Table of Contents

Kwiholo enkulu yedemokhrasi yaseMelika, uphatho lolawulo-mthetho ludlala indima ephambili kodwa edla ngokungasetyenziswa. Ngeli xesha unyulo lomongameli luthatha intloko-ntloko kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziqalisa iingxoxo zesizwe, umsebenzi wemini-yosuku-suku-lungiso lweBhunga, ukuphengulula, nokubeka ityala kwisebe eliphetheyo lixhasa iziseko lolawulo-demokhrasi. Eli gunya liphakamisa, libuza, lize lifune iimpendulo kumagosa anamandla kurhulumente.

Ukuqonda indlela yokulawula kombutho womkhosi osebenza ngayo kuveza okungaphezulu kunabalungisi bendlela yokulungisa; kukhanyisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulondoloza ulungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, uxinezeleko phakathi kokukhanya nokhuseleko, kunye nocelomngeni lokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ngeli xesha kusenza ulawulo olunempumelelo. Ukusuka eWatergate ukuya eIran-Contra, ukusuka kwi 9/11 Commission ukuya kwimpendulo ye-CHOVID, ulawulo lombutho luye lwaguqula imbali yaseMelika kwaye luyaqhubeka luchaza imida yegunya eliphetheyo.

Kodwa amaMerika amaninzi akakaqondi ukuba kubandakanya ntoni ukuvelela ingqungquthela, indlela esebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba ibaluleke kubomi bawo bemihla ngemihla. Oku kungaziqondi kuyaba buthathaka inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwaye kuvumela ukuxhatshazwa okunokwenzeka ukuba kungadideki. Ngokuhlolisisa iindlela zolawulo, imbali, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle le ngqwalasela isisiseko negunya likarhulumente yaye siyayiqonda indima yethu ekuxhaseni ulawulo olunempumelelo.

Yintoni ulawulo lweBhunga? Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ukuchaza Amandla Okulawula

[[NKQUBO:0] Uphatho lolawulo lwequmrhu lubhekiselele ekuhlolweni, ekujongweni, nasekulawuleni kwamaziko, iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yiKhomishini yeKhomishini yeUnited States. Eli gunya linceda iNkomfa iqinisekise ukuba imigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo iphumeze, ichithe imali yomhlawuli werhafu ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye isebenza kwimida esemthethweni nengokokuziphatha.

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko ungachazi ngokuphandle "ukulunga," eli gunya lifumaneka kumalungiselelo amaninzi omgaqo-siseko. Inkcazondinika iBhunga [ igunya lokwenza imithetho, imali efanelekileyo, kunye namagosa azimeleyo, .] Amandla afuna ukukwazi ukuphanda nokujonga. Umthetho ofanelekileyo nofanelekileyo unika iBhunga iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla alo ngokunempumelelo, ezo inkundla eziye zawatolika ukuquka ulawulo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba amandla olawulo lweBhunga. McGrain v. Daughherty (1927), iNkundla yachaza ukuba "amandla okubuza] kunye nenkqubo yokuyinyanzelisa," liluncedo olufanelekileyo nolufanelekileyo kumsebenzi womthetho." Olu lwazi lwezomthetho lumisa ukujonga hayi njengesixhobo somsebenzi wezopolitiko kodwa njengomsebenzi ongundoqo oyimfuneko kumthetho noxanduva.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko noqheliselo lwangaphambili

Iziqulo zomGaqo-siseko zaqonda ukubaluleka kwamandla okukhangela. UJames Madison wabhala kuNo uluhlu lwe-Federali. 51 ukuba "iluvo kufuneka lwenziwe ukulwa nephulo," ukuseka inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye linokugada ukuba lingangeneli abanye. Le ncubeko ifakelele ulawulo kwisakhiwo somgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokukhankanya ngokucacileyo.

IiBhunga zokuqala zasungula imizekelo yobuveleli ngokukhawuleza. Ngo1792, iNdlu yabameli yaphanda ngentlekele yomkhosi Jikelele uArthur St. Clair's soyiswa yimikhosi yamaNative Merika, iseka ilungelo leKhomishini lokuhlola ukungaphumeleli kwesebe eliphetheyo. Olu phengululo lwamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo: iBhunga linokunyanzela amaxwebhu kwisebe eliphetheyo, linyanzelela amagosa ukuba anikele ubungqina, kwaye lenze amaphulo agxeke izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo.

Uphando 1827 kwiBhanki yesibini yeUnited States lwabonisa indlela uphando olunokutyhila ngayo ukunganyaniseki kunye nempembelelo yenkqubo. Abaphengululi bombulo batyhila ukungalungelelani kwemali kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko, ekugqibeleni befak' isandla kuMongameli Andrew Jackson ukukhupha ugcino-mali lwemali ebhankini. Lo mzekelo wangaphambili wabonisa indlela ukujongana nenkqubo yekonkcitho okunokuvelisa ngayo utshintsho ngaphaya kwento nje efunyenweyo.

Indaleko Kwimbali YaseMelika

Ulawulo lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe. Imfazwe yamakhaya yabona iBhunga lidala iKomiti edidekileyo kwiNdlela yemfazwe, eyaphanda imisebenzi yasemkhosini, ukuqhatha, kunye nezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ngelixesha kulula ukufikelela kwizigqibo zomkhosi, le komiti yamisa umgaqo wokuba kwanabaphathi bezomkhosi bexesha lemfazwe bajongene nohlolo lombutho.

IXesha leNkqubela-phambili lazisa ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo njengoko urhulumente wengingqi uAlbert Fall wandisa. Uphando lwetyala le-Teapot Dome] lweminyaka yee-1920 lubhenca ubuqhetseba kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente, kunye nabaphengululi beNtlanganiso betyhila ukuba unobhala weSizwe u-Albert Fall wamkela isinyongo sokurhwebela i-oyile. Oku kuphengululo kwabonisa amandla okuhlola urhwaphilizo olunokuthi abatshutshisi bezaphuli-mthetho bangayiphosa.

Inkqubo yale mihla yongameli yavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngoMthetho weReorganisation ka-1946 , ogunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni ukuba usebenzise iikomiti ezimileyo "ukuqhubeka zilindile" kumaziko aphantsi kolawulo lwazo. Olu tshintsho lwenza umsebenzi osisigxina, omiselwe kunokwenza umsebenzi osisigxina kunokuba ube yi-ad hoc ukuphendula kwiihlazo.

Indlela Ingcebiso yeBhunga Elawula Ngayo: Izixhobo Nezixhobo Zokusebenzisa Izixhobo

Uphando lweKomiti Neendlebe

Iikomiti zolawulo zisebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili zobuveleli, kunye nekomiti nganye ehlola amasebe athile kunye nemimandla yenkqubo. IKomiti yeNdlu ePhakathi neNdlu yoLawulo noHlaziyo kunye neKomiti yeNtlalo-ntle yoKhuselo lweMandla kunye neMicimbi yoRhulumente isebenza njengolawulo lukarhulumente ngokubanzi, ngoxa ezinye iikomiti zijolise kwisebe elithile kunye nakumaqumrhu olawulo lwemithetho-mthetho.

Amandla Okuva Kwabantu

Ukuva kukawonke-wonke kumela eyona sixhobo sibonakalayo. Ezi ziganeko zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ukuqokelela ulwazi, ukunikela ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kwimibandela, nokunika amagosa ityala ngokubuzwa ngoluntu. Ukuva ngevidiyo (ukuphakamisa izandla zasekunene, ukubuza ngengxwabangxwaba, kunye nezityhilelo eziphawulekayo ``inkcazelo zonxibelelwano nomdla woluntu ngeyona ndlela ingenako ukubuzwa ngayo iingxelo ezibhaliweyo.

Ukuva okunempumelelo kufuna ukulungiselela okuninzi. Abasebenzi bekomiti bachitha iinyanga bephanda, bebuza amangqina, behlola amaxwebhu phambi kwamalungu okubuza amangqina esidlangalaleni. Indlebe zobuveleli ezilunge kakhulu zidityaniswe ngokucokisekileyo ngokubuza ngemiba yeqonga, besebenzisa iqonga likawonke-wonke ukutyhila ulwazi kunye nokwenza uxinzelelo lotshintsho.

Ukuvakala kwe-profile ephezulu kungalubuyisela uluvo kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. 1973 iQumrhu leNtlanga leNtetho laluxhobisa uhlanga, linika ubungqina obubonisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lolawulo lweNixon kunye nokugquma. Kutshanje, ukuva ngeentlaselo zeBenghazi, nangona kuphikisana ngezobupolitika, kwabonisa indlela ulawulo olunenkxaso lungahlala ngayo luqwalasela ekusileleni kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Iindawo Zokubeka Iliso Nodliwano - ndlebe

Ngaphezu kombutho kawonke-wonke, umsebenzi omkhulu wobuveleli uyenzeka kwimibutho evaliweyo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lwabasebenzi. Le mimiselo isoloko ivelisa ubungqina obunyanisekileyo obungakumbi, njengoko amangqina evakalelwa ngathi aphucukile ekusebenziseni uxinzelelo ukuze enzele iikhamera. udliwano-ndlebe olunikiweyo namagosa angundoqo angatyhila iinkcukacha zokuba ubungqina basesidlangalaleni busenokufihla, ukunika iikomiti ngezixhobo zokulwa esweni okanye kwisenzo somthetho.

Uphando lwendlu lwama-2019 lwabonisa amandla okuvalwa kwendlu alandelwa ziindlebe zikawonke-wonke. Ubungqina bokuqala babucala obuvela kumagosa omsebenzi oqesho nakumagunya okhuseleko lwesizwe bamisela izibakala zokuba ukuchotshelwa kukawonke-wonke kamva kwanyusiwe, kuveliswa ukuxelelwa okuye kwabangela uluntu ukuba luziqonde kakuhle iziganeko ezintsonkothileyo.

Amandla Okuthenga

[[NTLA: 0] Ulawulo lwesiseko somgaqo-siseko kuphando lunika amandla okulawula ukusetyenziswa kolawulo. Ngokulawula inkxaso-mali, iBhunga linokuvuza iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, lohlwaye ukuphathwa kakubi, kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo ngaphandle kokukhupha imithetho emitsha.

Ulawulo lwezindululo

Inkqubo yokucalucalula yonyaka ifuna ukuba abameli bathethele uqingqo-mali lwabo, banike amathuba athe rhoqo okuvelela. Iikomiti zohlolo ziqwalasela iinjongo zokuchitha iinjongo, izinto eziphambili zombutho, kunye nokudibanisa iimeko zokuxhasa ngemali. La malungiselelo "amandla esingxobo" anokulawula ngokuphumelelayo isenzo sempangelo-mali `izinto ezinqabileyo azityesheli iimfuno ezinxulumene nemali yazo.

Abakhweli abafanelekileyo benkqubo yokulawula banokukwalela abameli ukuba bangasebenzisi imali kwimisebenzi ethile. IKhomishini iye yasebenzisa eli gunya ukukhusela izenzo zesebe eziphezulu ezifana nokuvalwa kweGuantanamo Bay ukuzalisekisa imimiselo ethile yemekobume.

Uhlaziyo nophicotho-zincwadi

I-ofisi yoManga e-Government Accounting (GAO), iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela, ii-Phondo ezineenkcukacha zophicotho lweenkqubo zesizwe kunye nenkcitho. Iingxelo zeGAO zinikezela ngohlalutyo olungathathi-nxaxheba olusetyenziswa ziikomiti ukuchonga inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Nabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-3000 kuquka ababhali, abaphengululi, kunye nabahlalutyi benkqubo, i-GAO isebenza njengovimba oyintloko weBhunga locwangciso oluzimeleyo.

Uluhlu lomngcipheko ophezulu lweGAO lubonisa imisebenzi karhulumente echanabeka ekulahlekeni, ekuqhatheni, ekuxhatshazweni, okanye ekungaphathwanga kakuhle. Le ngxelo yeminyaka elishumi elinamashumi asixhenxe inike ingqalelo kwimimandla eneengxaki, ukusuka kwiMedicare kunye neMedicaid ukuya kwi-computerurture. I-CPF kuLuhlu oluPhezulu lobungozi ijongeka ngakumbi de ibonise uphuculo.

Uqinisekiso

Igunya leNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuqinisekisa abamiselwe njengomongameli lidala amathuba okuvelela phambi kwamagosa athabatha isikhundla. I-Phondo livumela abaququzeleli ukuba bakhuphe imigaqo, bahlolisise imvelaphi yomntu oza kuvelela kwixesha elizayo, kwaye bamisele ukulindela oko kuza kwenzeka.

Iinkqubo zokungqinelana zale mihla ziye zaqalisa ukuphikisana ngakumbi, ngokuphanda ngemvelaphi, ngokuphanda iincwadi zemibuzo ezinde, nokutyhilwa kwengxelo yemali eneenkcukacha. Ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa le nkqubo iye yaba nzima kakhulu, abaxhasi bathi ukuphembelela ngokucokisekileyo kubathintela abantu abangafanelekanga okanye abonakeleyo ukuba bafumane izikhundla ezinamandla.

Isisongelo sokuvunywa kwesiqinisekiso esinzima siphembelela izigqibo zomongameli. Oomongameli bangakuphepha ukubeka ingxubusho ephambili okanye abo baneemvelaphi ezineengxaki, besazi ukuba iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iza kuzihlolisisa izigqibo zabo. Oku kuthelekelela kubangela ukuba ulongamelo ludlulele ngaphaya kwendlela yokuva.

Iimfuno zolwazi kunye namandla angaphantsi

IBhunga linegunya elibanzi lokufuna inkcazelo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Oku kuquka ukucela amaxwebhu, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nobungqina kumagosa. Ngoxa kukhethwa ukuthobela ngokuzithandela, iikomiti zingakhupha [[FLT: 0] ii-subpoenas ukunyanzela imveliso [[[FLT: 1] yolwazi xa abameli bechasa.

Igunya elincinci, nangona linamandla, lijongene nezithintelo ezisebenzisekayo nezisemthethweni. Ilixa lolawulo lolawulo linokukhusela ezinye iingxoxo zomongameli, kwaye iinkundla zifuna iinjongo ezithile zowiso-mthetho ukuze kufunyanwe inkcazelo. Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa oopopu kwiinkundla isenokuthatha iminyaka, ikwazi ukuphelisa imfuno ekhawulezileyo.

Iinkxwaleko zakutshanje ezikwiqela elingaphantsi kwengqungquthela zibalaselisa olu ngquzulwano. Ukuxhathisa kolawulo oluphangaleleyo kulawulo lweqela elingaphantsi kwenkundla encinci kwakhokelela kumadabi amaninzi enkundla, neziphumo ezidityanisiweyo eziqhubeka zibumba umthetho wokulawula. Le milo ibonisa amandla kunye nokulinganiselwa kolwazi olufunwa yingqungquthela.

Izixhobo Zokulawula Ezikhethekileyo

Ngokubanzi

[[NKQUBO:0] Umthetho weNjenganiso ka 1978 wadala iinja ezizimeleyo ezigadayo phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. La magosa aqhuba ii-phicolo kunye nophando, enika ingxelo kwiintloko zomaqumrhu kunye neeBhunga. IGs inika uphando oluqhubekayo lokuba iikomiti zikwazi ukuxhobisa, kunye neengxelo zazo ezixhobisa uphando lwengqungquthela.

I- Ikhonco yeNjengele yabahloli kwiNgqikelelo neNkxaso ilungelelanisa umsebenzi wama-IG angamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe esizwe ajonge iibhiliyoni kwimali echithwe ngurhulumente. Uzimele kwawo .--IGs zingasuswa kuphela nguMongameli ngesaziso kwiBhunga-ntle-ntle (iiinyani) ukuze zihlole ukwenza okubi kwanaxa ziphoxa abameli bazo.

IiKomiti neeKhomishini Ezikhethekileyo

Maxa wambi iKhomishini idala iikomiti ezikhethekileyo okanye iikhomishini zokujongana nemibandela ethile. IKhomishini 9/11] yayibonisa le ndlela, iqhuba uphando olukhawulezileyo kuhlaselo lwe-Septemba 11 kwaye ivelisa uncomelo oluguqula inkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Le mibutho ikhethekileyo ingawoyisa amadabi alawulayo phakathi kweekomiti ize inike ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwimibandela entsonkothileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Imicimbi Yokulawula Ingqungquthela Ibe Ngumphathi Wedemokhrasi

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla

Imbali ibonisa ukuba amandla okulawula angathintelwanga akhokelela ekuxhatshazweni. Ukungalawuli kunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo oluthintela oomongameli kunye nabalawuli ekugqitheni igunya labo okanye ukwaphula amalungelo abemi.

Uphando lweKomiti yeCawa lwee-1970 lwatyhila ukujongwa okugqithisileyo okungekho mthethweni, amaqhinga okubulala, kunye nokuhlola kwamakhaya okwenziwa ngamaqumrhu akrelekrele. Ezi zityhilelo zakhokelela ekudalweni kweekomiti zobuntlola obusisigxina kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yeLungu loLuntu iSurveildance (FA). Ngaphandle kophando lwengqungquthela, ezi mpatho zisenoqhubekeka ngonaphakade.

Kutshanje, uphatho lweenkqubo zokuzikhusela kwimikhosi yobuphekula lubhenca ubuchule bobuphicotho-zimo-zimo-zimvo (ukuvavanywa), ukujongwa okungenasiqinisekiso, kunye neentolongo ezifihlakeleyo. Ngelixesha ukhuseleko lwesizwe lubekelwe umda othile, uxinzelelo lwengqungquthela ekugqibeleni lunyanzelekile kwaye lucace ngakumbi ngezi nkqubo zempikiswano.

Ukuphumeza Imithetho Ngokuthembeka

IKhomishini ibhala imithetho, kodwa isebe eliphetheyo liyayizalisekisa. Ngaphandle kokuvelela, abameli bangayityeshela injongo yombutho, ngokunempumelelo ukuphinda ibhalwe imithetho ngokuzalisekiswa. [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo, hayi njengeebhureaucrates okanye abalawuli abakhethayo.

Ukuphunyezwa koMthetho wokuLangulwa okuNcedisiweyo kwabonisa ukuba lo mThetho unamandla. IiCongregational Republicans zakhokela ukuqengqeleka komthetho, ukubalaseliswa kokungafezeki kwe-website, iingxaki zokubhalisa, kunye neenguqu zolawulo. Nangona oku kuqukunjelwa kwezobupolitika, kwanyanzelisa ulawulo ukuba lucombulule iingxaki kwaye zichaze ukuphambuka kwiimfuno zomthetho.

Umthetho wendalo unika omnye umzekelo. Ukujongana neBhunga kuye kwabonisa iimeko apho abameli bemimiselo yongcoliso bengazange baphumelele ukunyanzelisa imimiselo yongcoliso okanye banike abaxhasi abangafanelekanga kwiinkampani ezinxulumene nezobupolitika. Olu hlolisiso lunganyanzelisa abameli ukuba balandele umthetho kwanaxa izinto eziphambili zolawulo zahlukile kwimiyalelo engokwemithetho.

Ukukhuthaza Ubuchule Borhulumente

Ukulawula kuchaza ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma nokungafezeki okubiza amawaka ezigidi zeebhiliyoni zerhafu minyaka le. Ngokubala iinkqubo ezingaphumelelanga kunye nabameli abangasetyenziswanga kakuhle, iBhunga linganyanzelisa uphuculo okanye liphelise ukusetyenziswa kwemali okungancediyo.

Ulawulo olude lwamashumi eminyaka lweSebe lokulwa lokuchitha imali luchaphazele ukungaphumeleli okuninzi: inkqubo yemfazwe yeF-35 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-F ethwaxwa kukulibazisa nokuphuma phambili, iLittoral Departum nqanawa yomkhosi eyahlulekayo ukufikelela kwimfuno zenkonzo, kunye nemizekelo emininzi encinci yenkunkuma. Ngelixesha umkhosi we-industrium enzima ibekelwe imiqathango yokulungisa, ukuphatha okuncinane kunyanzelela ukuvunywa kweengxaki zikawonke-wonke.

IGAO iqikelela ukuba incomela ukuba igcine iimali ezikhongozelekayo ezingaphezu kwamawaka ali-70 ezigidi zee-R250 ngonyaka. Le mali ifumaneka ngokufanisa iinkqubo eziphinda-phindwayo, ukuphucula ulawulo lwezivumelwano, nokunyusa ingeniso. Imali nganye echithwa ekunyamekeleni ibuyisela izihlandlo ezininzi kwimali egciniweyo nephucukileyo karhulumente.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Nokukhuthaza Ukubonisa Imbonakalo

Ulawulo lweBhunga lukhusela abavuli bempendulu abaxela ububi. Ngokunikela umjelo osemthethweni wokutyhila, iikomiti zobuveleli zinokubakhusela abantu abasenokujamelana nokuziphindezela ngenxa yeengxaki.

I- i-'wittle pulp' eyadala imposiso yokuqala kaMongameli Trump' yabonisa le ndlela yokhuseleko. Ngokuxela amaxhala ngemijelo efanelekileyo ukuya kwiBhunga, umntu ngamnye uphengulula ngoxa egcina ukhuseleko olusemthethweni. Eli tyala labalaselisa ukubaluleka kwamajelo okufutha impempe kunye neempikiswano zezobupolitika ezingadala.

Ukulawula kukwanceda ukuba kubonakale kwimibutho engafuniyo. Iimfuno zokunikela ingxelo rhoqo, ubungqina obunyanzelekileyo, kunye nokwenziwa koxwebhu kwenza iingxelo zikarhulumente. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho uluvo lobuchokoza, uphando lwemfundo, kunye nokuthembisana kwabemi okungenakukwazi ukuba amaziko aphetheyo asebenza ekusitheleni.

Imizekelo Emikhulu Yembali Yolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ukugalela Ulwandle: Impumelelo Epheleleyo

Uphando lwaseWatergate [ lwangowe1974 lumela iyure entle yolawulo lombutho wequmrhu. Oku kwaqala njengophengululo lokuqhekeza kwicandelo lesithathu" ekugqibeleni kwabhenca ulwaphulo-mthetho olusasazekileyo, lwanyanzela uwiso, kwaye urhulumente ohlaziyiweyo waseMelika.

IBhunga Elikhethiweyo kwiMithetho yeCandelo loMongameli, elaziwa njengeKomiti ye-Ervin emva kosihlalo uSam Ervin, waqhuba iindlebe ezinyuliweyo ezalushukumisa uhlanga. Ngophando lobucukubhede, ikomiti yatyhila ulwaphulo-mthetho lolawulo lweNixon: ukuqhekeza kwikomkhulu le Democratic, ukuhlawula imali evaliweyo kubagqeqeshi, ukusebenzisa iCIA ukuphazamisa uphando lwe-FBP, nokugcina uluhlu lweentshaba lokuziphindezela kwezobupolitika.

Impembelelo yamatyala yadlulela ngaphaya kokubhenca ulwaphulo-mthetho. Babonisa ukuba iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuphanda umongameli ngexesha lemfazwe (iVietnam), elo lungelo liphezulu lalinemida, kwaye abasebenzi bakawonke wonke babeza kukhetha umsebenzi ongaphezulu kokunyaniseka xa benyanzelekile ukuba banikele ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo. Isityhilo senkqubo yeWhite House yavela ngokuncinwa kwengqungquthela, inika ubungqina obuthisela ekuphumeleni kukaNixon.

Iziphumo zolawulo lwamanzi zavelisa utshintsho oluhlala luhleli: iSigqibo samaGunya emfazwe, uLawulo loHlawulo noMgaqo-nkqubo, iMithetho kuMthetho woRhulumente, kunye noMthetho woBuntlola baMazwe. Le mithetho yaqinisa ulawulo lwengqungquthela kunye namandla alinganiselweyo olawulo lwezizukulwana.

Iran-Contetra: Uphando kwiXesha lomabonwakude

I- i-Iran-Contra ityala[ lovavanyo lobuveleli boorhulumente obahlukeneyo kunye nokusingqongileyo kobuzwe. Uphengululo lwasebungqutheleni lwatyhila ukuba amagosa olawulo lukaReagan athengise izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran kwaye aphambukisa abavukeli beNicaragua, aphula imithetho enqanda zombini izenzo.

Ikomiti edityanisiweyo ephanda ngeNdlu yeSikolo yaqhuba iindlebe zesizwe ezicukucezweyo ezaba yimidlalo yezopolitiko. UPolice Oliver waseNorth's wanikela ubungqina obungathobeliyo, obupheleleyo ngeyunifomu yomkhosi kunye nentetho yobuzwe, yamguqula waba ligorha loluntu nangona wayevuma ukuxoka kwiBhunga kunye namaxwebhu aqhekekileyo.

Ulawulo lwe-Iran-Conttra lwabonisa ukumiselwa kolawulo xa kujongwa oomongameli abadumileyo namangqina anomtsalane. Nangona kutyhilwa ukwaphulwa okunzulu komthetho kunye nokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, uphando lwavelisa ityala elilinganiselweyo. Umongameli Reagan wakuphepha ukuphembelela ngokuzibanga engenalwazi, yaye uMongameli Bush kamva wawaxolela amanani angundoqo phambi kokuvavanywa.

Kodwa uphando lwaphumelela ekubhencani eli hlazo, ekupheliseni iinkqubo ezingekho mthethweni, nasekumiseleni imizekelo engokwaziswa okufihlakeleyo kwezenzo zombutho. Le mpikiswano ikwabonisa indlela ulongamelo olunokuba luyiyo ngayo imfazwe elwayo, namaRiphabliki ekhusela ulawulo namaDemocrates afuna ukuphendula.

IKhomishini ye-Bpartis

IKhomishini yesizwe ejongene ne-Terminal Attacks ku-United States, eyaziwa njenge 9/11 Commission, yabonakalisa amandla okuvelela xa ishenxiswa kwezobupolitika ezikhawulezileyo. Yadalwa ngo-2002 emva kwengcinezelo evela kwiintsapho zamaxhoba, ikhomishini yahlola iziphumo zohlaselo ze-Septemba 11 kunye nempendulo karhulumente.

Isakhiwo sekhomishini se bipartisan ``5' namaRepublic namaDemocrates amahlanu akhokelwa nguRiphabliki uThomas Kean kunye noDemocrat Lee Hamilton/fostered kukholo kunye nentsebenziswano. Kunokuba ibeke ityala, ikhomishini ijolise ekuqondeni ukungaphumeleli nokuthintela ukuhlasela kwexesha elizayo.

Ngeentsuku ezili-19 zokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke nodliwano - ndlebe olungaphezu kwe-1 200, eli qumrhu lavelisa ingxelo ecacileyo yokuhlaselwa nokusilela kobulumko okwabenza bakwazi. Ingxelo yokugqibela yaba ngumphathi omkhulu, wadibanisa uphando olucokisekileyo nokubhala okulula okubandakanya uluntu.

Ikhomishini 41 incomela ukulungiswa kwakhona kokhuseleko lwesizwe saseMelika, ukwenza uMlawuli woBuntlola beSizwe, ukulungisa ulawulo lobuntlola bombutho, kunye nokuphucula ulwazi olusabelana phakathi kwabameli. Ngokugcina umanyano lwe-bipartis kunye nokuqwalasela utshintsho olujongwa phambili kunokujonga emva kwetyala, lo msebenzi wafikelela iinguqu zenkqubo ezimandla.

Ukulawula Ingxaki Yemali: Amava ETARP

Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008 yabangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo olubanzi lweNkqutyana eMixokelelwano yoNcedo eHlulweyo (TEP) kunye nokusabela okubanzi kwezoqoqosho. Iiqumrhu zooongangamsha abaninzi .(kuquka iNtlanganiso-ntle Yolawulo oluPhambili, iNjengalwazi-ngeNjenganiso yeTarP, kunye neekomiti ezithe rhoqo hlela inkqubo engamawaka ezigidi ezingama-$700 ezigidi zeerandi.)

Iqela lenjongo yokulawula elikwindawo ebanzi , eliphethwe nguElizabeth Warren phambi komsebenzi weNdlu yeNdlu yeMali, livelise iingxelo zokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwemali ye-CARP ngenyanga. Iingxelo ezifikelelekayo zeqela leenqanawa kunye nokubonakala kwesixhobo sonxibelelwano sikaWarren kwanceda ukuchaza iingxaki zemali ezintsonkothileyo kuwonke wonke ngelixesha ucinezelo lwemali uThinte lokuphucula ubuchule benkqubo.

Oku kujongwa kwatyhila izenzo ezikhathazayo: iibhanki ezifumana imali engenayo imfuno ecacileyo, abalawuli abafumana iibhonasi phezu kwayo nje inkcitho yerhafu, kunye neenjongo zokuguqula inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho weBhunga. Ngelixesha zingakwazi ukuphelisa zonke izinto ezithandabuzekayo, ukujongana nokunyanzelisa ubuchule obungakumbi kwaye ziphembelela uluvo lukawonke wonke nxamnye neebheyile zexesha elizayo.

IKhomishini yeMali yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo-ntle yezezimali kamva yenza uphando oluphangaleleyo ngezizathu zentlekele, ivelisa ingxelo echaza ukuba yingxelo eqinisekisiweyo yokuwa kowa kuka-2008. Nangona iingcebiso zayo zithintele iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, le ngxelo inika ingxelo ebalulekileyo yembali kwaye iphembelela iingxoxo zemithetho yemali ezalandelayo.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokuphumelela Ebuvelelweni

Name

Contemporary oversight increasingly reflects partisan divisions, with the majority party protecting its president while aggressively investigating the opposition. This partisan oversight undermines credibility and effectiveness, as the public dismisses investigations as political theater rather than genuine accountability efforts.

Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama, iiRiphabliki zaqhuba ulawulo oluphangaleleyo lweziganeko ezifana noBenghazi kunye ne-IRS zijolise kwimpikiswano, kunye noDemocrates ethi ezi yayizizinto zokuzingela eziqhutywa kwezobupolitika. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, uDemocrats wahlola ukungenelela kweRashiya kunye nengcinezelo yaseUkraine ngoxa iRiphabliki yamaRiphabliki zakhala ihlazo elibi. Oku kuyaqhubeka phantsi koMongameli Biden, kunye noPropublicrates uPin Hunter Bidenn ngexesha uDemocrats ekhusela ulawulo.

Ulawulo lweqela alingokugxeka ngokupheleleyo, ukuphapha kweqela kungavumbulula iingxaki zokwenene ezinokungahoywa ziqabane elinye. Noko ke, xa ulawulo luba sisixhobo esiphendulisayo kunokuba sibe sisixhobo sokuphendula, luphulukana nokuthembana noluntu kunye nempembelelo esebenzisekayo.

Oomongameli bale mihla baya belwa ngokuya bechasa ulawulo lombutho ngokugqithisileyo ngokubhengezwa kwelungelo eliphangaleleyo, ukwala ukuhambisana nee-pace penades, kunye namadabi amade enkundleni. uxhathiso lwabaphathi olungakaze lubonwe [ ekujongeni ulawulo, `amagosa afundisayo angangqini nakwalatha zonke iimfuno zoxwebhu.]

Ezi mfazwe zisoloko zidlula imfuneko yophatho lwangoko. Iimfazwe zenkundla phezu koophayiphu abangaphantsi zingathatha iminyaka, apho ixesha lezopolitiko ligqithe okanye ulawulo lutshintshile. Ityala leMcGahn, elibandakanya owayesakuba yiWhite House Counsel Counser Don McGahn, wathatha iminyaka emibini ukusombulula, ixesha elide emva kokuba imicimbi isebenza ngokukhawulezileyo.

I-Ofisi yeSebe lezeMicimbi yeSebe leSiluleko saMagunya eSizwe inikela ugwebo olusemthethweni lokungathobeli kwemigaqo yabalawuli, kwanaxa iinkundla zisenokungavumelani ekugqibeleni. Ezi zimvo zidala ulibaziseko olunokuthi luyoyise ulawulo ngokunempumelelo kwanokuba iBhunga lithe ekugqibeleni lalawula ngokusemthethweni.

Uhlelo kunye neengxelo zokhuseleko

Ukubekwa koluhlu olugqithisileyo kuvumela abameli abaphetheyo ukuba bakhusele ulwazi kulawulo lombutho. Ngexa amaxhala okhuseleko afanelekileyo efuna ukhuseleko olufihlakeleyo, ukwenziwa komgangatho wolawulo luye lwaba sisixhobo sokuphepha ukuphendula [ kunokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Amaqumrhu ajongene nobuchule ahlula izigidi zamaxwebhu minyaka le, amaninzi aqulethe inkcazelo esele isenziwa nguwonke-wonke okanye ingenalwazi lokhuseleko lokwenene. Olu gqabhuko-gqabhuko-magama lwenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela kwanakulawula abasebenzi abahlaziyiweyo, abamele bahlole izinto ezikhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokuthatha amanqaku okanye bafune iingcali zangaphandle.

Uxanduva phakathi kokhuseleko nolawulo lwaphumelela ngendlela ephawulekayo kuphando lokuphazamisa konyulo lwaseRashiya. Iingxoxo zokuhlelwa kweengxoxo zalinganisela oko kwakunokuxoxwa ekuhleni, kuthintele amandla eKhomishini okuxelela abemi ngezisongelo zedemokhrasi. Kwanaxa iikomiti zafumana ii-accompling, zazingenakukwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi olubalulekileyo namalungu oluntu.

Ulwazi oluninzi kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo

Ubukhulu bobuveleli borhulumente wengingqi budala imingeni engenakunikwa komiti idilesi ngokupheleleyo. Ngomawakawakawaka eenkqubo, izigidi zabaqeshwa, kunye nezigidi-zigidi zemali, ukujonga okubanzi akunakwenzeka. Committees kufuneka akhethe amadabi awo[ ngokungenakunqandwa ashiye iindawo ezininzi ezingangeni.

Imiqathango yabasebenzi abasebenza kwiBhunga iyayandisa le ngxaki. Ngoxa abameli abaphetheyo beqesha amakhulu amawaka, iikomiti zombutho zineziqeshwa ezincinane ukuqhuba ulawulo. Ikomiti yeNdlu eqhelekileyo inokuba namalungu asebenzayo amalunga nama-30-60 ajonge amasebe angamashumi amawaka abasebenzi kunye noqingqo-mali lwezantlola zezigidi zezigidi.

Iminyaka yolwazi isenza kube nzima ukuvelela ngezinye iindlela. Iikomiti zelifa lemveli zinokutshona ziphethe amawaka amaphepha xa ziphendula izicelo, zazi ukuba abasebenzi abalinganiselweyo abanakukwazi ukuhlolisisa yonke into ngokucokisekileyo. Le "Ubuchule bokulahla" buvumelana neemfuno zobukhokeli ngoxa zifihla ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwivolume.

ISiqwenga samajelo eendaba neNkxaso kaRhulumente

Uphatho olunempumelelo lufuna uphakamiso lukawonke-wonke ukuze lubangele uxinzelelo lotshintsho. Kodwa ukwahlulwa kolwazi lwangoku kuthetha ukuba kwanophando olubalulekileyo lungafumana intlawulo elinganiselweyo. Ingxelo ecacileyo ethetha ukuba abaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo bafumana ngokupheleleyo ingxelo engokwahlukeneyo ngemigudu yokuvelela.

I-Web site yoluntu ikhawulezisa imijikelo yamaphephandaba, yenza ingqalelo eqhubekayo kuphando oluntsonkothileyo kube nzima. Ngexesha iikomiti ezigqibelele ngalo uphando olucokisekileyo, ingqalelo kawonke-wonke iye yaphethukela kwiingxoxo ezintsha. Le ngxaki yokungakhathalelwa inciphisa impembelelo yolawulo, (ukuba uluntu aluyazi okanye alukhathali ngoko kufunyaniswe kuko, uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika lokupheliswa kweenguqu.

Ukuwohloka kobuzwilakhe basekuhlaleni kuchaphazela ngokukhethekileyo ukuvelela kweeofisi neenkqubo zengingqi. Ngaphandle kokuba iintatheli zigqumathelele abameli bengingqi, iingxaki zisenokukhula zingabonakali de zibe ngamanyala esizwe.

Indima Yabemi Ekuxhaseni Ulawulo Lweengxuwa

Ukuqonda Ukuba Ngumphathi Njengomsebenzi Ofanelekileyo

Abami benza indima ebalulekileyo kodwa edla ngokungaziwa ekwenzeni uphando lwengqungquthela lube lunempumelelo. ukudityaniswa kobukho babaphathi kudala ingcinezelo yezobupolitika efunekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe kwaye kuphendulwe ityala. Xa abemi benikela ingqalelo kubaphathi, bafunde iingxelo zophando, baqhagamshelane nabameli beziphumo, baguqula ulawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi olusuka eWashington lube kukuphendula kwidemokhrasi.

Imfundo ye-bic malunga nolawulo ihlala ingenayo ngokulusizi. Inkoliso yamaMerika ayinakuchaza ukuba kuyintoni ukuvelela kwengqungquthela okanye kutheni ibalulekile. Oku kungazi kuvumela amagosa ukuba aphebeze ulawulo lwezobupolitika njengoluphembelelayo kunokuba asebenze ngedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda okungcono kobuveleli kuya kukomeleza ukusebenza nokusemthethweni kwalo.

Abahlali kufuneka bajonge imigudu yobuveleli njengemisebenzi efana nokuvota. Kanye njengokuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba abantu bavotelwe ngolwazi, kufuneka abemi abayiqondayo indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo baze bagcine amagosa enziwe amatyala phakathi konyulo. Oku kugadiswa kwenza ulawulo lube nentsingiselo ngaphandle kwemidlalo yemidlalo yezopolitiko.

Ukusebenzisana neenkqubo zolawulo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuthatha inxaxheba kumphathiswa. Abameli abadibeneyo abakwingqungquthela malunga nezinto eziza kuqala zobuveleli zingaphembelela imiba yeekomiti. Xa amalungu evakalisa inkxalabo ngeenkqubo ezithile okanye amaziko athile, amalungu ayaziqaphela kwaye angenza uphando.

Ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu nakumagumbi kawonke-wonke anika amathuba okuphakamisa imiba yokuvelela ngokuthe ngqo nabameli. Imibuzo emalunga nokuba kutheni iikomiti zingaphandi imiba ethile okanye oko ziye zakufumanisa ngokuvelela ingqwalasela yamalungu eqela lamalungu enqanawa, ibonelela nokuvelisa intshumayelo yamajelo-ndaba asekuhlaleni.

Ukunikezela inkcazelo kwiikomiti zooveleli kusenokubangela ukuba kuphandwe. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi lwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba okanye ukuxhatshazwa zingaqhagamshelana nabasebenzi beekomiti ngobungqina obubonakalayo. Ngoxa iikomiti zifumana iingcebiso ezininzi, inkcazelo ethembekileyo evela kwimithombo enolwazi idla ngokubangela uphando olunzulu.

IKomiti yendlu ekwiNdlu kunye noHlaziyo nezinye iikomiti zigcina iiwebhsayithi apho abemi banokufumana ulwazi nophando lwendlela. Aba basebenzi becandelo lolawulo lomgangatho wecawa bayenza ibe negalelo elingaphaya kwemijelo engaphakathi.

Ukuxhasa Ukubonakala Kwangaphambili Nokuphendula

Abahlali bangaxhasa iindlela zolawulo ezinamandla ngokudibana kwezobupolitika. Ukuxhasa abo babeka ulawulo phambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, kuqinisa ukuzimisela kwengqungquthela ukuphanda. Imigudu yokuthomalalisa izixhobo zobuveleli. / Nokuba ngaba umhloli uyakwazi ukuzimela, ukuxhasa iGAO, okanye ukukhusela idemokhrasi.

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) izicelo zabemi abancedisa ukulungiselela ulawulo. Xa amaqumrhu engavumi ukunikela inkcazelo kwiNgqungquthela, izicelo zommi iFOIA maxa wambi zingafumana amaxwebhu ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo. Imibutho yeJournalism kunye nabameli bokubonakala ngapha nangapha basebenzisa i-FOIA ukuxhasa imigudu yobuveleli.

Ukukhusela abavuli-mlozi abaxela ububi kwiBhunga kufuna inkxaso yoluntu. Xa abavuli-mlozi bejongene nempindezelo okanye ukubulawa kobuntu, ummi ukhuselwa ukuba abakhusele abanye ukhuthaza abanye ukuba baqhubeke. Olu khuselo lubaluleke ngakumbi xa abantu befuna ukuphelisa izikhalo zenyaniso.

Ukufunda nokubhala nakubuchule

Ukuqonda indlela amajelo eendaba agquma ngayo uphando kunceda abemi baluvavanye ngokuchanekileyo uphando. Ukuqonda imigudu yolawulo ```````````''''''''' ukucutha iziphumo zokwenene okanye ukubaxa izinto ezincinci' zicingisisa ngokuphandle ngolwazi olungakumbi ngokuziphendulela korhulumente.

Ukufuna imithombo ephambili kunokuthembela kuphela kwiinkcazelo zejelo leendaba kunika ukuqonda okucacileyo. Ukufunda iingxelo zekomiti yokwenene, ukugada iindlebe ezipheleleyo kunokuba kuqwalaselwe, nokuhlola okufunyenweyo kunika ufikelelo olungakhuthaziweyo kulwazi lobuveleli. Ngoxa kusetyenziswa ixesha, oku kubandakanya ngokuthe ngqo kuphepha imbono egqwethayo nemigaqo yezobupolitika.

Ukuxhasa ugcino-lwazi olunobunewunewu olugubungela ulwalathiso lubonisa imigudu yamajelo eendaba yokuziphendulela. Ukunikezela kwiimpapasho ezinikela ingxubusho yobuveleli, ukuxubusha amabali abalulekileyo ophando, nokunikela ingxelo yobuveleli kubonisa ukuba abantu banomdla wokuba neendaba ezinokuthenjwa.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ulungiso lobugcisa

Ubugcisa bezi mini bunika amathuba amatsha okuvelela xa busenza imingeni yenoveli. Data analytics[ ingabona iipateni zenkunkuma okanye ubuqhetseba kwii-database ezinkulu zikarhulumente ezinokuthi ziphoswe kukuhlola komntu. Ubuchule bokwenziwa bungajongwa njengemiqathango erhabaxa, imilinganiselo yokuchitha iintlawulo, okanye ukuphumeza imilinganiselo egqwethiweyo yokuphanda.

Unxibelelwano lwamanani ludala iingxelo ezininzi ezinokuxhasa. Ii-imeyili, imiyalezo, kunye namaxwebhu e-elektroniki anika ubungqina bokuba izizukulwana zangaphambili zabaphandi zazingenazo. Noko ke, ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo nokucinywa kwamandla kwenza amagosa akwazi ukufihla ukuziphatha okubi lula.

Ubugcisa bokunikela ubungqina obukude, obuqhelekileyo ngexesha le-COVID-19, bunokwenza uphando olungaphaya kobuchule ngokususa iimfuno zokuhamba kumangqina. Iindlebe ezisisigxina zingenza ukuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kwaye zinciphise iindleko. Noko ke, ubungqina obukude busenokungabi nampembelelo yongquzulwano oluphakathi kwe-preson olubangela ukuba iindlebe zibe namandla.

Utshintsho Lwezakhiwo Zolawulo

Iinguquko ezahlukeneyo zingenza ulawulo lombutho wombutho lusebenze kakuhle. ukwenziwa kwexesha lokusebenza ukwenzela iimpendulo zesebe elilawulayo kwizicelo zobuveleli zizakunciphisa iindlela zokuzimisela. Izigwebo zolawulo lwamagosa athintelayo ukuchasa.

Ukwenza abasebenzi abangoonontlalo-ntle abanolwazi olusisigxina, abafana ne-GAO kodwa abafakwe kwiikomiti, kuya kunika ubuchule obungaguquguqukiyo kwiinkqubo zengqungquthela. Aba baphandi banokulondoloza ulwazi olusemgangathweni nokuqhubeka bephanda nangona amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bezobupolitika bejikile.

Ukuqinisa inkululeko yomntu ojongene nokuzimela ngokwayo ngenxa yokususwa kwendlela yokukhusela nokuqinisekisa ukuba imali iyakunyusa ukuvelela kwesebe eliphetheyo okuxhomekeke kwiBhunga. Iimpikiswano zakutshanje ngokususwa kweIG zibalaselisa imfuneko yokukhuselwa ngokungakumbi kwezi nja zigadi.

Ukulungelelanisa Ulawulo Nolawulo

Ucelomngeni olujongene nolawulo lombutho-ngquzulwano kukugcina uxanduva olunobundlobongela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi karhulumente. ukujonga okungundoqo kungadimaza ukuvela kolwazi olukhoyo [[FLT: 1] kunye nokubeka ubomi esichengeni kwabakhonzi basekuhlaleni ababoyikayo uphando. Ukufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokuziphendulela komntu nempumelelo kuhlala kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Bambi baphikisa ngokuthi "ulawulo olungqongqo" lujoliswe kwimiba yenkqubo kunokuba ihlazo lomntu ngamnye. Le ndlela ingagxininisa ukuphuculwa komsebenzi karhulumente ngaphezu kokugxininisa kweengongoma zobupolitika. Noko ke, izihlomelo zobuphengululi zenza kube nzima ukugcina loo nto ithintelo.

Abanye bacebisa ukuba kwahlulwe uphando lwezopolitiko phakathi kwabaxhasi kunye nohlolo lomsebenzi ongowobupati. Iiofisi ezikhethekileyo ezingenacawa zingenza uvavanyo lwenkqubo yesiqhelo ngelixa iikomiti zisingatha ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. Eli candelo lingayiphucula imisebenzi yomibini kodwa lijongene nocelomngeni lokuzalisekisa.

Isiphelo: Yintoni Igunya Elilawula Ingqungquthela

Ukuphatha-ngabaphathi-mthetho kumi njengentsika ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika , inika uhlo kumandla olawulo athintela ingcinezelo kwaye iqinisekisa urhulumente oza kuphendula. Ukusuka ekubhenceni urhwaphilizo ukuze kuphuculwe ubuchule, ukusuka ekukhuseleni amalungelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa komthetho othembekileyo, ukuvelela kwenza idemokhrasi ingabi lunyulo nje oluqhelekileyo.

Imbali yokuvelela kwengqungquthela ityhila ukulinganiselwa kwayo okubalaseleyo nokuzukileyo. Xa iqhutywa ngokunzulu nangokungaguquguqukiyo, uvelela kungenza buthathaka oomongameli, amaqumrhu obulumko, kwaye kusindisa amawaka ezigidi zerhafu. Xa ifunwa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuze kungenelwe abathathi-nxaxheba, isuka ibe yimidlalo yemidlalo yezopolitiko ethoba ukuthembana kwabantu ngoxa ingakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala layo liza kuphendulwa.

Imingeni yangoku ```I-partisan polantina, ukuxhathisa kwegunya, ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo eninzi, nokungafezeki kobukhokeli boluntu.' Kodwa imfuneko yokuvelela ngamandla ayizange ibe nkulu ngakumbi. Njengoko urhulumente ekhula intsonkothile kwaye inamandla, njengoko ubugcisa bunceda iindlela ezintsha zokuhlola nokulawula, kwaye njengoko iingxaki zomhlaba wonke zifuna ukuphunyezwa kolawulo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto, ulawulo lwequmrhu lombutho luba lubaluleke nangakumbi.

Uxanduva lobuveleli obuphumelelayo ludlulela ngaphaya kweKhonkxa-ntle ukuquka bonke abemi. ukubotshwa kwemibutho kuguqula ulawulo kumgangatho wesithethe seWashington lube yinto yokwenene yedemokhrasi. Xa abemi benikela ingqalelo, bebuza imibuzo, kwaye befuna ukuphendula, ukuphatha kuzuza amandla ezobupolitika afunekayo ukuze kubekho impembelelo yokwenene.

Ukuqonda ukuvelela kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi phakathi konyulo. Kunokuba bazive bengenakukwazi ukuzinceda xa urhulumente engaphumeleli okanye exhatshazwa, abemi abanolwazi banokuba neenkqubo zolawulo, baxhase imigudu yokuziphendulela, baze banyanzele abameli ukuba benze uphando olunzulu.

Abasunguli balenza uphando nokuqonda ukuba igunya liyonakalisa kwaye urhulumente ufuna ukuhlala ephaphile. Ukuvelela kweBhunga kubandakanya oku kuphaphamisa, kunika ityala eliqhubekayo eligcina idemokhrasi ikhuselekile. Ukusebenza kwayo akuxhomekekanga kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwisivumelwano soburhulumente, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano sobumi esibangela ukuba kufuneke ukuba kuphendulwe ngokwezobupolitika.

Njengoko sijamelene neengxaki zexesha elizayo .ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwimozulu siye kutshintsha kubuchule bokuzenzela, ukususela ekulungiseleleni ukusa ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho, -- ukuvelela okuza kungqineka kubaluleke ekuqinisekiseni urhulumente ukuba unceda abantu kunokuba usebenze yena ngokwakhe. Umsebenzi onzima wokujonga/ukuhlola, ukuva, iingxelo, kunye neenguqu ./ukungakhuthazi ukunyulwa okanye ukugqibela kwezigqibo zenkundla, kodwa kunika ukuphendula okubangela ukuba urhulumente wedemokhrasi abe nokwenzeka.

Kubemi, ukunikela ingqalelo kwimigudu yokuvelela asikokuba nemfundo yeso sizwe nje kuphela kodwa nokuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi.

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