Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni kubalulekile ekuqhubeni phambilini ubomi bemihla ngemihla nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuselekile phantsi komthetho. Imithetho karhulumente iyahluka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States, kwaye ukuxelelwa kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezingcono, uphephe imigibe eqhelekileyo, kwaye uzikhuthaze xa kuyimfuneko. Ngoxa imithetho karhulumente ikunika isiseko, imigaqo nganye isoloko yandisa okanye ilungisa le migaqo, idala iqela lemithetho elichaphazela umsebenzi wakho, indawo yokuhlala, izinto othengelwa izinto, izinto zokwethengela ngasese, ukuqhuba, ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nokufikelela kwimpilo yakho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imithetho engundoqo yesizwe kufuneka uqaphele kwaye unikele ukhokelo olusebenzayo ngendlela yokufumana nokukhusela amalungelo akho asemthethweni kwimo ombuso wakho.

Amalungelo omsebenzi

Umthetho wezemisebenzi ngummandla apho imithetho karhulumente ingqubana nemilinganiselo karhulumente. Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho ekhusela abasebenzi ekucalucalulweni ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubufanasini, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, kunye nendlela yokuziphethe ngokwesini. Amanye amaphondo akwakhusela ukucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimo yomtshato, inkonzo yasemkhosini, okanye ulwazi lwemfuza. Imithetho yeSithili seSihlo se-Orini se-Cvile Rights, i-Melika eneziphene ze-DSCriase Act, kunye ne-Age Dibration in Act isebenza kwilizwe lonke, kodwa amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yawo elinganayo egubugqwe abaqe abaqe abaqe abancinane okanye anika iziphumo ezingakumbi zokunyanga.

Imali encinci nexa lininzi

Ngoxa umvuzo omncinane karhulumente ungama-$7.25 ngeyure, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela umvuzo omncinci, maxa wambi amiselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kungoko kuma-2024, kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya, iWashington, kunye namaMassachusetts anemivuzo encinane ngaphezu kwe-R45 ngeyure. Amanye amaphondo anemivuzo eyahlukileyo kubaqeshwa abahlawulwayo abahlawulwayo. Imithetho yexesha elidlulileyo iyahlukahluka: phantsi kwe-Moir Labor Standard Act (FLSA), ixesha elongeziwe liyafuneka emva kweeyure ezingama-40 ngeveki, kodwa amazwe athile (umz. iKhalifoni, i-Alaska), kufuneka ukuba abaqeshi besebenze beminyaka eninzi emva kweyure ezi-8.

Izikhewu

Ikhefu eligulayo, ikhefu lentsapho, ikhefu lokudla, kunye nekhefu lokutya/lokuphumla kusoloko kugunyaziswa kumgangatho wezwe. Kuphela ngamazwana ambalwa ahlawule iinkqubo zokushiya intsapho (umz., California, New York, Rhode Island, Washington, Massachusetts, kunye namanye). Ikhefu lokugula okuphakathi lifuneka kumaphondo kuquka i-Arizona, iConnecticut, Maryland, kunye neVermont. Isidlo saphulo nokuphumla kugunyaziswe kumazwe amaninzi; umzekelo, iKhalifoniyanian ifuna ikhefu yemini engama-30 ephulo ethuba leyure ezingaphezulu kwezi-5 zeyure kunye ne 10 zekhefum-militi ezisebenzayo. Abasebenzi kufuneka bahlole isebe labo besebe lokusebenza besebe labo abasebenza ngokweziko lombuso ukuze bafumane iimfuno ezithile.

Ukhuseleko Emsebenzini Nokhuthuzo Lwabasebenzi

Onke amaphondo afuna abaqeshi ukuba baphathe i-inshorensi yembuyekezo yabasebenzi ukuze bahlawule ityala labo emsebenzini, kodwa imithetho engqalileyo ephathelele ukhuseleko, amathuba okulinda, kunye neemali eziyingenelo iyahluka. Amanye amazwe avumela abaqeshwa ukuba bazikhethele abaqeshi, ngoxa amanye efuna umqeshi ukuba anike abanikezeli abanikezeli abanikeli abavunyiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukhuseleko lwemeko kunye nezicwangciso zempilo (njenge-Cal/OSA okanye Washington DOSH) zingabeka imilinganiselo engqongqo yokhuseleko kune-OSH. Abaqeshwa abajongeneemeko ezingakhuselekanga banelungelo lokufaka isikhalazo ngaphandle kokuziphindezela, kodwa iinkcukacha zokhuseleko ziyahluka ngokwemeko.

Imisebenzi enqwenelekayo kunye nokuphelisa okuphosakeleyo

Uninzi lwamazwe lulandela umsebenzi othandayo, okuthetha ukuba umqeshwa angagxothwa nangasiphi na isizathu sokungavunyelwa ngumthetho. Noko ke, ngaphandle komthetho karhulumente kukwi- “nkqubo kawonke-wonke” ukwaphula umthetho. (umz., ukudubula umqeshwa ngenxa yokulungisa imbuyekezo yabasebenzi, ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-mthetho, okanye ukuxela ukwaphula umthetho ngokhuseleko). Montana yeyona ndawo iphela engawuqondiyo umsebenzi othandayo, efuna“ isizathu esilungileyo” sokuphelisa emva kwexesha lokuqala lokuvavanywa. Ukuqonda isikhundla sikarhulumente wakho ekuza kuqeshwa kwayo kwaye umahluko oqashelweyo unokukunceda ukwazi xa ukuphelisa ukhuseleko kungenziwa ngokungekho mthethweni.

Imithetho elawulayo neyokuhlala

Imithetho karhulumente ilawula phantse zonke iimpawu zolwalamano lwendawo, ukusuka kukhuseleko ukuya kwinkqubo yokugxotha. Ukwazi amalungelo akho njengomsebenzi kungathintela ukuphathwa ngokungalunganga kwaye kukuncede ugcine izindlu ezikhuselekileyo, ezinokuhlalwa.

Izithintelo Zokhuseleko

Urhulumente omninzi ulinganisela umlinganiselo wemali enokuthi umnini-ndlu ayihlawulele indawo yokhuseleko, edla ngokuyihlawula kwinyanga enye okanye ezimbini zerente. Imithetho karhulumente ifuna ukuba umnini-khaya abuyisele imali egcinweyo kwisakhelo esithile sexesha elithile (okanye 14 ukuya ku 45 iintsuku) emva kokuba i-metant ishekile, kunye noluhlu oludweliswe phantsi kwentengiso. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya, afuna ukuba umnini-mali ahlawule inzala kwimali yokhuseleko egcinwe ngaphezu konyaka. Ukungavumelani kwe-10 yemali ukuba ingeniswe kwimali epheleleyo kunye nelahleko.

Ubuchule nokulungisa

Urhulumente ngamnye umisela isiqinisekiso esifunekayo sokuhlala, okuthetha ukuba umnini-khaya makagcine iyunithi yerenti yolungiso: imibhobho yokusebenza, ubushushu, umbane, kunye nokukhululeka kwizinambuzane neengozi zokwakha. Oku kuchaza ngokwahlukileyo — amanye amazwe afuna ukutshintsha komoya kwimozulu eshushu, ngoxa amanye afuna ukhangelo lomsi kunye ne-alamu ye-carbon monoxide. Ukuba umnini-ndlu akakwazi ukulungisa okufunekayo, abaqeshi kumazwe amaninzi banelungelo lokuyeka ukuqesha, ukubuyisa nokucima irhafu ngaphandle kweso esifanelekileyo.

Ukhuseleko lotyalo-moya

Imithetho yokususa imigca esuka kwimithetho ekwindawo ehlala kuyo ukuya kumhlobo wayo. Kumaphondo afana ne New York, New Jersey, Oregon, kunye neKhalifoniya, “ibangela” imithetho yokugxotha ifuna umnini-fama abe nesizathu esisebenzayo (njengokungahlawuli irente okanye ulwaphuko) ukuphelisa ukungaqeshwa kwemali. Amanye amazwe avumela ukugxothwa kwelizwe nasiphi na isizathu ngesaziso esifanelekileyo. Inqaku lamaxesha ayahluka ngokuphawulekayo — ukusuka kwiintsuku ezintathu zokungahlawulwa kwamanye amazwe ukuya ku 60 okanye ngaphezulu kweminye ingxolo e-CHOVAID, amazwe amaninzi amisela ukurhoxa kwexeshana kwe-robhoti yexeshana; amanye amagunya okukhusela aye aguqulelwa ekubeni atshintshelwe kwimithetho ehlala ehleli. I-CUnitorslotlected kufuneka ajonge ngokukhawuleza kuncedo olusemthethweni okanye kuquququququze kuquququze kumalungelo alishumi.

Ulawulo Oluqinileyo Nokuzinza

Inani elikhulayo lamaphondo (kuquka iKhalifoniya, i-Oregon, iWashington D.C., kunye ne-New York) anemithetho yokuqesha irente elinganisela ukwanda kwerente yonyaka wonke — ngokufuthi kumlinganiselo onxulumene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Amagunya amaninzi asekuhlaleni (njenge Los Angeles, iSan Francisco, neNew York City) aneyawo amagunya okuqesha. Ngokuchasene noko, amanye amazwe afana neTexas neFlorida ayakunqabela ngokucacileyo ukulawulwa kwerente. Ukuba uhlala kwindawo eqeshiweyo, ukuqonda ukwanda konyaka kunye namalungelo akho aphathelele ukuqesha.

Imithetho Yokhuseleko

Imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi belizwe ivala imingxuma eshiywe ngabameli besizwe njenge-FTC. Le mithetho ikhusela abathengi ekuqhatheni, ekubhengezweni kobuxoki, nakwizenzo zoshishino ezingekho sesikweni. Amazwana amaninzi aneyawo “Imisebenzi emincinane yeTC” evumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe ngezenzo zorhwebo ezikhohlisayo.

Izibhengezo Zobuxoki Nezenzo Zokukhohlisa

Imithetho yeSizwe iUnifair neMithetho neMizekeliso ekhohlisayo iyakunqanda ukukhohliswa kwamashishini ekwenzeni iintengiso okanye iinkonzo ezibubuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo. Imizekelo iquka amaxabiso okulahlekisa, ukuxhasa kwenkohliso, kunye nokufihla isiqinisekiso. Kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya (Ishishini ne-Obsters Code (Inters code) (Umthetho obanzi 2016), uvuleke ngokwaneleyo ukugquma phantse nawuphi na umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, ongekho mthethweni, okanye ongekho mthethweni. Abathengi abangcungcuthebeni banokusoloko befuna ilahleko yokwenene, iindleko zegqwetha, yaye ngamanye amaxesha bayaziso.

Iintlanga nezothutho

Ngeli xesha umthetho weMagnuson-Moss Warranty Act obhaliweyo, uchaza ulawulo lwemithetho ebhaliweyo, irekhodi ezichaziweyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ebuyiselweyo. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba abathengisi bahlonele imithetho yabo yokubuyisela izinto ukuba imisiwe; ukuba akukho nkqubo ifakiweyo, amanye amazwe afuna ukuba umthengisi anike intengiso kwinani elithile lentsuku. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna “umthetho we-lemon” ukhuseleko kwiinqwelo-moto ezinesiphene, ukugquma iinqwelo-moto ezintsha yaye ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa. Inani lalaa — inani lenzamendulo, iintsuku zokulungisa, kwaye i-engileyo — umzekelo, umthetho we-renjilim ufihla zombini ezintsha kwaye usetyenziswa nge-injini entsha, ngoxa inqwelo - mafutha yeKlifoni isebenzisa i-California kuphela.

Ukuqokelelwa Kwetyala Netyala Lemali

Imithetho karhulumente isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kune-Fair Devort Collections Act (FDCPA). Amanye amatyala ayalela ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala kwi- “zoombie” amatyala angaphaya kommiselo wemiqathango, lo gama amanye efuna ukuba abaqokeleli bamatyala banikwe imvume. Kwakhona ama-odola abo abeke inzala yabo kwimali-mboleko yabathengi; umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi anemali eninzi eninzi enenzala eninzi kakhulu ngonyaka, kunye neemali ezithile ezingaphandle kwemali ezihlawulelwa usuku lokuhlawula. Abathengi bamele baluqaphele imiqathango yemali yabo kwimiqathango yetyala, efana nemiqathango yemali yemali ebolekisiweyo kwizihlandlo zokudibana noqhagamshelwano.

Iziqulathi Zeefayili Onokuzibophelela Kuzo

Ukuphendula kuqheliselo oluxhaphakileyo "lokugunyazisa" uqheliselo, amaphondo amaninzi anika imithetho efuna ukutyhilwa ngokucacileyo kunye nokurhoxiswa okulula kokuzivuselela. Umthetho we-Auto-Rerelial (ARL) waseKhalifoniya kunye nemithetho efanayo eNew York, eFlorida, naseIllinois igunyazisa ukuba amashishini anikeze imvume ecacileyo yokuqala, ukuvunywa kwamagama, kunye nendlela elula yokuvala ikhompyutha. Ukwazi imithetho karhulumente wakho kungakunceda ukuba uphephe ukubhaliswa kwiinkonzo ongaseyo.

Imithetho yobucala nokhuseleko logcino-lwazi

Imithetho yezobuqu yelizwe iya isibaluleka ngakumbi njengoko ukungqubana kogcino-lwazi kuxhaphakile. Ngoxa kungekho mthetho wezobuqu wequmrhu (ngaphandle kwamaziko athile anjengezempilo nemali), amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo yokhuseleko oluqinileyo logcino-lwazi.

UMthetho weNtlekele yeCalifornia (CCPA)

ICCPA yaseKhalifoniya (yandiswa yiCPRA) inika abahlali ilungelo lokwazi oko kuqokelelwa kwe-data yobuqu, ilungelo lokuyicima, nelungelo lokukhetha ukurhweba nge-data yabo. Imithetho efanayo iye yamiselwa eVirginia (VCDPA), iColorado (COLAPI), Connecticut (CTDPA), ne-Utah (UCPA). Le mithetho isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kumashishini ahlangabezana nemiqobo ethile, njengengeniso yaminyaka lemali engaphezu kwama-25 ezigidi okanye i-100 000 ephathe idata yabathengi. Ukuba uhlala kwelinye la mazwe, ungafaka ulwazi kunye nezicelo ezithenwayo ngqo kwiinkampani.

Isaziso sokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi

Onke amaphondo angama-50 anemithetho yokwazisa ngolwazi logcino-lwazi efuna amashishini ukuba alandise abantu abachaphazelekayo xa ulwazi lwabo lobuqu luphosakazwa. Iinkcazelo “zolwazi lobuqu” kunye nesakhelo sexesha lokwaziswa ziyahluka. Amanye amaphondo, njengoMaine noNevada, aneenkcazelo ezingqongqo eziquka i-bymetric data okanye inkcazelo ye-inshorensi yempilo. Kwisiganeko sokwaphulwa, abathengi abachaphazelekayo kumazwe amaninzi banelungelo lokuqwalasela ngetyala kunye nokuphamba. Khangela igosa-mikhosi yakho ukuze ufumane ukhokelo kumalungelo okwazisa okungqubanayo.

Imfihlo ye-bimetric

I-Biometric Information Ancycy Act (BIPA) yenye yemithetho engqongqo kwelo lizwe, ifuna ukuba iinkampani zifumane imvume ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuqokelela i-data ye-biometric (ii-minwe, i-scan yobuso, njl.njl.) kunye nokunika ilungelo lobuqu lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe, kuquka iTexas neWashington, anemithetho yawo ye-biothemic kodwa ayinikeli lungelo lokukhombisa. Ngokunyusa iminwe kunye nobugcisa bokuqwalasela ubuso emsebenzini nakwizithuba zikawonke wonke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukhuseleko lwe-bhayoloji ye-othemicle.

Ukuqhuba Imithetho

Imithetho yokuqhuba yahlukile kakhulu ngokorhulumente, ichaphazela ukurhwaphilizwa kwemali, iinshorensi, nokwaphulwa kwendlela. Ukwazi oku kungakusindisa kwintengo, imvume yokukhupha ityala, okanye imiphumo enzima ngakumbi.

Ukunyanzelisa Nokufuna Ubudala

Ngoxa amaphondo amaninzi evumela abaqhubi ukuba bafumane imvume yomfundi oneminyaka eli-15 okanye eli-16 ubudala, imithetho ekhethekileyo yenkqubo yokuqhuba iyahluka. Amanye amaphondo afuna inani elincinane leeyure zokuqhuba ezijongiweyo (umz., iFlorida ifuna iiyure ezingama-50), ngoxa amanye anemiqathango eyahlukileyo okanye amanyathelo okuqhuba ebusuku. Emva kokufudukela kwilizwe elitsha, usoloko uneentsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-90 ukuze ufumane imvume yokuqhuba uze unikezele endala.

Iimfuno Zeinshorensi

Phantse lonke ilizwe lifuna abaqhubi ukuba bathwale i-inshorensi yetyala. Imida encinci iyahluka. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ifuna i-15/5 000 (R3 000 (R1 000) umntu ngamnye, i-$30 000 ngengozi yomonakalo womzimba, kunye ne-$25 000 (i-$5 000) kwingozi yempahla), ngelixa i-Alaska ifuna amaziko ambalwa (njenge New Hampshire ne-Virginia) awazifuni i-inshorensi kodwa abekeli omnye uxanduva lwemali. Ukungakhutshelwa kwemali/unishoni yemoto ebhankiweyo kungumyalelo kumazwe athile nakwiimeko ezithile. Abaqhubi abangenayo i-inshorensi (umber. Florida, Michigan, New York) baneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

UDI DAYO noWam uVumile

Umlinganiselo womlinganiselo womthamo wegazi (BAC) ngu 0.08% kubantu abadala kuwo onke amazwe, kodwa izigwebo ziyahluka. Amanye amaphondo anemida engqongqo kubaqhubi abangaphantsi kwe-0.04%) nabaqhubi abangaphantsi kwe-21.02% okanye ngaphantsi kwe-10%). Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egunyazisiweyo kwingingqi nganye kufuna ukuba uthotyelwe kuvavanyo lwemichiza (umva, igazi, okanye umchamo) ukuba ubanjiwe ngokusemthethweni ngenxa ye-DUI. Ukwaliwa kungaphumela ekubeni nelayisensi ezenzekelayo, ngokufuthi ngamaxesha amaninzi kunesiqinisekiso. Ngaphezu koko, ixesha lokuqala le-DuI likhupha isigwebo seentsuku ezingama-90 kwimimandla ethile kunyaka opheleleyo kwamanye amazwe, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi afuna ukufakwa kwesixhobo sokuva i-intentengiselwano.

Ukwaphulwa Kwendlela Neengongoma

Amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa inkqubo yenqaku ukuze alandelele ukwaphuka kwendlela. Ukuqokelela iingongoma ezininzi kakhulu kungabangela ukurhoxiswa kwelayisensi, ulwandiso lwe-inshorensi, okanye ulungiso lomqhubi olukwizikolo zolawulo olusemgceni. Inani leengongoma zokwaphula imiyalelo ethile, kunye nomnyango wokukhupha iintambo, kuyahluka kakhulu. Umzekelo, eNew York, iingongoma ezili-11 kwiinyanga ezili-18 zingaphumela ekushenxiswani; eNevada, iingongoma ezili-12 ezinika isilumkiso. Amanye amagunya anikela iizifundo zokuzikhusela ukuqhuba ukunciphisa iingongoma. Ngamaxesha onke jonga iSebe le-webhthi ye-webhles ye-webhthi ye-webhthi ye-webhthi yangoku.

Imithetho Yentsapho

Ngokuyintloko umthetho wentsapho ulawulwa ngamazwe, anemithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo emtshatweni, kuqhawulo - mtshato, nakwimithetho yokugcina umntwana.

Umtshato nomtshato oqhelekileyo

Nangona umtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini usemthethweni kwilizwe lonke, uchaza ukwahluka kwiimfuno zelayisensi yomtshato (amaxesha okulinda, uvavanyo lwegazi). Umtshato wemithetho eqhelekileyo uqwalaselwa kumazwe ambalwa (Colado, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, kunye neUtah), kunye neSithili saseColumbia. Kulam, isibini sisenokuthathwa njengositshatiswa ngaphandle komsitho okanye imvume yokuhlala kunye, sizigcina sitshatile, kwaye sizimisele ukutshata. Ukuba uhlala kwimo eqhelekileyo yomthetho kunye nolwalamano, kufuneka uqhawu uqhawu umtshato okanye uqhawulo mtshato.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Nolawulo Olubi

Imfuno ezifunekayo kuqhawulo-mtshato ziyahluka — iinyanga ezintandathu okanye unyaka omnye kwiphondo. IAlimony (inkxaso epheleleyo) inikwa ngokweemeko ezifana nobude bomtshato, amandla okufumana iqabane ngalinye, kunye neminikelo yalo. Amanye amaphondo anemigaqo esekelwe (umz., iKhalifoniya isebenzisa ukhokelo lokwexeshana), ngoxa amanye enika abagwebi ingqiqo ebanzi. Inani elandayo lamazwe lilinganiselwe umlinganiselo we-antimonium ngokweminyaka engama-50-60 yobude bomtshato ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa imo karhulumente wakho ibalulekile ekuchazeni uqhawulo-mtshato.

Ukugcinwa Kwelungelo Lomntwana Nokuxhaswa

Imithetho yokugcina umntwana igxininisa “kumdla ofanelekileyo womntwana,” kodwa ithi isebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Amanye amazwe akhetha ukugcinwa kwabantwana ngamalungu, ngoxa amanye ekhetha umgcini-khaya oyintloko. Amaphondo amaninzi anemigaqo yokubala inkxaso yabantwana esekelwe kwingeniso yomzali ngamnye nakwinani labantwana, kodwa iindlela zokwahlukana. Iimpikiswano zokugcina umntwana ngamalungu zilawulwa ngumthetho we-UNICEF Child Leaty Juriction and Enforcementment Act (UCJEA), eyamkelelwa ngawo onke amazwe. Abazali bafanele baqaphele ukuba ukufuduka kwelizwe kuchaphazela amalungiselelo okugcina abantwana kwaye bafune imvume yenkundla.

Ukhuseleko lwasekhaya

Onke amaphondo avumela amaxhoba ogonyamelo lwasekhaya ukuba afumane imiyalelo yokukhusela (imiyalelo yokunqanda izithethe). Ingcaciso ye- “demostic". Iyahluka. Amanye amazwe aquka amaqabane okuthandana kunye namaqabane awo, ngoxa amanye elinganiselwe kumaqabane, amaqabane, okanye izizalwana zegazi. Ixesha lokuyalelwa nokufumana imiyalelo kunye nokuzifumana kwahlukile. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi afuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uthabathe imipu kwimibutho ekhuselayo. Ukuba ulixhoba logonyamelo lwasekhaya, qhagamshelana nomkhosi wasekuhlaleni wogonyamelo olushushu lwasekhaya ukuze ufumane ukhokelo olusondelene.

Imithetho Yempilo Namalungelo Abaguli

Umthetho wonyango ungumxube womthetho wesizwe nowesizwe, kodwa urhulumente usoloko emisela imithetho yeinshorensi, ubumfihlo bezonyango, kunye nokuphela kobomi.

Ukufumaneka kwempilo ne-inshorensi

UMthetho we-Affordcure Care (ACA) umisela iimfuno ezincinci zokugquma, kodwa urhulumente uneenkqubo zeMedicaid kunye neentengiso ze-inshorensila. Amanye amazwe (njengeNew York neKhalifoniya) adala inkcitho ye-inshorensi yempilo esekelwe kurhulumente kunye nezongezelelweyo zokhuselo lwabathengi, njengemiqathango engaphandle kwexabiso le-pakethi. Amazwe alawula nezicwangciso zonyango ezifutshane zexesha elifutshane, ezinokuthi zinikezele kancinci kodwa zinikeze intengiso. Ngaphezu koko, amanye amazwe anemithetho ekhusela abaguli ekuboneni intengo yemali yezonyango engalindelekanga, ukumisela imithetho yokungakhathaleli ye-mdlalo-mnethi yoncedo nokulungelelaniswa.

Imithetho Yokuqhomfa

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo uDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, ukuqhomfa nokufumaneka kwemitshato ngoku kunqunyulwa ngurhulumente ngamnye. Ngonyaka wama-2024, amanye amazwe (umz., iKhalifoniya, i-Illinovia, iColorado) aye akhupha amalungelo okuqhomfa kumthetho wesizwe, ngelixa abanye (umz. Texa abanye abathathi-te, i-Idaho, i-Oklaho, i-Oklaho, i-odwah) beye basebenzisa kufutshane no-mali epheleleyo eqinileyo okanye imida engqongqo. Amazwe amaninzi aye agqithisa imithetho yokukhusela izigula kunye nabaguli abangaphandle kwelizwe, ngoxa abanye bekhupha ukuqhomfa.

Imfihlo Yezonyango Neengxelo Zempilo

IHIPAA ikhusela iingxelo zezonyango zesizwe, kodwa amaphondo anokudibanisa iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo. Amanye amaphondo anemithetho engqongqo engokukhutshwa kweengxelo zempilo yengqondo, iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-HIV, okanye inkcazelo yemfuza. Ngaphezu koko, ichaza indlela yokugcina nokutshatyalaliswa kweengxelo zempilo. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna abanikezeli bempilo ukuze banike izigulana iingxelo zezonyango ze-elektroniki ngexesha elithile (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30). Ukuqonda umthetho wezonyango lwesizwe unokuba luxanduva oluchanakeleyo xa kutshintshwa oogqirha okanye kumangalelwa.

Izigqibo zobomi ezipheleyo

Imithetho yephondo ilawula ukusebenziseka kwemigaqo ephambili (iimfuno eziphilayo), amandla ezamayeza, kunye noncedo lwagqirha olufayo. Iimeko ezininzi, kuquka iKhalifoniya, iColorado, i-Oregon, i-Vermont, kunye neWashington, zigunyazise uncedo lwezamayeza ekufeleni abantu abadala abagula ngokunganyangeki. Amanye amazwe avumela kuphela iintlobo ezingasebenziyo zokuzinyamekela, njengokuzibamba okanye ukukhupha inkxaso yobomi. Kubalulekile ukuphumeza imiyalelo ephambili kwimeko apho uhlala khona nokuqonda iimfuno ezithile zokunikela nokungaphandiswa.

Indlela Yokufumana Nokukhusela Amalungelo Akho Omthetho KaRhulumente

Ngoxa eli nqaku lichaza indlela elinokucatshulwa ngayo, imithetho karhulumente isoloko itshintsha — ingakumbi xa kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza iinkalo ezifana nokuba wedwa, umsebenzi nokuqhomfa.

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Xa uyiqonda imithetho yelizwe lakho, unokuzikhusela kumalungelo akho, uphephe imigibe esemthethweni uze wenze izigqibo ozaziyo.