Ulawulo-demokhrasi oluchaseneyo. Ulawulo-masipala: Uthelekiso olunenkcukacha lwendlela zolawulo

Iindlela zolawulo zichaza indlela amandla alungelelanisiweyo nasetyenziswa ngayo phakathi kwebutho labantu. Phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi, idemokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mdiliya zime njengemizekelo emibini elawulayo nephikisanayo. Nganye iye yabumba amazwe, yaphembelela imbali yehlabathi, yaqhubeka ibangela impikiswano phakathi kwezazinzulu zezobupolitika, abalawuli bemigaqo kunye nabemi. Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso olucacileyo, olubanzi, olucacileyo, olugosayo, ulawulo lwawo, amandla awo, ubuthathaka, imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene, kunye noluvo olukhoyo phakathi kwawo.

Ukuqonda oku kungafaniyo asikokuqhelisela nje imfundo. Kuchaphazela indlela abemi abaphila ngayo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi babantu bonke. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye ukuya kwisantya sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukhetho phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi nolawulo-magxalasi luneziphumo ezinzulu.

Ukuchaza Ulawulo - melo

Idemokhrasi, ethathwe kumagama esiGrike [abantu] (abantu) kunye kratos (umthetho), yinkqubo apho igunya elipheleleyo lihlala khona nabantu. Ukuqhelisa, eli gunya lidla ngokusebenzisa ngandlela-thile ngabameli abanyuliweyo, nangona iindlela ezithe ngqo zikhona. UDemocracies wakhiwa kwisiseko sonyulo olukhululekileyo nolulungileyo, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yamakhaya, umthetho, kunye nobuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunye nokuphendula.

Iimpawu zenkqubo yedemokhrasi

  • Unyuso lwamandla lwenzeka ngexesha lokuphumla elicwangcisiweyo, kunye namaqela amaninzi okanye abafuni besicelo befuna inkxaso ethandwayo.
  • Inkululeko yokuthetha kunye namalungelo abantu: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yendibano, kunye neyonqulo zikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye zinyanzeliswe ziinkundla ezizimeleyo.
  • I-Plato eninzi ivumela ukukhuphisana ukuze iphembelele, yenza isiseko sengqukuva kawonke-wonke echumileyo.
  • Uxanduva lwamatyala kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya: Amagosa aqwalaselweyo anokuphendula kunyulo, kwaye izenzo zikarhulumente ziphantsi kophakamiso lukawonke-wonke.
  • I-umqulu woMthetho: Bonke abantu kunye namaziko, kuquka urhulumente, bathotyelwe ngokulinganayo kwiseti yemithetho eyaziwayo.

Iintlobo Zedemokhrasi

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo-melo ayibangelwa kukungavumelani kwabantu ngendlela abathatha ngayo inxaxheba nayindlela abakhethwa ngayo abameli.

  • I-demokhrasi exhaphakileyo: Abami bavota ngqo kwimigaqo-nkqubo nemithetho, njengokuba kubonwa eAthene yamandulo okanye kwi Swiss yanamhlanje ulawulo lwezigingqi. Amaxesha amaninzi isetyenziswa kumlinganiselo wesizwe ngenxa yocelomngeni lobukho belizwe.
  • Imela ulawulo-mpuma (Uluntu ngokubanzi):[ Amagosa akhethiweyo ukuze enze izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Ulawulo-melo lwamagunya olawulo-siseko lwangoku oluninzi, olunjenge-United States, iJamani, kunye neIndiya, lulandela le mizekelo.
  • Idemokhrasi yeCandelo: igxininisa ukubandakanyeka kommi ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo ngaphaya kovotelo nje, kwiiholo zedolophu, kwii-arhente, nakukhangelo lukawonke-wonke.

Iingenelo Zolawulo - melo

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zinika iingenelo ezininzi ezibhalwe kakuhle ezifak ’ isandla ekuzinzeni kwezobupolitika nasekuchumeni kwabantu.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko

Ngokubeka inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kumthetho nakwiinkundla ezizimeleyo, ulawulo - melo lubangela ukhuseleko nxamnye nokuqhathwa ngurhulumente.

Ukuphendula noLawulo oluzinzileyo

Because leaders must face reelection, they have incentives to respond to public needs. This feedback loop encourages policies that align with the broader population’s interests and can help check corruption.

Ukuguqulelwa Kwamandla Ngoxolo

Unyulo lunika inkqubo engenabundlobongela yokutshintsha ukhokelo. Idemocraccas azifane zilwe kunye, kodwa zisoloko zisiya emfazweni.

Amanqanam aphezulu ophuhliso lomntu

Ngokwengqokelela yezibalo, amazwe olawulo - melo atyekele ekubeni abe nentabalala ephakamileyo kwi - Human Development Index (HDI), kuquka imiphumo elunge ngakumbi yempilo, ukufikelela imfundo, nokulingana kwengeniso, nangona ukunqophisana kungangqubani.

Iingozi Zolawulo - melo

Phezu kwako nje ukuqina kwayo, idemokhrasi ijamelana nocelomngeni oluzuz ’ ilifa olunokunciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo yaye ide isongele ukusinda kwayo.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo esicothayo

Imfuneko yokuphikisana, ukulalanisa nokuxilonga okungokwemveli kunokucotha urhulumente, ingakumbi xa kukho iingxaki. Umthetho udla ngokuphazamisana.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokusasazwa Kwemipu

Xa izahlulo ziziva ziqinile, ulawulo - melo lunokungathembani, lungathenjwa namaziko, yaye lunokuvela iinkokeli ezithanda ukuthomalalisa izithethe zedemokhrasi.

Ukungakhathali Nokungathabathi Nto

Umvoti ophantsi unokwenza buthathaka ilungelo loorhulumente abanyuliweyo kwaye banike izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Abanye abemi bavakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo akuyonto yenza mahluko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudimazekeni.

Ubunzima Obukhulu

Umgaqo womthetho omninzi, ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla, uvumela uninzi luphazamise amalungelo amaqela amancinane. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko kunye nebutho elinamandla labemi liyimfuneko ukukhusela oku.

Ukuchaza Ulawulo Oluzenzekelayo

Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo yinkqubo apho umlawuli omnye okanye iqonga elincinane libamba amandla angenasiphelo, asoloko esetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiqathango esemthethweni okanye imvume elungileyo. Eli gama livela kwiGreek i-autocations (uqobo) kunye ss [iii-'mthetho] [i-actal] – i- syncracracs'. I-autocription , ingcel, icuthelse, kwaye imisela ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika. Ziluhlobo oludala lolawulo kwaye lusekho kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi namhlanje.

Iimpawu ezizenzekelayo zeenkqubo ezizenzekelayo

  • Igunya lokwahlulwa kwamandla: lisembindini kumntu omnye (ummeli, i-mostor) okanye iclique encinane, engenazo iitsheki zamasebe azimeleyo.
  • I-Platolic yezobupolitika edityanisiweyo: amaqela enkcaso avaliwe, athintelwe kakhulu, okanye alawulwe kakhulu. Imikhethe, ukuba ibanjiwe, ayikhululekile okanye ayalunganga.
  • Uxinzelelo lwenkululeko yamakhaya: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yendibano, neyonqulo luyancitshiswa. Ukungamkeli kuyasohlwaywa, ngokufuthi ngobundlobongela.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ngesicwangciso: Umlawuli angakhupha imithetho nemiyalelo ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ijaji iphantsi.
  • Impumelelo yonikezelo: ukuthunyelelwa kwamandla kuyenzeka rhoqo ngegunya, ilifa lentsapho, okanye umzabalazo wangaphakathi, hayi ngokuthanda okuqhelekileyo.

Iindidi zomthetho ozenzekelayo

Iinkqubo ezilawulayo zinokuhluka kakhulu ekuthetheleleni kwazo, ekulungiseni nasekucinezeleni kwazo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Absuete Monarchy: Amandla afuywe njengefa, kwaye imonarch isebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo ngaphandle kwemida yesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Imizekelo yembali iquka uLouis XIV wase Fransi, kwaye imizekelo yangoku iquka iSaudi Arabia kunye neEswatini.
  • Ulawulo lomntu omnye odla ngokufumana igunya ngokubhukuqa okanye ngokuvukela. Iinkokeli ezifana noAdolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, kunye namanani angoku afana noKim Jongg-un exelise le ndlela.
  • Amandla axhaswe liqela elincinane elikwilungu eliphakamileyo elisekelwe kubutyebi, kumaqhina entsapho, ekulawuleni umkhosi, okanye kumalungu eqela. IRashiya phantsi kweVladimir Putin isoloko ichazwa njengee-oligarchy-ardian.
  • I- I-Ocracy: Abalawuli bafumana igunya kwimfundiso yonqulo. Iran, neNkokeli yayo ePhakamileyo, ngumzekelo wangoku.

Iingenelo zolawulo oluzenzekelayo

Ulawulo lobugqwirha ludla ngokugxekwa, kodwa lusoloko luneengenelo ezithile ezinokubenza babe nomtsalane kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukwenza isigqibo esingunobangela nolufanelekileyo

Ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuvunywa kwemithetho okanye ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, iinkokeli ze-autocrates zingenza izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, ingakumbi ngexesha leengxaki ezifana neemfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo, okanye ukungoyiki kwezoqoqosho. Ukwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kwezibhedlele ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 ngumzekelo okhankanywe kaninzi.

Uzinzo lomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elide

Ulawulo lolawulo oluzenzekelayo lungacwangcisa luze lwenze imisebenzi emininzi ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphazamisana nokhetho. Oku kungaba yingenelo kwisiseko esikhulu (umz., iBelt kunye neNdlela e-Initive) okanye inkqubo yoshishino.

Isiphumo sokukhula kwezoqoqosho (kwimeko ethile)

Amanye amazwe alawulayo, anjengeSingapore ephantsi kukaLee Kuan Yew noTshayina ukususela ngoo1980, aye afumana unyuko olukhawulezileyo lwezoqoqosho ngokunyanzelisa ukuzinza, ukutsala utyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe, nokucinezela ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi. Kodwa oku kudla ngokubangelwa kukulahlekelwa kwenkululeko yezopolitiko.

Ukucinezelwa Kwengxabano Entlalweni

Ngokusikel' umda ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika nokulawula amajelo eendaba, amagosa azimeleyo anganciphisa imfazwe ebonakalayo yoluntu aze agcine ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Oku kusoloko kusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo kwimibutho yeentlanga ezininzi okanye eyahlulelene ngokunzulu.

Iingxaki Zolawulo Oluzenzekelayo

Ingxaki yolawulo loomatshini abazimeleyo inzima kwaye isoloko ikhokelela ekungazinzini ixesha elide nokubandezeleka kwabantu.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukungabikho koxanduva nolawulo lomthetho kukhokelela ekuxhatshazweni kwemigaqo ephantsi: ukuthuthunjiswa, ukuvalelwa ngenkani, ukubhangiswa ngenkani, nemiqathango kwinkululeko esisiseko. Abalindi abangenamadange babala aphantsi kwizalathiso zenkululeko.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ngaphandle kolawulo oluzimeleyo, igunya lijolise ingqalelo ezandleni zabambalwa, likhuthaza ukunyoba, ukurhwebelana, nokufuna irente. Urhwaphilizo lunciphisa ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho nokuthembana kwabantu.

Ukungabi natyala

Iinkokeli azinakuphendula kubantu. Izigqibo ezingentle . "ezifana nokundulula iimfazwe ezibiza imali eninzi okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zezoqoqosho eziyingozi"ukuqhubeka kungathintelwa de ulawulo luwe.

Ukuphumelela nokungalawuleki

Xa umlawuli esifa okanye eshenxisiwe, ukuphelelwa ngamandla kudla ngokukhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya, ekubhukuqeni kwebhotwe, okanye ekungaxengaxengini okungapheliyo. Ukuwa kweSadam Hussein eIraq naseMuammar Gadafi eLibya kwabangela isiphithiphithi esiqhubekayo namhlanje.

Ukujijwa kolwazi

Izixhobo ze-arhente ezilawulwa ngurhulumente kunye nokuphengululwa kweqhinga kuthintela abemi ekufikeleleni ulwazi oluchanileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingafanelekanga ngurhulumente noluntu, kwaye kungakhuthaza ukukhohliswa kwabantu abaninzi (umz., ukukhanyelwa kwentlekele yaseChernobyl eSoviet Union).

Uhlalutyo lwetheko: Icala- linye

Ukuze kucaciswe umahluko, le ngcaciso ilandelayo ibalaselisa iinkalo ezingundoqo zolawulo.

Ukusasaza Amandla

  • [[FLT: 0] Amandla asasazwa phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye nebutho lasekuhlaleni. Iindlela kunye nolungelelwaniso zithintela nawuphi na umenzi wobugcisa ekulawuleni.
  • Amandla azenzekelayo: Amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwi-clique. Akukho ngqikelelo lusebenzayo, kwaye iqela elilawulayo lilawula umkhosi, ijaji, kunye ne-media.

Inkululeko Yezobupolitika Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

  • Idemocracy: imigangatho ephezulu yenkululeko yezobupolitika. Inginginya ingabumba amaqela, ivukele, ipapashe iimbono eziphikisayo, kwaye ikhethe iinkokeli zayo.
  • I- Ezenzekelayo: umgangatho osezantsi wenkululeko yezobupolitika. Ukuchaza kunye nomanyano lulawulwa ngokuqinileyo. Inkcaso iphazanyisiwe.

Ukwenza isantya Sesigqibo

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho ophantsi: ucotha ngenxa yengcinga, ii-check, nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Kodwa izigqibo zidla ngokuxhaswa kwaye zamkeleke ngokuphangaleleyo.
  • Umthetho ozenzekelayo, , njengokuba inkokeli ingagqiba ngenye indlela. Noko ke, isantya singafika ngexabiso lokungacwangci kakuhle nokungafumani mpendulo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

  • I-Democracy: ii-Tends ukuvelisa ukukhula okuzinzileyo, okude kwexesha kunye nolwabelo olungcono lwengeniso kunye nohlaziyo (ngenxa yamalungelo empahla kunye neemarike ezikhululekileyo). Noko ke, zingathintelwa yimijikelo emifutshane yezopolitiko.
  • Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo: lungafumana ulwando olukhawulezileyo xa umlawuli efaneleka kwaye ekwindawo yentengiso (umz., Singapore, South Korea phantsi kwePark Cung-hee). Kodwa ludla ngokukhokelela kwinkanunu yecapitalicast, ukungalingani, kunye nokungalingani okungalinganiyo kwixesha elide (umz., Venezuela, Zimbabwe).

Ukungqubana Nokuzinza

  • I-Democracy: isoloko ilwa iimfazwe nezinye idemokhrasi. Ukuguquka koxolo kunye nesigqibo semfazwe equlunqweyo sinciphisa ugonyamelo lwangaphakathi.
  • Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo: lutyekele kakhulu kuzo zombini iimfazwe zangaphakathi (iimfazwe, ukruquko) kunye neemfazwe zangaphandle. Utshintsho lokhokelo ludla ngokuba nogonyamelo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nemimandla engwevu

Umahluko obini phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye ne-autocracy uluncedo, kodwa amazwe amaninzi awela kulawulo oluyimixube. Ukuqonda ezi ngcaciso kubalulekile.

Ukuxhaswa Yidemokhrasi

Kwanedemokhrasi esunguliweyo inokuba neenguqu zezithethe kunye namaziko. I-Hungary phantsi kukaViktor Orbán kunye nePoland phantsi koMthetho kunye nePhondo loMasipala ibone imiqathango kwinkululeko yokulawula neyokuhambisa ulwazi, ekhokelela ekukhetheni abanye abahlalutyi njenge “idemokhrasi ezikhoyo zelizwe” okanye“ imikhosi yezombane.

I-Authoritarianism eqokelelayo

Bambi oorhulumente abalawulayo baba nonyulo olunomkhethe othe waxakeka kodwa oluxhobisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthanda ingxwabangxwaba. IRashiya, iVenezuela neTurkey zisoloko zicatshulwa. Inkcaso iyaphumelela ngamaxesha athile, kodwa intsimi yokudlala ayilingani.

Ulawulo lobugcirha

Ingcamango ephikisayo: Bambi bathi kumazwe aphuma ebuhlweni okanye kwiimfazwe, ixesha lolawulo loomatshini bolawulo lungadala uzinzo nolwando. Ulawulo lwangaphambili lomkhosi waseSingapore nakuMzantsi Korea yimizekelo. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nexesha elide exhaswa yimizekelo enzima iyaphikisana.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kolawulo oluyi-fluedia, bona i- V-DEM Institute yengxelo yonyaka yedemokhrasi kunye neNkululeko yeNdlu yeSikhululo seNdlu sehlabathi [. Umsebenzi weAcademic nguS Steven Levitsky kunye ne Lucan Way kwi-demon yokhuphiswano ye-demokhrasi unika uluvo olunzulu ([[[[FLT:]4]]] imbono yencwadi yabo ]).

Isiphelo: Ukusondela Kukuqonda Okulungeleleneyo

Ulawulo-demokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mthetho lumela iintanda-bulumko ezahlukileyo zegunya nesidima sabantu. Idemokhrasi, kuzo zonke iimpazamo zayo, ```igridlock, ipopulism', ingqwabalala-mandla-ninzi','inikela iindlela zokuzilungisa, ukuphendula, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ayiyonkqubo egqibeleleyo, kodwa njengokuba uWinston Churchill ephawulwe ngokubanziwa, lulohlobo olubi kakhulu lukarhulumente ngaphandle kwabo bonke abanye abaye bavavanywa.

Ukuzimela, kwelinye icala, kungazisa impumelelo nokuzinza kwixesha elifutshane, kodwa ngelahleko enzima: ukucinezelwa kwenkululeko, ukunganyaniseki okugqugqisileyo, nokungaphicothi tyala okudla ngokukhokelela ekusitheni okuyintlekele. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo loomatshini bolawulo lubuthathaka kwaye alufane lusinde ekufeni komseki ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi.

Ingxoxo phakathi kwezi ndlela zokulawula ayiyomfundo nje. Kwixesha lokunyuka kwegunya elilawulayo nokuguquka kwedemokhrasi, abemi neenkokeli kufuneka baqonde oko kusemngciphekweni. Iinkqubo ezilungelelanisa ukuphumelela nenkululeko, ezivumela ucwangco nolwahluko, zihlala zisesona simo siqinileyo nesisesikweni. Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho lolawulo lwelizwe lumisela hayi nje indlela elilawulwa ngayo, kodwa indlela abantu balo abaphila ngayo, kwaye loo nto ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini nanini na ngaphambili.

Uhlaziyo olubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zolawulo zothelekiso, uphando lwezibonelelo ezisuka kwi Ubuchule obuyiyunithi yedemokhrasi yeqela elipheleleyo kunye ne %]% 1%%%%% 1%%%% yeInternational Institute for Democracy kunye ne-Electoral helperces[[[FLL:3]].