Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukhokelo Oluyingqinelayo Kukhuseleko Olusemthethweni EUnited States.

Imodeli ingumgaqo wendlela esemthethweni eMelika, oqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ifakwe kwiSigqibo sesihlanu (sisetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe) kunye ne 14neth Amend Amendment (esetyenziswa kumazwe), ezithi zombini zivakalise: “kungekho namnye umntu... oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Oku kukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwahlula isiseko samalungelo amaninzi amaMelika asebenzisa iimini zonke (ukuvavanywa okulungileyo nxamnye norhulumente. Njengoko iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo igxininise, ayiyinkqubo epheleleyo kodwa ayiyo imilinganiselo eguquguqukayo eguqukayo ngokuqonda okusisiseko koluntu. Ukuzikhusela kwawo kwandisa iintelevini, nakumaziko olawulo, nakumazwe ngamanye.

Ukuqonda imfuneko yenkqubo efunekayo kuyimfuneko kubemi, kubafundisi, kubongi bezomthetho nakumntu wonke ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yenkqubo elawula ngayo urhulumente waseUnited States namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, imizobo, iimeko ezibonisa iziganeko zeziganeko eziphawulekayo, neengxaki zanamhlanje zenkqubo efunekayo, libonisa indlela le ngcamango yamandulo eqhubeka ibubumba ngayo ubomi baseMerika.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo inemvelaphi enzulu kwisithethe somthetho wamaNgesi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 igqalwa ngokubanzi njengeyona iphambili, inesivakalisi esithi “akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kubanjwa okanye avalelwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Lo “mthetho welizwe” wawuphambili webinzana elithi“ inkqubo yokuqala yomthetho,” elavela kuqala kumthetho wamaNgesi ngowe- 1354. Ingcamango yokufuduselwa kumathangamputha aseMelika, apho lafakwa khona kumthetho wesizwe yaye ekugqibeleni kuMgaqo-siseko we-siseko we-U.

Ngexesha lokulawulwa kwamathanga, umgaqo wokuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngaphambi kokuba ohlwaye abantu babe sisibhengezo esikhuthazayo nxamnye nokuxhatshazwa kobukumkani. Emva kokuzimela geqe, uMphengululo weFind Commerce (1791) walwalela ngokucacileyo urhulumente wesizwe ukuba angohluli nabani na “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Ngokuthe kratya iNkundla ePhakathi kwenkulungwane, eli tyala lafumana ingqalelo encinane egwebeni. Lali tyala laya lade lafumana intlawulo oluninzi lwe-Profektha yamagunya ka-1459t Reformation (intelliancedmentation) ngo1868, eyasebenzisa loo nkqubo ifanelekileyo yokungamele ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokuthe ngcelele iNkuphengululi yachaza iNkuchaza i-Gradiocle-Gracleeast Claussss (ieast) ka-Admist) ka-ous ku-ous (odmentmentmentalm

Iintlobo Ezimbini Ezingundoqo Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Umthetho wale mihla wokwahlula inkqubo eyiyo kwimigangatho emibini eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Zombini zisebenza ukukhangela amandla karhulumente kodwa zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo efunekayo ibhekiselela ku [umthetho] [[FLT]] [ukwenza umsebenzi wolawulo] phambi kokuba unciphe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. i-Substantifice inkqubo efunekayo yokuhlola [ urhulumente wenza oko urhulumente wenza okuqulathwe yimithetho echasene namalungelo angundoqo. Ukuqonda olu mahluko kuyahlalutya iimeko ezininzi zomthetho-gnomGenethi.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukukhusela Iinkqubo Ezintle

Inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente ethatha isenzo esihlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ilandela inkqubo elungileyo nebonisa ngaphaya. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka isakhiwo esithambileyo kwi- Mathes v. Uvavanyo lwe-Eldridge (1979), ulinganisela izinto ezintathu: umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokuncitshiswa kwempazamo phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo lemiqathango yokhuseleko, kunye nomdla karhulumente (kuquka umthwalo onzima). Olu vavanyo lusetyenziswa ukufumanisa oko kufunekayo kumongonyaka ngamnye kumbandela onikiweyo, isaziso, okanye isaziso sokunene.

Isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wenkqubo yeprocedro quke:

  • Imali: Abantu kufuneka baziswe ngezenzo zikarhulumente ezicetyiweyo ezichaphazela amalungelo abo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva: Ithuba lokunika ubungqina kunye neempikiswano phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo udla ngokufuneka phambi kokuba ukungabikho kuvele.
  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo kwiSiluleko: Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ukumiswa komthetho; kwezinye iimeko, inkqubo efunekayo ingafuna ukucetyiswa xa amalungelo angundoqo esengozini.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Tribunal: abenzi besigqibo kufuneka bangabi nalukhethe okanye imilo yomdla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appal: Abantu kufuneka babe nethuba elibalulekileyo lokuvavanya izigqibo ezibi ngohlalutyo oluphezulu.

Inkqubo efunekayo kuludwe lweentshukumo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nasemacaleni orhulumente ukuya kumatyala abandakanya iingenelo zentlalo-ntle, ukuzimisela ukukhubazeka, uqeqesho lwabafundi, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemithetho yezobugcisa. [[FLT: 0] IQumrhu Lezemfundo yasemthethweni leZiko [[FLT: 1] linika ushwankathelo oluhle kakhulu lwemeko ezingundoqo nemigaqo.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Ikhowudi esisiseko yenkqubo efunekayo karhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho ephazamisana ngokuphandle namalungelo athile asisiseko, nokuba urhulumente ulandela iinkqubo ezigqibeleleyo. Le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ekuveliseni imithetho engaqiqisiyo, ecinezelayo, okanye engekho sikweni, / engenamkhethe ngendlela enyanzeliswa ngayo. Isuka kwingcamango yokuba “imvume” ekhuselwe yi-ASTE Procesting Claus iquka inkululeko engaphezu nje kwenkululeko ekuzibambeni ngokwasemzimbeni; ibandakanya ulawulo lobuqu, ubuqu, ubuqu, kunye buchule bokwenza ukhetho olusenyongweni lobomi.

Imbali yenkqubo encinci efunekayo iye yaphikiswa. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayisebenzisa ukubetha imimiselo yezoqoqosho, enjengemivuzo encinane kunye nobuninzi beyure, phantsi kwengcamango yokuba yayiphazamisa “inkululeko.” Eli xesha, elaziwa ngokuba iXesha leNkundla [[FLT]] [emva] kwemiqathango yezoqoqosho. Lochner v v. New York[FLT], 1905], 1905], lagxekwa ngokuba ligwetywa njenge-gwebo. Ngexesha lomthetho entsha, iNkurhoxina kwezoqoqosho, i-dviko-dvolue.

Ukuqala phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla yahlaziywa ifumana kwakhona inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela ngokwamaxabiso ezoqoqosho amalungelo asisiseko. Griswold v. Connecticut[[[[FL:3]] [65] [iiinjongo yokufumana ilungelo lomtshato; [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Reev. [7773]], yandisa oko kusekunene kwisigqibo somfazi sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa; kunye kunye nezigqizo zonyango zonyango, kunye nohlobo lomtshato oluphantsi konyaka, kunye nolujoko oluqhelekileyo, olunolwaluqukelweyo, olungundoqo, olunolwaluqukelele kubantwana, ulwalamano lomtshato, uqeqesho lwentsapho, kunye nezigqibo, kunye nezigqibo zonyango, kunye nezigqibo zonyango, kunye nezigqibo zonyango, kunye nolulawulo lwasekunene.[FL:].[F

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo lwecandelo[ kwimithetho ethwele umthwalo wamalungelo asisiseko, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka ayingqine inomdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe ngokulula ukufikelela loo mdla. Eminye imithetho ibuye ihlolwe phantsi kovavanyo oluthe rhoqo. [[FLT:] i-Chostitution iSincoko esicatshuliweyo kwinkqubo engundoqo esezantsi ye-[ inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwembali nolulo olungomthetho.

Uphawu lwetyala elikwiNkundla ePhakamileyo eYehlisa Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Intsingiselo kunye nobungakanani benkqubo efunekayo buchaziwe ngothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ityala ngalinye libonisa indlela lo mgaqo ozivumelanisa ngayo neemeko ezintsha kwaye ukhusela abantu kwiimeko zikarhulumente eziqhathayo. Ngapha koko amanye amatyala anempembelelo.

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): INkundla yathi imfuneko yokuba umthetho unyanzelise ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo efunekayo ukuze yazise abakrokrele ngelungelo labo lokuhlala bethulile nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha loncinwano lwegunya. Ngoku isilumkiso se-familia "Miranda" sibe sisesona siqobo senkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): Le meko isetyenziswa ngokwendlela efunekayo kulawulo lweengenelo zentlalo-ntle, ilawula ukuba abamkeli banelungelo lokuva ngokucacileyo phambi kokuba inzuzo ipheliswe. Yandisa ukufikelela kwinkqubo efunekayo ngaphandle komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kwintlalo-ntle.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): INkundla yalamkela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa njengenxalenye yelungelo elisisiseko lokuzimela ngecala elikhuselwe yinkqubo encinci efunekayo. Nangona ubukhulu becala ilawulwa ngu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT] [25] [202] [i-RO] ishiyeka isakhiwo esingumthetho kwinkqubo yemfundiso esezantsi.
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997): INkundla yayalela inkqubo efunekayo ekwakuthethwa ngayo ekuzibulaleni kwagqirha oncedisiweyo, icacisa uvavanyo lokufumana amalungelo amatsha asisiseko: kufuneka “asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo hlanga” kunye“ nokungavumelani nengcamango yenkululeko eyayalelweyo.” Eli tyala libonisa ukuba ityala linetyala lokungayamkeli inkqubo efunekayo engaphaya kwemisebenzi ekhuselweyo.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Inkundla yathi iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba ukuLandliswa kweMiqathango ye 14 kufuna imithetho yemvume nokuqaphela imitshato efanayo yokwabelana ngokwesini, esekelwe kwi-Seed Process Claus (ekunene ukutshata njengenkululeko engundoqo) kunye ne-Enciliture Provice Claus. Yaqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba “ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elingundoqo elisemthethweni kumntu.”
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Ngelixesha ifunwe kuMgqino-mva weSithandathu, eli tyala likwabonisa inkqubela efunekayo. Yathi irekhodi kufuneka inikezele kumagqwetha kubamangalelwa kwiimeko zetyala abangenakukwazi ukuhlawula ezabo, ibandakanya ilungelo lokucebisa ngoMphetho weshumi elinesine.

Zonke ezi zigqibo zibonisa unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwejaji, amasebe ezobupolitika, kunye nebutho labantu malunga nenkqubano yenkqubo efanelekileyo. Iprojekthi [[FLT: 0]Oyez [[[FLT: 1] inika ushwankatho olubanzi kunye noshicilelo oluvakalayo lwempikiswano ezithethwayo zezinye iimeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Inkqubela Kwimfundo

Inkqubo efunekayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi neentsapho zabo baphathwa kakuhle xa izikolo zimisela ingqeqesho okanye zisenza izigqibo ezichaphazela amathuba omfundi okufundiswa. Ityala leNkundla engundoqo lingu- Gos v. Lopez [187], eyayikholelwa ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokukhutshwa kweentsuku ezilishumi okanye abambalwa banelungelo lokuphawula nokuvalwa phambi kokuba i-mende isebenze (ngaphandle kweemeko zongxamiseko). INkundla yaqikelelela ukuba abafundi babe nomdla kwimfuno yempahla kwimfundo yabo, kwaye babe nomdla wodumo, zombini zikhuselwe yi-Bareo Claus Claus.

Ngaphandle kokuvalwa kwemingxuma emifutshane, izenzo ezibaluleke ngakumbi zoqeqesho, njengokugxothwa kwenkqubo enzima, kuquka isaziso esibhaliweyo setyala, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina namangqina, nelungelo lokubhena. Abakwi-Anterwn Dixel Dixebral Education Act (IDEA) banika izikhuseli zoqeqesho ezongezelelekileyo kubafundi abaneziphene, kuquka uvavanyo kunye nenkqubo yokubekwa kwenkqubo ekufuneka zilandelwe. Izikolo kufuneka ziphinde zikhombise “ukuzimisela komntu okufanelekileyo” ukufumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha okubi komfundi kubangelwa kukukhubazeka kwakhe.

Imibandela yangoku yemfundo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo iquka ukunyuka kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-zero-tolence, ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwimfundo yesikolo (apho abafundi abamnyama nabakwi-Latino baxhonywa ngokungenakulinganiswa okanye bagxothwe), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa ezikolweni. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba imigaqo yesohlwayo iphazamisa amalungelo afanelekileyo abafundi ngokuwakhanyela ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa. uhlalutyo lwe ACLU lwemibhobho yesikolo ukuya kwintolongo.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yindawo apho ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lubonakala kakhulu kwaye lubekwe ngamandla. Olwesine, olwesihlanu, olweSithandathu nolwesibhozo uMphetho-Mdangamiso-mda ochaseneyo namazwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-Created Procession ye-145th Reconsoled Claus .

  • Ukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni (UMthetho-
  • Ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka nokuzikhusela ekuzichaseni (Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu)
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindiweyo (Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu)
  • Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu liqulunqwa liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethiyo (ISindululo-Ngqo:
  • Ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina nokunyanzelwa kwamangqina okuzikhusela (IsiHlaliso sesi-6)
  • Ilungelo lokuphumelela ekuncedeni kwesiluleko (ISixth Amendment, njengoko kuchazwe ku Srickland v. Washington, 1984])
  • Ukukhuselwa kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga (Ukuhlaziywa Kwendlela Ephakamileyo)

Umthetho ohlulayo − othintela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ukunyanzelisa ukuvunywa kwentelekelelo engekho mthethweni (inguwo ephuma ngqo kwimigaqo yenkqubo efunekayo. Mapp v. Ohio (1961), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa umthetho wokubhaliswa komthetho kumazwe, ibambe ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ubungqina obufunekayo bucinezelwe ngokungekho mthethweni ekuvavanyweni.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntaba, inkqubo yobulungisa ijongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo. Ukubanjwa kwemiqathango, ukwahluka kobuhlanga ekubotshweni nasekugwetyweni, ukungangeneli kwemali yokuzikhusela, nokusetyenziswa okusasazekileyo kwezicelo (apho i-95% yeenkolelo zikarhulumente zibangelwa kukucela ityala) kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yokuba inkqubo efunekayo yokusetyenziswa komthetho iyapheliswa. Abamangalelwa abaninzi banyanzelwa ukuba bawasuse amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo, kwaye abakhuseli bemeko-wonke basoloko bethwala iingxelo ezibangela ukuba zingabi na impumelelo.

Imodeli elindelekileyo kummandla wabemi kunye nolawulo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayipheleliselwanga kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Isebenza nanini na urhulumente efuna ukuthintela umntu “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla." Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ingcamango ye-“efanelekileyo” yandisiwe ukuquka iimfanelo zomthetho ezifana neenzuzo ze-Social Security, intlalo-ntle, intlawulo yesiphene, kunye nomsebenzi karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, abantu banelungelo lokuphawula nokuchotshelwa ngaphambi kokuba bafumaneke okanye bagxothwe emsebenzini karhulumente (kwiimeko ezininzi).

Amaqumrhu olawulo `njenge-Social Security Administration, i-Ntlalo-bumelo yoKhuselo, kunye neenkundla zokufuduka-fuduka' kufuneka zilandele inkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, kwiimeko zokufuduka, i-Gault Proces Claus ifuna ukuvalwa kakuhle ngaphambi kokususwa, kuquka ithuba lokunikela ubungqina kunye nokumelwe ngesiluleko (kungekho ndleko karhulumente). Mathews v. Eldidge, iNkundleko yasebenzisa uvavanyo lwayo lokulinganisela ukuze igqibe kwelokuba inzuzo yesiphene iphela ngaphandle kokuva okucacileyo phambi kokuvala ityala, ixesha elide xa kukho ukuva nokuhlola okufutshane kwisaziso esifutshane.

Amatyala ommandla ophezulu nawo afuna ukukhutshwa kwinkqubo efunekayo: phambi kokuba urhulumente athathe impahla yabucala, umnini kufuneka afumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuvavanya ukuthatha ityala. Ityala elidume kakubi Kelo v. Isixeko saseNew London[ (2005]) (iphakanyiswe imibuzo efunekayo efunekayo enxulumene nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho nokuba ngaba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lufanelekele kusini na,” kodwa inkalo ye-procedial `ilungelo lokuva ngemfuno yokuthatha into ethile. [[FLTLT:]] [FLT:]] Ugcino lwemfundo yemfundo ye-JLDIFLD [FLD3]] lunika ukufushayelela okulungileyo kwenkqubo yoluntu kwinkqubo yoluntu.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kwinkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ijongene nencwadi neengxaki ezizingisileyo kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Ukujongwa kwamanani `ngabameli bakarhulumente, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nabadlali babucala ``ivavanya imida yeSine Soshenxiso somzinzo' kunye nolindelo olusengqiqweni lokuzimela. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngale meko njenge iCarplanter v. United States [2017], eyayikholelwa ukuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo ekuyo kwicell phone. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezininzi zokuhlola zisebenza kwimfihlo, kwaye abantu abasenokungaze bazi ukuba bawaphule.

Ukwahlulwa kwezentlalo kunye nentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho kwinkqubo yomthetho kuhlala kunzulu. Umthwalo wokungqina ulwaphulo olufanelekileyo usoloko wehlela kobona bantu babuthathaka, abangenabo ubuncwane bokuqesha amagqwetha okanye iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokuqhuba indlela. Kumongo wesigebenga, ukusebenzisa ngokugqithisileyo imali egqithisileyo kuthintela abamangalelwa abangamahlwempu phambi kokuchotshelwa, ukubabophela ngenxa yobuhlwempu babo kunokuba batyholwe ngokuba ngabaphulwayo. Umzekelo wophawu Stack v. Boyle (191) waqinisekisa ukuba ibheyili ayimele ibe yeqikelele, kodwa ukungahambelani phakathi komgaqo nenyaniso kuye kwakhokelela kwimigudu yokulungisa iinguqulo kumazwe amaninzi.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukurhoxiswa kwamalungelo eenkqubo zokusebenza kwabantu ekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zokususwa kwabantu abafudukayo kunye nolwandiso lokuvalelwa ngaphandle komanyano ziye zagxekwa ngokungavumi ukuba kubekho ithuba elinentsingiselo lokukhuphisana nokugxothwa. Isifo se-COVID-19 sivavanyiwe nayinkqubo efunekayo: iinkundla ezininzi namaqumrhu ajoliswe kwiindawo ezikude, aphakamisa inkxalabo malunga namandla abathathi-nxaxheba ekunikeleni ubungqina, amangqina, kunye nobugcisa bokufikelela. Ngoxa ukuhlasela okude kusenokulwa nobuchule obuthile, kungaphinda kubekho nengozi kwabo ngaphandle kwe-intanethi okanye izithuba ezizimeleyo ezithembekileyo.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Njengoko ubugcisa kunye nebutho labantu ziqhubeka ziguquka, utoliko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efunekayo kuza kuhlala kungummandla onamandla wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni. Ubuchule bokwenziwa busetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwinkqubo yokulawula ngokusesikweni/ukusuka kwimithetho-manani ejolise ekucingelani ngengozi izixhobo zobupolisa ekugwetyweni. Ukuba ezi zixhobo zixhomekeke kwii-algorithm ezizizimfihlelo okanye kugcino-lwazi olunetyala, zingayephula inkqubo efunekayo ngokukhanyela abantu ingcaciso yobungqina obusetyenziswayo nxamnye nazo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isalawula ngqo kubungqina obuchaziwe, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi ziqalisa ukumelana neziphumo zayo.

Imibutho yentlalo ekhuthaza ubulungisa bobuhlanga, amalungelo okuzala, neLGBTQ+ ukulingana kuyaqhubeka kutyhalela imida yamalungelo asisiseko afanele aqatshelwe phantsi kwendlela elungileyo. Okwangoku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yale mihla ibonise ukungaqiniseki ngokwandisa amalungelo amatsha angaphantsi, njengoko kuboniswe ku . ISibonelo saMasiQueqendu [[FLT]] iJack’s Health Organization [2022], ewinqika [[FLT] v. Wade' kwaye yalandula ilungelo lomthetho lokususa isisulo. Esi sigqibo sibonisa ukuba inyathelo lexesha elizayo lithetha ngokuphuma komcimbi, kunye neNkulwano efuna ukuba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na “enkqubo enzulu yembali yembali eyomeleleyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yokukhuthaza iprocedical isenokwamkela ingqalelo engakumbi njengoko iNkundla igxininisa kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunokuba igxininise kumalungelo aphantsi. Ityala elibandakanya isiqabu setyala labafundi, ukurhoxiswa kwezifo ezimandundu, namandla olawulo aya kubumba ukwakhiwa kwendalo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Abaphengululi bezomthetho namaqela angoozalisi-mthetho bayaqhubeka benyanzela utshintsho olubangela inkqubo efanelekileyo ifikeleleke kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafumane ingeniso okanye imeko ethile.

Isiphelo

Imo yenkqubo elindelekileyo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunento yobuchule obusemthethweni; lidinga elisisiseko lokuba urhulumente uza kuphatha wonke umntu ngokufanelekileyo, ngokufanelekileyo, nangentlonelo ngesidima sakhe. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwi-U.S. umGaqo-siseko kunye nezigqibo zenkcazo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, lo mgaqo uguqukele ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezintsha ngexa uhlala unyanisile kumsebenzi wawo ongundoqo: ukunqanda izenzo zoburhulumente ezingekho semthethweni. Ukuba kuvavanywa kwezaphuli-mthetho, ukuva kwesikolo, okanye inzuzo yolawulo eqhubekayo, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye banelizwi kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi kokuba benziwe oko kuthathe into abayixabisayo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, inkqubela efunekayo yokuqonda ibalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo nasekugcineni urhulumente ebeke ityala. Yimfundiso ephilayo, esoloko icociwe ngomthetho kunye nomthetho. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha kunye neenyaniso zentlalo zivavanya imida yayo, ukuzinikela kwinkqubo efunekayo kuya kuhlala kungumqondiso ochazayo wedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi ye-gynakhrasi (a) ukhuseleko ekumelani ulawulo-mo-siseko lwaseMelika kunye nogwebo olubonisa okusesikweni kwihlabathi elingafezekanga. Ukuntywilisa nzulu, ukuvavanya okunzulu [[FLT: 0]] i-CORNELY LIISSSS Imodeliumment Modicity [ kunye nolu hlobo olunegunya lokuguqulela