabona ulwaphulo-mthetho, uva isandi somlilo, okanye ufuna inqwelo-mafutha, ubizo lwakho lokuqala kufuneka lusoloko lukwi- iinkonzo zengingqi . Iinkundla zongingqi, njengomasipala okanye iinkundla zengingqi, ukubhulamza, iinqwelo-mafutha, iingozi ezingekho mthethweni, kunye namatyala amancinane.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke

Ngeli xesha iSebe lemfundo limisela iinkqubo ezibanzi zorhulumente, ukusebenza kwemini ukuya kwezikolo zikawonke-wonke kusebenza kwindawo yasekuhlaleni. Imimandla yezikolo yasekuhlaleni, elawulwa ziibhodi zonyulwa, ilawule izifundo, iqeshiwe abafundisi-mfundo, izakhiwo zokulondoloza, kunye neekhalenda zemfundo. Iingxoxo ezinxulumene nokuya ezikolweni, iindlela zoduladula, okanye imicimbi ethile yesikolo kufuneka ijoliswe kwisithili semfundo okanye kwinqununu yesikolo ohlala kuso. Iikholeji zoluntu kunye nezikolo zemfundo zomsebenzi zidla ngokuququlunqwa kwingi okanye kumgangatho wesithili.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujongene nezibonelelo ezibumba imeko-bume yakho. Oku kuquka:

  • Iindlela kunye nezitrato ezikwindawo ephaya: ulungisa imingxunya, ukutshayelela, ukususwa kwekhephu, kunye nogcino lwemiboniso yeetrafiki kwindlela zasekuhlaleni (kungekhona phakathi kohola wendlela wasemgaqweni).
  • [[UMTL:0] Water kunye noMququzeleli: Ukunika amanzi okusela acocekileyo, ukulawula unyango lwamanzi amdaka, kunye nokugcina iirefu zokukhupha isichotho.
  • Iipark kunye noHlaziyo: Ukugcina iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokudlala, amaziko oluntu, namaqula okuqubha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqhatha kunye nemvume: Ukunyanzela umhlaba usebenzisa imimiselo, ukukhupha imvume yokwakha, kunye nokuqhuba uhlolo lwempahla.

Ukuba unengxaki yokukhanyisa isitrato, ukukhupha amanzi azeleyo esitratweni, okanye ufuna imvume yokulungisa ikhaya, isebe lakho elisebenza kuwonke wonke okanye iofisi yocwangciso lwesixeko lifanele ukudibana.

ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi

Amasebe oluntu oluntu anikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokugoma, ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko lokutya, ukugada, nokuhlola izifo ezithathelwanayo. Kwakhona asoloko elawula iikliniki zempilo zoluntu kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Iinkonzo zentlalo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni (ngamanye amaxesha enikelwa liphondo) ziquka uncedo ngeetempe zokutya (SNAP), i-ANCODING yexeshana yeMizalwane (TENF), kunye neenkonzo zokukhusela abantwana.

Ixesha Lokufuna Uncedo Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Kufuneka uqhagamshelane norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngemibandela ekhethekileyo yemo yezulu kwingingqi yasekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ukunika ingxelo ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye umsebenzi wokukrokra (kubiza amapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuba angabi nangxaki okanye 9-1).
  • Ukukhalaza ngengxolo yommelwane, izakhiwo ezingacocekanga, okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yezono.
  • Ukufuna imvume yokwakha, ilayisensi yezoshishino, okanye iphepha - mvume lomtshato.
  • Ukuqengqelela umntwana esikolweni sikawonke - wonke okanye ukunikela ingqalelo kukhuseleko lwesikolo.
  • Ukuxela umngxuma, ukukhanya okuphukileyo kwesitrato, okanye ikhefu elingundoqo lamanzi.
  • Ukubhalisa ukuba uvote okanye ufumane indawo yakho yokuvota.
  • Ukufumana iphepha - mvume lenja yasekuhlaleni okanye ukunikela ingxelo yezilwanyana (ulawulo lwezilwanyana) ezilahlekileyo.

Indima neembopheleleko zikaRhulumente woManyano

Urhulumente wesizwe uxubusha imiba engaphaya kwemida yorhulumente okanye ufuna indlela efanayo yesizwe. Igunya layo lithathwe kuMgaqo-siseko lize linwenwe kuwo onke amaphondo, amasimi, nemicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe. Amasebe omanyano ngokuqhelekileyo angaphezulu, angoongqalelo olungakumbi, kwaye asebenza phantsi kwemimiselo ethile edluliselwe yiBhunga.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle

ISebe lokhuselo lase-United States lilawula umkhosi oxhobileyo, kuquka uMkhosi womkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi womkhosi woMoya, umkhosi wamajoni oMkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi weNdawo. ISebe leSizwe lisingatha ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, ii-PSSports neemvume, kwaye lilawula ii-mpassss kwaye lilawula ii-ofisi zelizwe laphesheya. Iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nenkonzo yasemkhosini, iinzuzo zamagqala, ukuhambela kwelinye ilizwe, okanye inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe zimibangoorhulumente.

I-inshorensi Neziqinisekiso Zoluntu

Urhulumente wengingqi uqhuba iinkqubo ezikhulu zokhuseleko lwentlalo. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lobunyani: umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka (SDI), kunye neengenelo ezisindileyo ezinikelwa yiNtlalo yoKhuseleko (SA).
  • I-inshorensi yempilo kubantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu kunye nabancinane abathile abaneziphene.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iingenelo ze-Veterans:[ Imali yempilo, imbuyiselo yesiphene, imfundo, neenzuzo zedebhu efumaneka kwiSebe leMicimbi yeVendans (VA).
  • [[UMTL:0] Igalelo laBafundi: Grants (njengeePel Grants) kunye neemboleko zemfundo ephezulu, ezilawulwa liSebe lemfundo.

Iingxaki zokuxilonga uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukukhutshelwa kweMedicare, okanye ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yeVA kusingathwa kwiiofisi zengingqi zikarhulumente okanye ngemisebenzi yazo yesizwe.

Ukufuduka

Umthetho wohlaziyo wolawulo oluzimeleyo kuphela. Ulawulo loluntu kunye neeNkonzo zokuHlanganisa i-U.S. (USCIS) zizicelo zezicelo zookhadi abaluhlaza, iimvume zokusebenza, iimvume, kunye nokwenziwa kwendalo (ukungena kommi). Ukufuduka kunye neCorstom Enforcement (ICE) inyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka. ICorstom kunye ne-Borin Protection (CBP) zikhusela imida namazibuko okungena. Nayiphi na ingxaki ephathelelene nemeko esemthethweni, amaxwebhu okuhamba-ongengomzinzi, okanye ukunqumla imida kufuneka ithunyelwe kumagunya orhulumente orhulumente.

Urhwebo, Unxibelelwano, Nomgaqo - siseko Wezoqoqosho

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uqoqosho lwesizwe luzinzile kwaye lufanelekile.

  • IKomishini ye-Exchange (SEC): ilawula iimarike zemali kunye notyalo-mali.
  • [[UMTL:0] IKhomishini yoThungelwano oluPhakathi (FCC): ibuyisela unomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nonxibelelwano lwentsontelo yentsimbi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isidlo kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA): iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, amayeza, kunye nezixhobo zezamayeza.
  • I-Federal Trade Commission (FTC): ikhusela abathengi kwizenzo zoshishino ezingekho sesikweni okanye ezikhohlisayo, kuquka ubusela bezazi kunye nobuqhetseba.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Environral Protection Agency (EPA): inyanzelisa imithetho yemeko- bume yengingqi enxulumene nomgangatho womoya namanzi.

Amalungelo abemi kunye noMthetho womanyano

ISebe leMithetho yoLuntu (DOJ) linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, kuquka amalungelo okuvota, ucalucalulo lwezindlu, kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. ISebe loKhuseleko loKhuseleko loPhando loLuntu lihlola izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zorhulumente ezifana nobugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi, ubuqhetseba, urhwaphilizo nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. I-Unimeal Obbethom Opportunity Commission (EOC) imisela imithetho echasene nocalucalucalucalucalulo lwasemsebenzini ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi, ubudala, okanye ubulwelwe.

Xa Unokufuna Uncedo Kurhulumente Womanyano: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Kufuneka uqhagamshelane norhulumente wesizwe kwimibandela ebandakanya imithetho yesizwe, imisebenzi yesizwe, okanye iinkqubo zesizwe. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ukufaka isicelo okanye ukuba neengxaki ngepasi yokundwendwela yaseUnited States okanye ngeviza.
  • Ukubuza ngoKhuseleko loLuntu okanye lweNtlalo-ntle.
  • Ukukhalaza ngocalucalulo emsebenzini (EOC).
  • Ukunika ingxelo yokuba inombolo ye-CPF okanye i-Intanethi yokuqhatha (FTC).
  • Ukukhalaza ngenkampani yenqwelo - moya okanye ethuthayo.
  • Ukucela uncedo lwamaqumrhu (FEMA).
  • Ukufuna inkcazelo ngokufuduka okanye ukufuduka.
  • Ukunikela ingxelo yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yemekobume.

Ukuhambelana Nemimandla Engwevu: Iimbopheleleko Ezabelanayo

Uninzi lwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente alwahlulwa kakuhle phakathi kwasekuhlaleni norhulumente. Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko ezahlulweyo kubalulekile ekufumaneni uncedo olufanelekileyo.

Ukuphendula kwentlekele nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka

I-Arhente yoLawulo lwezentlekele yoManyano (FEMA) inika ulawulo noncedo lwesizwe ekuvuselelweni kweentlekele ezinkulu. Noko ke, impendulo yentlekele yeyasekuhlaleni kuqala. Eyokuqala yabaphendulayo (ipolisa, umlilo, i-EMS) yindawo yokuqala yokudibana. Ukuba le ntlekele ithwaxa ubuncwane basekuhlaleni, irhuluneli yephondo icela isibhengezo sikarhulumente sentlekele kuMongameli. Abahlali abafuna uncedo emva kwentlekele kufuneka balandele kuqala imiyalelo yolawulo lukarhulumente ngoko, ngoko faka isicelo soncedo ngoncedo ngoncedo lwe-FEMA ukuba kwenziwe isindululo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Ngeli xesha i-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe, iinkqubo ezininzi zokusingqongileyo zinikezelwa kurhulumente nakumasebe asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, iEPA icwangcisa imigangatho ye-Cec Water Act, kodwa i-oyile yakho yasekuhlaleni inegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi empomponi ahambelana naloo milinganiselo. Isikhalazo ngomzi - mveliso okhupha umsi ungaphendulwa ngumbutho wemekobume ephantsi kolawulo lwe-EPA. Ukuqonda eli tsheyina kukunceda ukuba unike ingxelo ngowona mgangatho usebenzayo.

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi

Urhulumente wengingqi (ngeSebe lezokuthutha neNkxawane yokuTshenxiswa Kwezibonelelo) unika inkxaso-mali ephambili kwimisebenzi emikhulu yezibonelelo. Kodwa ke, ulwakhiwo, ukulungiswa, nokusetyenziswa kweendlela, iibhulorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke phantse zisoloko zilawulwa ngurhulumente okanye amagunya ezothutho asekuhlaleni. Ukuba uphawu olukwindlela ephakathi, ungabiza isebe lezothutho, hayi urhulumente. Ukuba ibhotile ikwisitrato, ubiza esi sixeko.

Ingxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke

IZiko loLawulo lwezifo kunye nothintelo (CDC) kunye neFDA zinika ukhokelo lwesizwe, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokulungelelana kweenkqubo zonyango lwempilo. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke njengemiyalelo yezokusithelekelela, ukugoma, okanye ukuvalwa kwesikolo, kudla ngokuqhutywa lisebe lezempilo elisekelwe kurhulumente nakwimeko zasekuhlaleni. Umbuzo malunga nokuba ungafumana phi isitofu ngumbuzo wasekuhlaleni; umbuzo ngokhuseleko lwaloo machiza ngumbuzo karhulumente (FDA/CDC).

Indlela Yokufumana Isikhundla Esifanelekileyo Sikarhulumente

Xa ujongene nengxaki efuna uncedo lukarhulumente, ukulandela inkqubo yokwenziwa kwesigqibo kungaqinisekisa ukuba ukhokela imigudu yakho ngokunempumelelo.

Umsebenzi Wesakhelo Ngenyathelo

Inyathelo 1: Yahlula ingxaki ekhethekileyo. ichaza ngokucacileyo umba. Ingaba lukhanyiso lwasesitratweni, ukhuseleko lwamva, impikiswano eququzelelayo, okanye ingxaki ngesicelo sokuhambisa iincwadi?

Inyathelo 2: Buza "Umbuzo we-"Scope". Ingaba lo mxholo uvalelwe kwisitrato sam, ungingqi, okanye isixeko? Ukuba kunjalo, isenokuba ngumba wasekuhlaleni. Ingaba ibandakanya umthetho wezwe lonke, inkqubo yelizwe lonke, okanye uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe? Ukuba kunjalo, isenokuba ngumba wezwe lonke.

Inyathelo 3: Khangela "Ngubani Olawulayo? Umbuzo. Ukuba le ngxaki ibandakanya ishishini, uhlolo olunika imvume okanye olulawulayo. Amashishini asekuhlaleni (amagumbi okugudisa, iiprojekthi zokucheba) asoloko elawulwa sisixeko okanye iphondo. Iibhanki, iinqwelo-moya, kunye neenkampani zezonyango zilawulwa ngamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni.

[[FLT: 0] Inyathelo 4: Qinisekisa ngezixhobo zangaphakathi ezisemthethweni. Urhulumente osemthethweni uqhagamshelo [FLT]].USUSA[. linqaku elilungileyo. Inika ulawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba kwaye iyakwazi ukukunceda ukukhokela uphando lwakho. Kwimithetho esemthethweni ebhaliweyo, sebenzisa .[FLT]]

Indima Yabameli Bakho Ababeluleki

Abameli bakho abanyuliweyo .ukusuka kwibhunga lesixeko (ukusuka kumalungu ebhunga lengingqi ukuya kumalungu e-U.S.S.S.S.S.isebenzi esisebenza ngokungqalileyo ukusingatha iinkonzo (umsebenzi wesiqendu). Ukuba unengxaki yokuqhuba i-ofisi ye-ofisi yengingqi, ukuqhagamshelana neofisi yommeli okanye ummeli wequmrhu lakho kusenokuba luncedo kakhulu. Iofisi yequmrhu ingenza uphando kumaziko asekuhlaleni malunga nemibandela efana nezicelo zemvume yemvume, iingxaki zeNtlalo-ntle, okanye iinzuzo zamabhunga. Ngokufanayo, ilungu lebhunga lengingqi liyakwazi ukukhulula iimvo zeentsilelo zenkonzo zobulali. Ukufunda okukwiqondo ngalinye.

Isiphelo

Ukwazi ixesha lokufuna uncedo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowamagunya ubuchule obusisiseko bobumi obunempumelelo. Inkqubo yorhulumente, kunye nolwahlulo lwawo kunye nokwabelana ngamagunya, ingabonakala inzima, kodwa yenzelwe ukusondeza urhulumente kubantu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngeli xesha unika amandla alungeleleneyo kwimicimbi yesizwe. Ngokuqonda iindima ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni kunye neenkqubo zolawulo olugunyazisiweyo, ngokuqaphela iindawo ezingwevu zembopheleleko eyabelanayo, nangokusebenzisa inkqubo esengqiqweni ukufumanisa imo-mbambano yakho, ungalusebenzisa ngentembelo inkqubo yakho.