Table of Contents
Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kweembopheleleko phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho neenkonzo ezilawulwa ngayo eUnited States. Urhulumente worhulumente wabelana ngolongamo norhulumente ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 kwimimandla yawo, edala inkqubo entsonkothileyo yolawulo echaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sinikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zendima eziphambili zecandelo ngalinye likarhulumente, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko ezichaza ezi ndima, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo kunye ekukhonzeni abantu baseMerika.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko somanyano
Umanyano luyilungiselelo eliyila imigangatho emibini karhulumente ozimeleyo, ngamnye onegunya lokusebenza ngqo kubantu abanegunya elinikwe lona ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ngabom ngabaseki ukunqanda ukuxinezeleka kwamandla nakweyiphi na into enye nokuvumela ulawulo olunokucombulula imicimbi yesizwe neemfuno zasekuhlaleni.
Urhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States ubunjwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nekomiti, enamagunya achazwa nawanikwa ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, obeqhubeka usebenza ukususela ngoMatshi 4, 1789. Ngokufanayo, bonke oorhulumente bamiselwa njengorhulumente worhulumente wesizwe yaye baquka amasebe amathathu: ulawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nezowiso-mthetho.
UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Namandla Agciniweyo
Isiseko segunya likarhulumente sixhomekeke kuMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ngaphantsi koMgaqo-siseko weSishumi woMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, onke amagunya akanikwanga uRhulumente woManyano agcinelwe iRhulumente nabantu. Lo mgaqo umisela ukuba onke amagunya anikwe urhulumente worhulumente angagunyaziswanga nguMgaqo-siseko, odala oko kwaziwaziwa "ngamagunya agciniweyo."
Olu hlobo lolawulo olusikelwe umda (ngokuqhelekileyo olubizwa ngokuba "ziziintloko zolawulo" okanye "iiinkosi ezahlukeneyo" kulwimi lomthetho womgaqo-siseko) luthathwe kuMgaqo-siseko weshumi ukuya kutsho kuMgaqo-siseko, oqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwimimandla yabo ngeli lixa ishiyekile kwinkqubo yorhulumente enkulu.
Amandla aGqityiweyo kaRhulumente woManyano
Urhulumente wesizwe usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya adwelisiweyo, okuthetha ukuba angasebenzisa kuphela lawo magunya anikwe wona ngokungqalileyo nguMgaqo-siseko. EliCandelo lesi-8, liquka amagunya okuqokelela nokuqokelela irhafu; ukuqokelela imali nokulawula ixabiso layo; ukubonelela ukubonelela ukubekwa kweposi kunye neendlela, ukusungula ii-asposts, ukugunyazisa, ukuyila iinkundla zephondo eziphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukulwa kwemilo nezobupolisho, ukuvakalisa imfazwe nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokunika imikhosi yamanzi, nokugcina imithetho yolawulo lomhlaba kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi wamanzi, ukulungiselela, ukuqhuba i-andoqonga nengqeqesho, ukuqhuba umthetho opheleleyo kwiSithili saseColini, i-Plavity, i-interstative, kunye nokwenza imithetho efunekayo ukuze kuphumele ngokufanelekileyo amagunya.
Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente woManyano
Urhulumente wengingqi usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe kwaye ufuna imigangatho yesizwe efanayo. Iimbopheleleko zayo ziquka imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo amazwe ngamanye angenakukwazi ukuyilawula ngokunempumelelo.
Ukhuselo lwesizwe nemisebenzi yomkhosi
Ukulungiselela ukukhusela abantu okuqhelekileyo, urhulumente wesizwe angaphakamisa aze axhase imikhosi aze avakalise imfazwe. UmGaqo-siseko ubeka ukuzikhusela kwesizwe ezandleni zikarhulumente worhulumente wesizwe, ngeGatya II, iCandelo 2 elibiza umongameli njengentloko-ntloko yomkhosi wase-U.S. kunye nomkhosi wesizwe, okanye abalindi besizwe.
Indima kamongameli njengentloko-ntloko. Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yomkhosi we-injini exhobileyo ye-United States, ethetha ukuba umongameli uyalathisa indlela izixhobo zemfazwe eziza kusetyenziswa ngayo, apho kuthunyelwa amajoni nalapho kuthunyelwa khona iinqanawa. Eli gunya lomkhosi elisembindini liqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko lwesizwe nokukhusela ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe kwimicimbi yomkhosi.
Inkqubo yaMany ’ Amazwe Nonxulumano Lwezizwe Ngezizwe
Urhulumente wesizwe umele izilangazelelo zelizwe kwelinye ilizwe, umsebenzi obaluleke ngakumbi njengoko amazwe edibana ngakumbi kwinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe. UmGaqo-siseko wahlula igunya lokwenza inkqubo yamanye amazwe phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho negunya, kunye neSebe leRhulumente ligcina uthungelwano lwemibutho yamazwe akwihlabathi jikelele phantsi kolwalathiso lukamongameli.
Le mbopheleleko ikhethekileyo karhulumente iqinisekisa ukuba iUnited States ithetha ngezwi elinye kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe, ithintela ukudideka neengxabano ezinokuvela ukuba amazwe azimele alwe nolwalamano lwamazwe asemzini.
Urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle
Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza yonke imithetho, livakalisa imfazwe, lilawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe, lilawula imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlawulwa nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe aye aba ngowona mbuso ubalulekileyo, uvumela iBhunga ukuba licombulule imicimbi yezoqoqosho enqamleze imida karhulumente.
Ukulungiselela intlalo-ntle yabantu ngokubanzi, urhulumente wesizwe unokuhlawula irhafu, aboleke imali, balawule urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe namazwe angaphandle, kwaye bakhusele amalungelo empahla. Eli gunya likwayabela ekuqinisekiseni ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ukuthintela imimandla ehlala abantu enye, nokuseka imilinganiselo enceda ukurhweba kunqamleze imimandla yorhulumente.
Ulawulo Lwemali Nezoqoqosho
Urhulumente wezwe ugcina ulawulo olupheleleyo kwimali yesizwe kunye nenkqubo yemali. Phantsi kweZihloko zeConfederation, amazwana angashicilela eyawo imali, eyakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi sezoqoqosho, eqhubela abaFako abaZisunguli ekulweni nezi ngxaki ngokuyila imali yesizwe nokuyibeka phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente worhulumente.
NgokweGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iBhunga linegunya kwirhafu ye-levy, imisebenzi kunye nezikhundla zokunyusa imali ukuze kuhlawulelwe amatyala elizwe, linokuboleka imali kwaye lilawule urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolokubalulekileyo, linamandla okushicilela okanye ukulawula imali, kunye nokulawula ixabiso layo.
Ulawulo lwesizwe neenkonzo
Umanyano lwesizwe nomanyano lukhuthazwa ngamandla karhulumente ngaphezu kokuveliswa kwemali, ukwenziwa kwendalo, iinkonzo zeposi, kunye nezinye iimbopheleleko. Urhulumente worhulumente umisa kwaye agcine iinkqubo ezidibanisa lonke uhlanga, kuquka inkonzo yeposi, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni nezigunyazisa ukhuseleko, kunye neenkqubo zoorhulumente zohola-ndlela.
Iinkqubo zoNcubeko Nezihlomelo
Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula iinkqubo eziphambili zentlalo ezinika iingenelo kubantu baseMerika lonke. Ezi ziquka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, olunika iingenelo zomhlala-phantsi nezikhubazeko; iMedicare, enika abalupheleyo kunye nabantu abathile abakhubazekileyo i-inshorensi yempilo; kunye neMedicaid, enika ingqwalaselo yempilo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi neentsapho, nangona amazwe adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni iinkqubo zeMedicaid.
Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso esisiseko yentlalo kuwo onke amazwe, zithintela umahluko omkhulu kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo osekelwe kuphela kwindawo umntu ahlala kuyo.
Ukufuduka Nokuziqhelanisa
Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elipheleleyo kwinkqubo yokufuduka nenkqubo yokwemvelo. Oku kuquka ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani onokungena kwelo lizwe, phantsi kweemeko, ixesha elingakanani abanokuhlala kulo, kunye neemfuno zokuba ngummi wase-U. Olu lawulo lusembindini luqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo efanayo yokufuduka kuwo onke amazwe.
Imithetho yokusingqongileyo
Ngoxa amazwe enazo iimbopheleleko zokusingqongileyo, urhulumente wesizwe umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yokukhusela indalo, ingakumbi kwimibandela enqumla imida yombuso njengomoya namanzi, ukukhuselwa kwezilwanyana ezisengozini, nokukhuselwa kwemozulu. Amasebe ajongene nemeko-bume amisela imigangatho esisiseko emele ihlangatyezelwe okanye idlule.
Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente
Oorhulumente bajolise ingqalelo kwimibandela engaphakathi kwemida yabo kwaye banegunya eliphangaleleyo lokusingatha iimfuno zemihla ngemihla zabemi babo. Oorhulumente banamandla ahlukahlukeneyo aquka amandla okumisela nokugcina urhulumente, amandla okulawula ezorhwebo ngaphakathi kwesizwe, amandla okuhlawula nokusebenzisa imali, amandla okulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nobuncwane bendalo kwimida karhulumente, namandla okuyila nokunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe.
Iinkqubo zemfundo
Oorhulumente baseMerika banembopheleleko ephambili kwimfundo, ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, izibonelelo zezothutho, imiqathango ethile yemekobume, kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokuxhasa ingeniso. Imfundo imela enye yeembopheleleko zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo, kunye neemeko ezimisela imigangatho yohlelo, iimfuno zokufundisa, iiprojekthi zemali yesikolo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo.
Oorhulumente bafundisa, besongamela yonke into ukususela kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo.
Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nomthetho
Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhusela yaye bakhusela.
Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eColorado liya kuviwa lize ligqitywe kwiinkundla zeli lizwe zeColorado kusetyenziswa imithetho karhulumente waseColorado, yaye amatyala amaninzi aviwe kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kunokuba achongwe kwinkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe. Oku kubonisa indlela amazwe asingatha ngayo imicimbi emininzi yezaphuli-mthetho neyomthetho.
Izakhiwo Zezithuthi
I-Atonethi inomthwalo oyintloko wokwakha nokugcina izibonelelo zezithuthi kwimida yayo. Iindlela eziphakamileyo zahlulwe phakathi kwemigangatho emithathu eyahlukeneyo, nenkoliso yeengingqi ezihlula iindlela ngokwemigangatho ephambili, eyesibini, neyobulali, inkqubo emisela enoba urhulumente, iphondo, okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kufuneka ahlawulele kwaye alondoloze iindlela.
Amazwe amaninzi anesebe lezothutho, elijongele nokuqhuba izinto zokuthutha ezihamba ngomsinga, elilawula yonke into ukususela ekwakhiweni kohola wendlela ukusa kwinkqubo yothutho kawonke wonke nokubhaliswa kweemoto.
Ukuhlaziywa kwelayisensi nokulungelelaniswa kwakhona
Irejista inika abaqhubi amalayisensi, kwaye iyavumelana nokusetyenziswa kweendawo kunye nomhlaba. Ngaphaya koko, amalayisensi okuqhuba, achaza ukuba kulawulwa imisebenzi emininzi, kufuna ilayisensi yoogqirha, amagqwetha, abafundisi-mthetho, iintsebenziswano, iingcali ngendalo, kunye nezinye izifundiswa ezininzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba oogqirha bahlangabezana nemilinganiselo encinane yokukhuphisana kwaye bakhusele ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
Umthetho Wentsapho Nolwalamano Lwasekhaya
Irejista nganye imisela eyayo imiyalelo yemithetho yomtshato, imibandela equka umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, nelifa.
Umhlaba Nomhlaba Ziyasetyenziswa
Amazwe alawula amalungelo empahla, ukuthengiselwa kwezindlu nelizwe asetyenziswa kwimida yawo. Amisela imithetho yokuhlahlela, imigaqo yokwakha, kunye nemigaqo yemekobume elawula indlela umhlaba onokuthi uphuhliswe nokusetyenziswa ngayo. Amazwe akwalawula ubuncwane bendalo kwimimandla yawo, kuquka amalungelo amanzi, ukukhutshwa kwamaminerali, kunye nokuphathwa kwezilwanyana zasendle.
Ukuthobela Umthetho Womthetho Woshishino
Amazwe alawula amashishini asebenza kwimida yawo, kuquka ukuseka imibutho, ukukhupha amalayisensi ezoshishino, nokumisa imithetho yokukhusela abathengi. Urhulumente ngamnye unomthetho wakhe wequmrhu, yiyo le nto amashishini amaninzi ekhetha ukubandakanya kumashishini alungileyo afana noDelaware.
ISebe lezempilo nezoLuntu
Amazwe anendima ephambili kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, kumasebe empilo karhulumente, alawula amaziko onyango, abaphathi-lwazi bezonyango, kunye nokulawula iingxamiseko zempilo yoluntu. Amazwe akwalawula iinkqubo ezininzi zempilo karhulumente, kuquka iinxalenye ezibalulekileyo zeMedicaid, kwaye anokumisela eyawo imiqathango ye-inshorensi yempilo.
Ukhetho nokusebenza
Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yonyulo lwamazwe, urhulumente unegunya elibanzi lokuqhuba unyulo, kuquka ukumisela iimfuno zovoti, ukumisa iindawo zokuvota, ukulawula uvotelo lwangaphambili kunye nokurhoxa konyulo, nokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo.
Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente
Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abalungelelaniswe ngayo kuya kucacisa indlela abazisebenzisa ngayo iimbopheleleko zabo.
Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lweRhulumente
Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente wonke likhokelwa yirhuluneli enyuliweyo. IRhuluneli ligunya eliyintloko likarhulumente kwaye ingasebenza mhlawumbi ngeminyaka emibini okanye emine, nangona amabinzana e-gabernonator eyiminyaka emine kwilizwe ngalinye, ngokwesikolo somhlaba, kunye nentsimi, ngaphandle kweNew Hampshire kunye neVermont enamanyathelo aneminyaka emibini.
Njengeenkokeli zikarhulumente, iRhuluneli iqhubele phambili ize ilandele iinkqubo ezintsha nezihlaziyiweyo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo imiyalelo yezolawulo, uqingqo-mali oluphezulu, izicelo zowiso-mthetho, kunye neentloko zikarhulumente, iiRhuluneli zisebenza njengonxibelelwano oluphakathi norhulumente karhulumente olwela urhulumente.
Uninzi lwamazwe lunesebe elilawula isininzi, apho amalungu aliqela aphambili esebe elilawulayo anyulwa ngokungqalileyo ngabantu aze akhonze kunye nerhuluneli, kuquka iiofisi zerhuluneli (ngokufuthi kwithikithi elidityanisiweyo nerhuluneli) kunye negqwetha-gosa, unobhala-mthetho, abaphulaphuli (okanye abalawuli okanye abalawuli), abagcini-mali, abameli bezolimo, abameli okanye abameli bemfundo, kunye nomphathi-mali we-inshorensi.
Isebe loMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente
Isebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente liquka abameli abanyuliweyo belo lizwe, abanamazwe asebenzisa inkqubo ye-bamaral, okuthetha ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unamagumbi amabini owiso-mthetho, njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Okudwa okukokuyiNebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho engenazigwegwe.
Eli sebe likarhulumente lijongene nokumisela umthetho karhulumente onokuba ngumthetho karhulumente nokuvumela uqingqo-mali nokumiselwa komthetho werhafu. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwindlela yazo yokusebenza, kunye nonyaka wentlanganiso kunye nezinye ezihlanganisa iintlanganiso kuphela kwiintlanganiso ezilinganiselweyo.
Isebe lezogwebo leRhulumente
Isebe lejaji kwinkoliso yamaphondo linenkundla yenkundla yokugqibela ebizwa ngokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo evakalayo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Isebe lezobulungisa lephondo yile nkqubo yenkundla yetyala karhulumente, kuquka neejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo ibhekisa phezulu kwisebe letyala lephondo.
Amasebe etyala lephondo adla ngokukhokelwa yinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe, eva izibheno kwiinkundla ezisemgangathweni ophantsi, nezibonelelo zenkundla kunye namacawa agweba/agwebi anqunyulwe ngumthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ijonge ekulungiseni iimpazamo ezenziwe kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye ngoko ke ingangeni matyala, ngezabe zigwetywa kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente, noko ke, xa kuphakanyiswa imibuzo ephathelele ukuma nomgaqo-mthetho we-U.S., imicimbi ingabhenele ngqo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States.
Iimbopheleleko Ezabelwanayo Namagunya Akhoyo
Imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente ifuna intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Amagunya akhoyo ngamandla ahlanganyelwayo ngurhulumente worhulumente kunye noorhulumente besizwe, njengamandla erhafu nokuseka iinkundla.
Irhafu
Oorhulumente bakarhulumente kunye noorhulumente banegunya lokuhlawula irhafu kwirhafu ye-levy kubantu ngabanye nakumashishini. Urhulumente uqokelela irhafu yengeniso, ukuhlawula irhafu eqeshiweyo, nokukhupha irhafu, ngoxa amazwe enokunyanzelisa irhafu yengeniso, iirhafu zentengiso, iirhafu zempahla, kunye neendleko ezahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo yerhafu idiza intlawulo zombini ivumela ukuba zombini ingeniso yemisebenzi neenkonzo zawo.
Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho
Umthetho usebenza kwimigangatho emininzi, namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anjengeFBI, iDEA, neATF asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imigaqo-mthetho karhulumente okanye oluchasene nomthetho karhulumente, ngelixa urhulumente kunye noluntu luphendula ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo kwimimandla yalo. Amasebe owiso-mthetho asebenza kunye nomthetho adla ngokusebenzisana ekuphandeni naseminyangweni yemisebenzi, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye nobugrogrisi.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo
Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lufuna umanyano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela imilinganiselo esisiseko yemekobume ngoomeli abafana ne-EPA, ngoxa amazwe enokuyizalisekisa le milinganiselo yaye ngokufuthi amisele iimfuno ezithe kratya. Kwakhona amaziko alawula iinkqubo zawo zemeko-bume kwimiba efana nomgangatho wamanzi, ungcoliso lomoya, kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma.
Izakhiwo Zezithuthi
Kwimimandla emininzi, amaphondo anendima enkulu kodwa akwabelana ngembopheleleko yolawulo noorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente borhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali yeendlela zaselubala-ndlela kwaye umisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, ngelixa amazwe akha aze alondoloze iindlela, amalayisensi okuqhuba, nokunyanzelisa imithetho yeenqwelo-mafutha. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulawula izitrato zesixeko kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu.
Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Empilo Kawonke - wonke
Impilo karhulumente ibandakanya onke amaqondo karhulumente. Urhulumente uqhuba uphando, unika inkxaso-mali, kwaye ulungelelanisa iimpendulo kwiimeko zempilo zesizwe ngoomasebe abanjengeCDC ne-NIH. Amazwe aqhuba amasebe ezempilo, iziko lonyango lwezezonyango kunye nezifundiswa zezonyango, kwaye aphumeza iinkqubo zezonyango zoluntu.
Ukulawulwa kwentlekele nokusabela
Njengentloko yabalawuli, iRhuluneli ijongene nokuqinisekisa urhulumente wayo ukuba ulungele iingozi neentlekele zazo zonke iintlobo nobukhulu, kunye nobona bunzima kunye neentlekele eziphethwe kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kwaye bambalwa abafuna isibhengezo sentlekele yomongameli okanye ukutsala ingqalelo yesixhobo sonxibelelwano ehlabathini lonke, ukanti iiRhuluneli kufuneka zilungele iziganeko zemini ukuya kutsho kwinyanga ```i-tornate'', izikhukula, imililo, imililo yemizi yoshishino, kunye nezinto eziyingozi ezichitheka kunye nentlekele kumlinganiselo wesifo se-COVIID-19, iTriver Katrina, okanye uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi-ma.
Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulungiselela izinto, ukulungelelana, nenkxaso kwiintlekele ezinkulu ngeFEMA, ngoxa amazwe egcina eyawo imibutho yolawulo longxamiseko aze alungelelanise indlela abantu abasabela ngayo.
Iinkonzo zoNtlalo kunye neeNkqubo zeNkcubeko
Kwiminyaka yonyaka ka-1990, iBhunga lanika amagunya abalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zengeniso ephantsi karhulumente ngokubavumela ukuba bamisele iimfuno ezifanelekileyo kunye nocwangciso loncedo lwexeshana lweNcedo yeentsapho zeQela (T.F). Iinkqubo ezininzi zoncedo loluntu zibandakanya inkxaso-mali yesizwe kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente, ivumela amazwe ukuba alungise iinkqubo kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa egcina imigangatho yesizwe.
Indaleko Yomanyano
Ukulungelelana kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente belizwe noorhulumente kuye kwatshintsha ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, nto leyo ebonisa ukutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala kumazwe nokuchazwa kwegunya elilawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko.
Ixesha lokuDala emva
ISihlaziyo seshumi siqinisa lo mgaqo: "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo kumazwe, agcinelwe kumazwe ngokwahlukeneyo, okanye kubantu." ngoko, igunya lorhulumente lalikhuselwa kungengamandla karhulumente akhuselayo, kodwa ngokulinganisela amandla karhulumente orhulumente ukuba asebenze kwindawo yokuqala.
Utshintsho lwasemva kwemfazwe
Umanyano lwatshintsha emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, kunye neeRiphabliki kwiBhunga lamaMath-Eighth Congress ezimisela ukuHlaziya kweshumi elinesithathu, zisusa amandla karhulumente ukunyanzelisa ubukhoboka kwimida yazo. Eli xesha labona ulwandiso lokuqala olungundoqo lwamandla karhulumente kumazwe, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele amalungelo asekuhlaleni.
Umanyano lolawulo olutsha
INkundla yachaza iGatya I ukunika iNkundla amandla okulawula ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ochaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, nangenxa yokuba umgangatho nokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho lwesizwe kwawudlula kakhulu umbono worhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo obanjelwe ngabaQhimbi, amandla okulawula nantoni na echaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo, amandla okulawula phantse yonke into, oko kuthetha ukuba urhulumente wesizwe ngoku unokulawula kwiindawo ezazilawulwa kuphela ngamazwe.
Umanyano Lwanamhlanje
Ukuqhelisa, uburhulumente buye banda kwaye baphelelwa ukususela ekusungulweni, kwaye unxulumano lwesizwe lusoloko lukhuphiswano, kunye norhulumente ohlala ufumana iinqanaba ezine ezahlukeneyo ebudeni bexesha elihlukeneyo kwimbali yethu yesiseko somGaqo-siseko: ukuququzelela emva kwemfazwe ye-Fival, emva kwemfazwe yeCivil, iPhost-New Deal, kunye nokusuka kwiNkundla yeRehnquist ukuza namhlanje.
Iingqinipho nolungelelwano Phakathi Koorhulumente Bomanyano Noorhulumente
Inkqubo karhulumente iquka iinkqubo zokuhlola amandla omnye, ukulondoloza ulungelelwano lwemithetho karhulumente.
Uvavanyo Lwemeko Kumandla Omanyano
Amandla ahlulahlulwe phakathi kwamanqanaba (okwesizwe norhulumente) namasebe (ooonongendi, oomthetho, kunye nabalawuli) akhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya elijoliswe kulo nakweliphi na iqondo okanye isebe, oorhulumente belizwe besenza uphando oluqatha kumaqumrhu esizwe.
IStates inegunya elisesikweni lokuthintela amabhongo karhulumente wesizwe: ukungavumi ukuguqula umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ukumangalela urhulumente wesizwe okanye ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho yesizwe enkundleni, nokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente ngendlela exhasa imigaqo emiselwe kwimimiselo yorhulumente.
Uvavanyo lomanyano kuMandla kaRhulumente
ISupremace Claus ithi umthetho karhulumente ubeka indawo yokuqala kunomthetho karhulumente xa kukho ingxabano, ithetha ukuba ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphikisana nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho karhulumente uyaphumelela, uqinisekisa ukuba kukho isakhiwo esisemthethweni esifanayo kulo lonke uhlanga, esibaluleke gqitha ukuze kulondolozwe ucwangco nokungaguquguquki ekulawuleni.
Urhulumente wesizwe usenokusebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente ngokudibanisa iimeko kwiminikelo karhulumente, yaye iinkundla zikarhulumente zinokuwisa imithetho karhulumente echasene nomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States.
Indima karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yomanyano
Nangona urhulumente wengingqi norhulumente belizwe benesabelo kumandla ngeendlela ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umele anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhona njengendalo karhulumente karhulumente baze basebenzise kuphela lawo mandla bawanikwe ngurhulumente wabo.
Oorhulumente bengingqi badla ngokuquka ithala lamazwe amabini: amathala, akwabizwa ngokuba ziirozi zaseAlaska nanjengeeponti eLouisiana, nanjengoomasipala, okanye izixeko/izixeko, namazwe athile ahlula amaqela abe ziilokishi, yaye oomasipala bakhiwe ngeendlela ezininzi, njengoko kuchazwa ngomgaqo - siseko wesizwe, yaye bebizwa, ngeedolophu ezahlukeneyo, iilokishi, iidolophu, izixeko, okanye iidolophu.
Urhulumente udla ngokubeka imbopheleleko kwiipaki nakwimisebenzi yokuzihlaziya, kumasebe omlilo, kumasebe ezindlu, kwiinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kwiinkundla zikamasipala, kwiinkonzo zezithuthi (kuquka ezothutho zikawonke wonke), nakwimisebenzi kawonke wonke (iindawo zokutyela, amadangatye okukhupha ikhephu, imiqondiso, njalo njalo).
Impembelelo Yomanyano Lobomi Bemihla Ngemihla
Inkoliso yabantu baseMerika inxibelelana norhulumente wayo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni imihla ngemihla kunakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, namasebe amapolisa, amathala eencwadi nezikolo — kungasathethwa ke ngeelayisensi zokuqhuba nokupaka imoto — ngokuqhelekileyo zisiwa phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.
Inkqubo karhulumente ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Xa uvuka kusasa, ukwikhaya eliphantsi kwemithetho yokwakha yasekuhlaleni. Amanzi owaselayo ayalawulwa yimigaqo yengingqi neyorhulumente. Ukuhamba kwakho kubandakanya iindlela ezigcinwe ngurhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kwinqwelo-mafutha ebhaliswe norhulumente, ulandela imithetho yendlela enyanzeliswe ngurhulumente namapolisa asekuhlaleni. Emsebenzini, ukhuselwa yimithetho yorhulumente neyomsebenzi kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko.
Abantwana bakho baya kwizikolo ezilawulwa ngokuyintloko ngurhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni, nangona ziphantsi kweemfuno ezithile zikarhulumente. Ukutya okutyayo kuhlolwa phantsi kwemithetho yokhuseleko lokutya karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni. Inkcubeko yakho yempilo ilawulwa ziibhodi ze-intelling kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Kwanokuthatha kwakho umhlala-phantsi kuchatshazelwa ziinkqubo zeSocial Security neMedicare, ezongezwe yimimiselo karhulumente kwiimpesheni kunye ne-inshorensi.
Iinzuzo Zenkqubo Yomanyano
Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente lunika iingenelo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo:
Ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye novavanyo
Amazwe asebenza njenge "iimisebenzi yedemokhrasi," apho iinkqubo ezintsha zinokuvavanywa ngomlinganiselo omncinci ngaphambi kokuba zamkelwe ngokwesizwe. Izinto ezintsha zikarhulumente eziphumelelayo kwimimandla enjengezonyango, imfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume zidla ngokuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente kwaye zamkelwa ngamanye amazwe.
Izicombululo Ezinesikhokelo kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni
Amazwe anokuvelisa iinkqubo ezibonisa iimeko zawo, imilinganiselo, nezinto akhetha kuzo. Oko kusebenza kwizixeko ezinabantu abaninzi kusenokuhluka kwimisebenzi yamazwe asemaphandleni asemaphandleni.
Iingongoma Ezininzi Zokuba Nenxaxheba Kubemi
Abahlali banokusebenzisana norhulumente kwimigangatho emininzi, bafumane amathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika, babangele ukuba urhulumente aphendule imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ukuba urhulumente omnye akasabeli, abemi banokufuna ukuthatha inyathelo kwelinye iqondo.
Ukukhuselwa Kwinkcitho
Amandla ahlukanisayo phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente athintela ukuxinezeleka okugqithisileyo kwegunya nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Oku kusasazwa kwamandla kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi nakweliphi na iqela ukuba lilawule inkqubo yezobupolitika.
Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Yomanyano
Ngoxa urhulumente unikela iingenelo ezininzi, ukwaneengxaki ezithile:
Ukuntsonkotha Nokudideka
Iimbopheleleko ezihlalisiweyo zoorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente zinokubangela ukudideka ngohlobo lorhulumente amele abeke ityala ngalo. Abahlali basenokungazi ukuba banokuya phi ukuze bafumane iinkonzo ezithile okanye indlela yokulungisa iingxaki ezithile.
Ukungalingani Kwamazwe Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe
Ukuvumela amazwe ukuba amisele imigaqo yawo kungakhokelela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo kwiinkonzo, kumalungelo, nakukhuseleko oluxhomekeke kwindawo ahlala kuyo umntu. Amazwe afumileyo asenokunikela iinkonzo ezingcono kunamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, kwaye amalungelo akhuselwe kwelinye ilizwe asenokungagqalwa kwelinye ilizwe.
Iingxaki zokulungelelanisa
Ukulungisa iingxaki eziya kumacala esizwe okanye ezifuna ukulungelelaniswa kwesenzo sesizwe kunokuba lucelomngeni xa amazwe enemigaqo-nkqubo nezinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo. Iingxaki ezinjengokhuseleko lwemekobume, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nomgaqo wezoqoqosho zifuna intsebenziswano ekunzima ukuyifikelela.
Ukupholisa nokungaphumeleli
Ukuba namaqondo amaninzi karhulumente kungakhokelela ekuphandisweni kweenkonzo nasekungasebenzeni kolawulo. Abahlawuli berhafu bangaxhasa iinkqubo ezifanayo kumgangatho worhulumente noworhulumente, kwaye ukuntsonkotha kwezoburhulumente kunokubangela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo kancinci.
Umahluko ongundoqo kwindlela oorhulumente bomanyano norhulumente abasebenza ngayo
Ngaphandle kweembopheleleko zabo ezahlukeneyo, oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente bahlukene kwindlela abasebenza ngayo:
Imisebenzi yeFrames yomGaqo-siseko
Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, kwaye la maxwebhu adla ngokuba nzulu kakhulu kunomaqabane awo orhulumente, ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-Alabama, oqulethe amagama angama-310 296 — aphindwe ka-40 ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunoMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuba mde kwaye uninzi ngakumbi kunoMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, onemithetho-siseko ka-mo-siseko ngokomlinganiselo ophindwe kane njenge-U.S.S., kwaye ukwachaza ukuba iphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda imiyalelo yawo i-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ngaphezulu kune-phinda-phinda umGaqo-siseko we-siseko wase-U.S.
Umatshini wolawulo-melo othe ngqo
Kumazwe amaninzi, abantu bangenza imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho ngqo, ngezi ndlela zidla ngokufuna inani elithile lotyikityo kwisicelo, emva koko umba ubekwe kwivoti yevoti jikelele. Ezi nkqubo ziquka inyathelo, ii-assendum, kwaye zikhumbula, ezingafumanekiyo kumgangatho wesizwe.
Umda weGunya
Urhulumente wengingqi unokusebenzisa kuphela amandla anikwe nguMgaqo-siseko, ngoxa amazwe enawo onke amapolisa okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Lo mahluko ungundoqo uthetha ukuba amaphondo anegunya elibanzi kwimimandla yawo kunalo urhulumente wesizwe kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ukuqonda Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zakho
Njengommi waseMerika, usebenzisana noorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente kwaye unamalungelo neembopheleleko kuwo omabini la manqanaba:
Amalungelo oManyano noMatyala
UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nemithetho karhulumente iqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubo bonke abantu baseMerika, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, neyokuhlanganisa; ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo; kunye nokukhuselwa kocalulo. Iimbopheleleko zoManyano ziquka ukuhlawula irhafu karhulumente, ukuthobela imithetho karhulumente, nokusebenza kwimibango yequmrhu xa ibizwa.
Amalungelo neembopheleleko zikarhulumente
Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho yezorhulumente inika amalungelo nemigaqo eyongezelelekileyo, enokuthi ibe nkulu kakhulu kunezokhuselo zikarhulumente kodwa ingenakuwakhusela kancinci amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente ziquka ukuhlawula iirhafu zikarhulumente, ukuthobela imithetho karhulumente, ukufumana iimvume zikarhulumente ezifunekayo, nokuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente nakunyulo lwasekuhlaleni.
Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi
Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente norhulumente kuyinto eqhubekayo. Iinkonzo ezininzi zinokukunceda ufunde okungakumbi ngendlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente:
- I-website esemthethweni USA.gov inika ulwazi olubanzi ngeenkonzo neenkqubo zikarhulumente
- Iwebhsayithi karhulumente wakho esemthethweni inikela iinkcukacha malunga nemithetho, iinkonzo, kunye namasebe karhulumente
- [[UMHLA] Oovimba bobuzwe banika ukufumaneka kokusekwa kwamaxwebhu nolwazi lwembali ngorhulumente waseMerika
- Iincwadi zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokunikela ngobuncwane obuphathelele izakhiwo zikarhulumente nokuthabatha inxaxheba
- Imibutho yemfundo yePixel inikela inkcazelo engeyonxalenye yecawa ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo
Isiphelo
Ulwahlulo lweembopheleleko phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente lumele enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Urhulumente worhulumente wabelana ngolongamo norhulumente ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 kwimimandla yawo, edala inkqubo enamandla elungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nozimele-zikhundla zasekuhlaleni.
Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, urhwebo, kunye nemali (ngoxa amazwe alawula imfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ezothutho, kunye nomthetho weentsapho. Iimbopheleleko ezininzi, kuquka ukuhlahlela irhafu, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, kunye nempilo yoluntu, zabelana phakathi kwamaqondo omabini karhulumente.
Le nkqubo iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni, ulungelelwano lwamandla lutshintsha ukuphendula kwiziganeko zembali, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye neemfuno zesizwe ezitshintshayo. Nangona kukho iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente norhulumente, inkqubo karhulumente iyaqhubeka inika isiseko sokusingatha iingxaki zesizwe kunye nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani owenza oko kurhulumente waseMerika okunika abemi amandla okusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wabo, ukwazi apho banokufuna khona iinkonzo, kwaye ube nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Nokuba uqhubana nombutho wesizwe okanye isebe likarhulumente, ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elisingatha iimbopheleleko elikunceda ukuba usebenzise indlela osebenza ngayo kwaye usebenzise amalungelo akho njengommi.
Njengoko udibana neenkonzo nemigaqo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, khumbula ukuba eli candelo lamagunya lintsonkothileyo lenzelwe ngabom ukukhusela inkululeko, ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe, nokuvumela ulawulo olunokuthi lucombulule iimfuno eziqhelekileyo zabo bonke abantu baseMelika kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhethwayo kumazwe ngamanye nakumazwe. Inkqubo yesizwe iyaqhubeka iphila, ingunobumba oqhubekeka ukubumba idemokhrasi yaseMelika kunye nobomi babo bonke ababiza i-United States ngokuba likhaya labo.