Iingqiniwa kunye nolwahlulo lusimbombo somGaqo-siseko worhulumente, olwenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo. Le nkqubo yegunya elinye kunye nongameli bobabini iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zinoxanduva, zicace, kwaye zisekelwe kumthetho. Ngoxa le ngcamango ithe yaziswe kakhulu kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, umahluko wee-cheketho kunye nolungelelwaniso ukhoyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda indlela esi siseko esisebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi demokhrasi ezikhoyo ezikhusela ngayo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye zigcine imigaqo yesebe.

Ukuqonda Ingqiqo Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Embilinini, uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso lungumzekelo olawulayo ohambisa amandla phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo orhulumente, ngalinye elinamandla okulinganisela okanye ukulwa nezenzo zabanye. Oku kwahlukana akuthethi nje ukuba ngumphathi; kukusikhuselo sokwakha ngokwasemthethweni ekulawuleni. Umthetho-siseko owenziwe ngamabom kwi-U.., ozothulwa kwiinkcubeko ezifana neMontesquieu, wakha ulwamkelo lwegunya ababenalo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Endaweni yoko, bayila inkqubo apho umthetho, umphathi-mpatho, namasebe ejaji asebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Umzekelo, ngoxa uMongameli ebhala imithetho, uyakwazi ukuvakalisa umthetho ongekho mgaqo, kunye neNkulwano ephakamileyo yeNkundla iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho engahambisani kwemithetho ebangela ukungqubana noxandezelela. Oku kwenza ukungqubana oku.

Umgaqo wokuhlola nolungelelwano udla ngokukhuliswa nolwahlulo lwamagunya, kodwa ezi zimbini zahlukene. Ulwahlulo lwamandla lwabela imisebenzi ethile kwisebe ngalinye; ii-checks kunye nolungelelwaniso lunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo zokongamela nokuthintela ezinye. Ngaphandle kwazo zombini ezi zinto, isebe elinye lingangenelela lula kummandla wenye. Ukujongwa ngokunzulu kwingcambu zentanda-bulumko, iFULT] iPapers [ inikela inkcazelo ebanzi ngendlela abasunguli abayibona ngayo le nkqubo isebenza ngayo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko umisela amasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko namandla ahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda indima yalo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo nokulinganisela.

  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe elinokwahlulelwa: Libeka imithetho, eyenziwe yiBhunga neNdlu yabameli (Icala).
  • Isebe eliphumezayo: imithetho yamandla, ekhokelwa nguMongameli, ngenkxaso evela kuMongameli onguVimba kunye neKhabhinethi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe le-judicial: litolika imithetho, equka iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi ze-oventine.

Isebe loMthetho

IBhunga lowiso-mthetho, njengesebe lesizwe, linegunya lokuvakalisa imfazwe, negunya lokudlulisela umthetho wesizwe. Isakhiwo sayo se-bimeral .IBhunga elinomelo olulinganayo neNdlu eyahlulwe ngabantu, kwaye ngokwalo lalulalanisa ulungelelwaniso olulungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Isebe lemithetho-mthetho liqhuba ulawulo lolawulo oluphezulu ngokuva, ukuphengulula, ukuphengulula, namandla okungakhuthazi. Likwaqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano zemithetho-ografiki. Ngaphandle kwesebe le-Rhulumente, akukho mthetho oya kumiselwa, kwaye akukho mithetho iphathekayo ibingayi kungenayo inkqubo esemthethweni efunekayo ukulawula.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, lizalisekisa imithetho kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-mikhosi okwiNtloko yomkhosi, eqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye unika imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu ukukhokelwa koorhulumente. Noko ke, amandla olawulo akaphelelanga. UMongameli angawulawula umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingawulawula umthetho, kodwa i-Constantia isenokuwulawula uwonke-iiyunithi ezimbini kumagumbi omabini. Umiselo lomongameli kwi-judiary kunye nezikhulu ezingundoqo lufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlangalamfama. Ubuchule bomphathi-nkulu bolawulo lulungelelaniswa ngokukhawuleza ngolawulo kunye noluvo olugwetyiso. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yabalawuli bezomthetho isenokucelwa enkubelweni ukuba bangaphaya kwegunya lomthetho.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana noMgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, njengenkundla ephakamileyo, inento yokugqibela ethethayo kwimibuzo yezobugqeba ngamandla ovavanyo, amiswe ku Marbury v. Madison[. Abagwebi abalungele ukuchotshelwa ubomi ukuze bakhusele uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, kodwa abamiselwanga nguMongameli kwaye baqiniseki yiBhunga. Ingqungquthela iyakwazi ukuguqula imigaqo yenkundla yephondo kunye netyala, enzima. Abagwebi abamele ukuba babe ngabagwebi abazimeleyo. [12] Inkundla ithetha ukuba ityala lomntu ozimeleyo ligweba ilungelo lokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye okanye i-propatistlitive. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngumzekelo [FT.] [2] [2]

Indlela Onokuwuhlola Nawonganyelwa Ngayo Umsebenzi

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza ngesixhobo esinemiqathango yabaphathi abathile. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokulinganisela izenzo zezinye ezimbini, lisenza ulungelelwano olufuna intsebenziswano nolalanisa. Ngaphantsi zizinto ezingundoqo elihlola ngazo elinye isebe.

  • Ingqikelelo-mali kwisebe eliphetheyo: Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umongameli (namaninzi amabini anesithathu), engayinyani kwaye isuse uMongameli, ilawule uqingqo-mali lwezwe, iqinisekise ulawulo lwezigqeba, kunye nezivumelwano ze-radify. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuphengulula izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva kwekomiti lize linyanzelise ubungqina.
  • Ingcebiso zeNkundla eziBalulekileyo kwiSikhundla: imisela iinkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe, imisela igunya lazo (ngemida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko), kwaye ingakwazi ukutshintsha inani labagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ikwaphethe namandla okungaququzeli kwaye isuse abagwebi bezwelonke.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali ePhambili kwiMithetho: UMongameli angarhoxa amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, efaka iivoti zokwaphula iintambo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxoxisana okanye okungquzulanisa iingqungquthela phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga.
  • Ingxibo zeSebe eziSebenzayo kwiJadi: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNkundla ePhakamileyo. UMongameli kwakhona angaxolela aze akhuphe iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe, ezinokuba negalelo kwiziphumo zomthetho.
  • [[NTLA:0] Iingqikelelo ze-judicial kwi-Legistical: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini engamiswanga ngokucaciswa kwemithetho. Zingakwachaza intsingiselo yemimiselo, ngokunempumelelo ibumba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo umthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla ze-judicial Iikhankanyo kuMphathi-mathiriyeli: zingalawula ukuba imiyalelo okanye izenzo eziphetheyo ziyawuphula umGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wesizwe. Zingaphinda zinikezele imimiselo yokumisa izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ezilindele uhlalutyo olusemthethweni.

Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokwenza nto lingekho kwisigqibo esinzulu. Umzekelo, umongameli angakhupha umyalelo olawulayo, kodwa ukuba uyangqubana nomthetho womthetho we-stato, iBhunga lingakhupha umthetho wokuwuphelisa (ngokulawulwa kwenye iveto), kwaye ijaji ingawubetha. Isiphumo singurhulumente oqhuba ngabom, ofuna ukuba kuvumelanwe ngamaqela amaninzi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukujonga Umbandela Nokulungelelana

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano aziyomigaqo nje engekho ngqiqweni yomgaqo-siseko; zinentsingiselo ecacileyo yokulawula nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukubaluleka kwazo kulinganisa iinkalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Ukukhusela Ubuchule

Injongo eyintloko yokuhlola nokulinganisela kukukhusela naliphi na isebe okanye inkokeli ekuqokeleleni igunya elinganqandwayo. Imbali izele yimizekelo yoorhulumente apho ukugxininiswa kwamandla kwakhokelela ekulawuleni idemon, ekuxhatshazweni kwamalungelo abantu, nokungazinzi. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, abanamava olawulo lwamathanga phantsi kolawulo olunamandla, bafuna ukuyila inkqubo apho igunya liza kusasazwa lize liphathwe. Le migaqo yesakhiwo yenza kube nzima kakhulu nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo yolawulo lwezobupolitika.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lunceda ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabemi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ziphantsi kovavanyo kunye nolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iKhomishini idlulisa umthetho ophazamisayo ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawubetha. Ngokufanayo, ukuba imiyalelo kamongameli engafuneki, iinkundla zinokulawula loo nyathelo lingagunyaziswanga ngokwemigaqo-siseko. Oku kukhusela kuthetha ukuba amalungelo awaxhomekekanga ngokupheleleyo kugunyaziso lwamagosa anyuliweyo; agxininiswa kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula

Xa isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuqwalasela nokunyanzela abanye, amagosa karhulumente akakwazi ukwenza ngendlela engasohlwaywayo. Ukuva okusemthethweni kunokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi komphathi ophezulu. Imithetho yejaji inokwenza ingabi namsebenzi imiyalelo yezolawulo olungekho mthethweni. Kwanosongelo sokungathomalali singumsebenzi onamandla wokuthintela ukuthembana nomthetho. Oku kubonakalayo kukhuthaza ukuthembeka koluntu kwaye kuqinisa umthetho. Ingineza zinokuphendula kubameli bazo, zazi ukuba akukho sebe lizikhusela ekuhlolweni.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokulalanisa

Inkqubo inyanzela amasebe ukuba avumelane. Umongameli akanakwenza inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho; uMbutho awunakuyidlulisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iveto; kwaye iinkundla azinakwenza inkqubo kwibherin. Oku kungqubana kudla ngokukhokelela kumthetho othe qwalaselwayo kunye nemigaqo ebonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Ngoxa iqhina legrid linokudimaza, kwakhona lithintela ukumiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemithetho enokuthi kamva iphoxeke.

Imbali Nempembelelo Esisiseko

Abakhi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. babephenjelelwe kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noWilliam Blackstone. UMontesquieu's Umoya woMthetho [ [1748]) waphikisa ukuba ukwahlula umphathi, umthetho, nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho yayibalulekile kwinkululeko. Abaqululeki babebone ukuxhatshazwa kwegunya phantsi koKumkani uGeorge III, apho umlawuli wemikhosi yelizwe wayenokukwazi ukuphatha, ukuphumeza, kunye nogwebo olungenantsingiselo. Umgaqo-siseko, ovunyiweyo ngo1788, waba nguvavanyo olusemthethweni olusasaziweyo.

James Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, wachaza ingqiqo kuludwe lwamaFederal No. 51: "Umdla kufuneka wenziwe ukulwa namabhongo. Waphikisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lifanele libe nendlela nentshukumisa yokuxhathisa ukuphazamisana namanye. Le ntanda-bulumko ikhokelele ukudalwa kwamagunya angenayo."njengokuba iveto, ukuphengulula, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye nokuqinisekisa kweBhunga (ukuqinisekisa inkqubo ihlala ilungelelene ngexesha. umbhalo opheleleyo wesigqeba elinguMbutho ] ufumaneka kwithala leencwadi zeBhunganiso ngabo bafuna ukuphanda ezi mpikiswano.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo nolungelelwano kuye kwavela. Ukuvela kwamaqela ezobupolitika, ukwanda kolawulo, nokukhula kwamandla obungameli konke kuvavanye ukuyilwa kobu buchule. Kodwa umgaqo osisiseko ushiyekile: amandla kufuneka ahlolwe.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene zee Ngxaki noManyano

Iziganeko ezininzi zembali zibonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezisebenzayo. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela esebenza ngayo kwaye maxa wambi ijongene noxinzelelo.

  • Ukwahlulwa kooMongameli: Congress ityikitywe ngoomongameli abathathu: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho namnye owagwetywa yiBhunga-ma, kodwa inkqubo ngokwayo yabonakalisa ulawulo lolawulo lwegunya eliphezulu. KuMphathiswano we-Johnson, kufutshane no-'uphicolo projekthi waqinisa imida yegunya lomongameli ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwe-propati.
  • Impinda yeJodicial Imiselwe: [[FLT]bury v. Madison [1803]) umisela imodeli yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivakalise izenzo zeBhunga elingavumelaniyo nemithetho. Eli tyala lavela kwimpikiswano yezopolitiko malunga neentlanganiso zejaji ze-athom laze laqinisa indima yesebe lejaji njengesebe elilinganayo.
  • Imiyalelo ephucukileyo evavanyiweyo: Kwi Abaselula basemaphepheni Ikhasi le Tube Co. v. Sawyer (152], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba umyalelo wegunya likaMongameli Truman wokubamba izigingqi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea wawungasetyenziswa kuba yayingenagunyaziso lobuhlanga. Le meko yaqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba kwanabalawuli bexesha lemfazwe ayinakugqitha kwisebe lowiso-mthetho.
  • I-Legislative Veto Struck Ezantsi:[[FT:1] Kwi INS v. Chadha [19983], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayenza ingasebenzi i-cedsbe yomthetho omnye wendlu, ilawula ukuba iBhunga alinakukwazi ukuphelisa izigqibo zesebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kobukho be-biabralist kunye nokunikwa uMongameli. Esi sigqibo sakhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwamandla.
  • IBridgets dats:[ ikhomba-mali karhulumente, eyinika intlawulo ebalulekileyo ngaphezu kwezinto eziphambili eziphambili. Ukuvalwa korhulumente, njengangonyaka ka-2018 no-2018, kwenzeka xa uMongameli neBhunga lingenakuvumelana ngemimiselo ecacileyo kodwa esebenzayo kodwa ebonakalisa iingqikelelo kunye nezilinganiso.

Le mizekelo ibalaselisa ukuba ukuhlolwa nokulungelelana akuthethwa; ilawula ngokukhutheleyo yaye inyanzela amasebe ukuba athethe okanye ajongene nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kule nkqubo

Ngoxa uhlolo nolungelelwano luhlala luqinile, bajamelana neengcinezelo ezinkulu kulawulo lwangoku. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuhloleni impilo yamaziko olawulo-moya.

Name

Icandelo elikhulu labalawuli lingenza inkqubo ingaphazanyiswa. Xa elinye iqela lilawula umongameli kunye nomnye ulawulo lweBhunga, ubuchule bolawulo bungasetyenziswa njengezixhobo. Uphando lungaba luhlaselo oluthabathayo kunokuba lube luqheliselo lokwenyaniso lokuphendula. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa elinye iqela lilawula zombini amasebe ewiso-mthetho kunye negunya, iingxilongo zenkcaso ziyadodobala, kwaye inkoliso isenokungatyekelanga ekuzilungiseni. I-Griplock iqhelekile, kodwa kunjalo ukukhukuliseka kwemilinganiselo xa iqela lisebenzisa imigaqo ephantsi.

Ulwandiso lwamandla alawulayo

Kule nkulungwane idluleyo, isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kumgangatho negunya, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yobunzima bokulawula kwale mihla. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa ngokukhulayo imiyalelo yezolawulo, ukutyikitya iingxelo, kunye nokubekwa kolawulo ukuze bangayithobeli iBhunga. Ngoxa ijaji inokuba negalelo elipheleleyo ekuphathweni, ubuninzi besenzo solawulo lwezikhundla benza kube nzima. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le ngxaki inciphisa ulungelelwano lwesiseko ngokombono wokuqala.

Ukutyunjwa Kwezigwebo Neembono

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe, ingakumbi abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, baye bancitshiswa kakhulu. Ngokumiselwa kobomi bonke, umongameli omnye uyakwazi ukubumba ijaji kangangamashumi eminyaka. Amadabi okuqinisekisa akutshanje aye aphelisa izithethe zokuthoba isantya kunye ne-bipartisan. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi oku kuphambanisa kusongela inkululeko egqalwa njengejaji kunye namandla ayo okusebenza njengomxhasi wecandelo.

Ukunyuka Kwengxolo Neecheke Ezingecwangciswanga

Asizizo zonke ii-checks eziqiniswe kuMgaqo-siseko. Ezininzi zixhomekeke kwizithethe ezingabhalwanga ngokomthetho zokwenza uzimeleyo kweSebe leJaji okanye ukungaqhubi abahloli jikelele ngaphandle kwesizathu. Xa ezi zithethe zophulwe, ii-checks ezisesikweni zingangqineka zinganele. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kungekuphela kwimiqathango yezibonelelo kodwa nakukuzinikela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Iingqiniwa nolungelelwano zingaphezulu kunezinto zembali; zisebunzimeni obugcina inkululeko, buqinisekise ukuphendulelwa, kwaye buthintela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla. Ukusuka ekuhlolweni nasekuhlolweni kwemithetho kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweBhunga, inkqubo nganye isebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo. Ngoxa imingeni yangoku ivavanya ukukwazi ukumelana nale nkqubo, uyilo lwesiseko luhlala luvakala. Ingingqi yesiseko eqonda ukuba uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso lunokukwazi njani ukukhusela nokukhusela urhulumente wayo kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi ewuxhasayo. Ikamva lale nkqubo lixhomekeke ekuphaphengulukeni, ekuhlanganeni, nasekuqhubekeni kumthetho.