Ukuqonda uLawulo oluPhakathi: uMongameli noManyano

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika ixhomekeke kumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza njenge-injini ephumeza imithetho edluliswa yiKhonklazeli kwaye ichazwa ziinkundla. Kwincopho yaleli sebe ime nguMongameli, ixhaswe luthungelwano olukhulu lwabameli abalawulayo. Kubemi, beqonda indlela ezi zinto ezisebenza ngayo ukuze baqonde indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo yesizwe, indlela imimiselo echaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, nendlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwiimeko ezinzima. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga ngokunegunya, ukwandisa iindima zoMongameli kunye namaqumrhumelwanethisi, iziseko zabo ezilawulayo, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokusebenza kwezenzo ezinamandla phakathi kwabo.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kaMongameli

UMongameli we-United States uyintloko yesizwe kunye nentloko karhulumente, indima edityanisiweyo egxininisa igunya elibalulekileyo nembopheleleko. IGatya II lempahla yomGaqo-siseko “igunya elilawulayo” kuMongameli, emisela isikhundla njengomnyanzeli oyintloko womthetho wesizwe. Oku kuquka umsebenzi “wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo,” igalelo elinika uMongameli amandla okulawula i-burhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo yeBhunga iphunyezwa ngokufezekileyo.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko

Amandla omGaqo-siseko kaMongameli aphangaleleyo yaye akwiindidi eziliqela eziphambili:

  • Umthetho wokwenziwa komthetho kunye nolawulo: uMongameli walathisela onke amasebe agcina umthetho karhulumente, ukusuka kwiFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ukuya kuLawulo lweDimogration (DEA), kwaye acwangcise izinto eziphambili ekuqhubeni umthetho.
  • Inkqubo kunye nolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle: Njengomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe, uMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (ezilawulwa kukwahlulwa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), emisela oothunywashe, kwaye eqonda oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle.
  • uMyaleli-kwintloko: uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwimikhosi exhobileyo yase-U.S., kuquka amandla okuthumela amajoni, ukuhlasela komkhosi, kunye nobuchule bokukhusela umkhosi wesizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impembelelo yokwahlula: Ngamandla, uMongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswa yiBhunga, efuna ukuba abaninzi ababini aba-3 kumagumbi omabini balawule. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli angacebisa umthetho, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kwaye adlulisele iRhulumente ye-Union ukuseka imimiselo yemithetho.
  • Amandla okuseka: Ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeNtlanganiso, uMongameli umisela onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe (kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo), ii-antswana, neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izakhono kunye nee-injini: uMongameli anganika imvume kulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe, amandla anokusetyenziswa angasetyenziswanga kamva.

Ukhetho, Imida Yemithetho, Nentengiso

Abalawuli banyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine bedlula kwi-Electoral College, inkqubo elinganisela ulawulo kunye nomelo oluqhelekileyo. Ukususela ekufunyanisweni koMphengululo wama-22 ngowe-1951, akukho mntu unokunyulwa ngaphezu kwesibini. Lo mda uqinisekisa ukujika rhoqo kokhokelo kwaye uthintela ukuxinana kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ixesha lotshintsho phakathi kolawulo .[1] Ngokuyinxenye yeeveki ezili-11, libaluleka kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokuqhubekeka kolawulo, lilawulwa yiBhunga-General Services kunye neBhunga leNd House Coordinating.

Iingxelo Kumandla Omongameli

Ngeli xesha uMongameli enegunya elinamandla, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ibeka imiqathango. Ulawulo lweNkxaso yezimali, lungaphazamisa oorhulumente, kwaye lunegunya lokunika ingcebiso. Ijaji ihlola ubulunga bomGaqo-siseko wezenzo zegunya. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye namajelo eendaba lukwasebenza njengohlolo olungacwangciswanga. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kubalulekile ekusebenziseni umongameli nasekuphenduleni ityala.

Ukwakhiwa Kwemibutho Elawulayo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo ngamaziko akhethekileyo abumba inkqubo yesebe. Asebenza phantsi kwegunya likaMongameli kwaye anembopheleleko yokumisela imithetho, ukulungiselela iinkqubo, nokulawula amashishini. Iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente aliyonto enye kodwa liyinkqubo entsonkothileyo yamasebe, amasebe azimeleyo, iinkampani zikarhulumente, kunye neekhomishini yolawulo.

Isebe leKhabhinethi

Isebe leKhabhinethi le-15 lenza umzi wesebe elilawulayo. Ngamnye ukhokelwa nguNobhala (ngaphandle kweSebe leSigwebo, elikhokelwa nguNjengele we-Attorney) okhonza njengelungu leKhabhinethi yoMongameli. La masebe asingatha imimandla ebanzi:

  • Isebe lokhuselo[[FLT:] – ukhuseleko lomkhosi nolohlanga
  • Isebe leNgxelo-mali yeNkcitho yeNkcitho – inkqubo yePisical, imali, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu
  • Isebe lelizwe - Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nolawulo
  • IMPAHLA yeSigwebo – ukugcinwa koMthetho kunye nemicimbi yomthetho
  • Isebe lezempilo neleeNkonzo zoLuntu – impilo kawonke-wonke, iMedicare, kunye neMedicaid
  • Isebe lemfundo – iinkqubo zemfundo yomanyano kunye nenkqubo
  • Isebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya – ukhuseleko lomda, ukufuduka, kunye nokusabela kwintlekele

Isebe ngalinye liqulethe iinkalo ezininzi, ii-bources, kunye nee-ofisi. Umzekelo, iSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya liquka i-Arhente yezolawulo yeFederal Emergency (FEMA), iCorstom kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP), kunye ne-Fomatikete Administration Administration (TSA).

IiKhomishini zeZiqumrhu ezizimeleyo

Asiyonto ikhoyo yequmrhu lesizwe ewe phantsi kwesebe leKhabhinethi. Amasebe azimeleyo, anjenge- Entergial Protection Agency (EPA) kunye [[FLT]]] ne-[FLT] UbuGcisa obuPhakathi (CIIA)[[FLT:]], asebenza ngeqondo le-equator okanye umlawuli omnye otyunjwe nguMongameli. [FTPhondo], kunye neKhomishini efana [[FLT:]] i-Sinyuko kunye neKhomishini yoNk-Exchange (TC)[FLT][5], uxinzelelo [FLT] oluthenjiweyo, kunye noncedo lwezopolitiko olusuka kuncedo lwe-TCPGOPT] [FT]

Amaqumrhu karhulumente

Udidi oluncinci lumaziko karhulumente, anikezela ngeenkonzo zentengiso. Imizekelo iquka i- U.S. Service yeposi (USPS) kunye ne-Tennessee Government (VA)[[FL:3]]. Ezi ziququzelela ingeniso ngemirhumo kwaye zilindeleke ukuba zisebenze kakuhle, nangona zihlala ziphantsi kolawulo lorhulumente.

Indlela uMongameli Ayalela Ngayo Izimo Ezilawulayo

Ulwalamano phakathi koMongameli namaqumrhu aphetheyo lungolunye lolwalathiso, ulongamelo, yaye maxa wambi ukuxinezeleka. Ngoxa uMongameli emisela ucwangciso, abasebenzi besebe basoloko benobuchule obunzulu kunye neenkumbulo zolawulo. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto eziphambili zezobupolitika nobuchule bobugcisa.

Amadinga nabasebenzi

UMongameli umisela malunga nama-4 000 izikhundla zezopolitiko kulo lonke urhulumente weBhunga, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, isekela loonobhala, isekela-sekela, kunye neentloko zamasebe. La magosa amisela umgaqo-nkqubo kwaye alawule abasebenzi bemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. IBhunga kufuneka liqinisekise uninzi lwaba bathunywa, libone ingqwalasela kwimpembelelo yobumongameli. Imikhosi yamaziko ikwaqesha amakhulu amawaka abaqeshwayo abaqeshwa ngenkqubo yenkonzo yezempangelo, ekhuselwe ekugxothweni kwezobupolitika yiPendleton Act.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ukulawula uqingqo-mali sisixhobo esinamandla sokubumba izinto eziphambili zomaziko. UMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali zaminyaka le kwiKhomishini, eziquka izicelo zokuchitha iinkcukacha zombutho ngamnye. Ngelixesha iKhomishini ekugqibeleni ifanele imali, i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) idlala indima ephambili kwizicelo zoqingqo-mali zombutho wokuhlola, ukuqwalasela iindleko, nokuqinisekisa ulungelelaniso ngemiqathango yenkqubo. I-OMB ikwahlola yonke imimiselo ecetyikisiweyo kunye nemiyalelo yegunya phambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuba i-

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye nemetanda

Abalawuli basebenzisa rhoqo imiyalelo yabalawuli kunye nombutho womongameli ukuyala abameli ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Le miyalelo ithwala impembelelo yomthetho wesebe elilawulayo kodwa kufuneka imiswe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye kumGaqo-siseko. Imizekelo iquka umyalelo wegunya elilawulayo kaMongameli Biden ekuqhubeni phambili imigaqo yobuhlanga kunye noMongameli uTrump ekunyanzelweni komthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu elingaphaya kwegunya lomongameli.

Igunya lolawulo nomthetho

Amasebe amaninzi asebenzisa amandla owiso-mthetho agunyazisiweyo ukuze enze imimiselo ezalisekisa imimiselo. Inkqubo yomthetho, elawulwa nguMthetho Wolawulo olulawulayo (APCEDure Procedire , ifuna amaqumrhu ukupapasha imithetho ecetyiweyo, ukumema amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nokukhupha imithetho yokugqibela ngokuqiqa okumiswa. UMongameli uphembelela le nkqubo ngohlalutyo lwe-OMB nangokumisela iintloko zolawulo. Umzekelo, i-EPA phantsi kolawulo olwahlukileyo ngokuphawulekayo imigaqo yemeko-bume ihlukene ngokulandelelana.

Imizekelo engundoqo yeziququ zelifa lesizwe ezisebenzayo

Ukuze siqonde impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yabameli abalawulayo, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa indlela imibutho ethile esebenza ngayo phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA, eyamiselwa ngowe-1970, inembopheleleko yokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nemekobume ngokumisa imithetho efana noMthetho we-Chrease Air noMphathi we-Gawulayo. UMongameli umisela uLawulo lwe-EPA, kunye nocwangciso lolawulo lweziko lolawulo lusoloko lubonisa ezona zinto ziphambili kulawulo lwemekobume. Umzekelo, iPlatho loLawulo lwe-Obama olucocekileyo lweGunya loMmandla loMmandla ojolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon kwizityalo zamandla, lo gama ulawulo lweTrump luyithathile nomthetho we-Affordclecuree Energy. Umthetho we-EPA ubala ubonakalisa kakhulu uphando lwenzululwazi nohlaluko lwezoqoqosho.

I-Arhente yoNjikelezo eseMbindini (CIA)

ICIA iqokelela, ihlaziywa, kwaye isasaza ubukrelekrele bamanye amazwe ukuze yazise izigqibo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Njengommeli ozimeleyo, inikela ingxelo kuMlawuli woBuntlola besizwe kwaye ekugqibeleni kuMongameli. Imisebenzi ye-CIA iquka isenzo esifihlakeleyo, esifuna ukufunyanwa komongameli kunye nokwaziswa kombutho. Indima yombutho yindima yamandla olawulo lwesizwe kwimiqathango yangaphandle, kwaye impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano esondeleleneyo neWhite House.

I-FBI)

IFBI, ilungu leSebe leMithetho ePhathiswayo, lisebenza njengeliphambili ekunyanzelweni komthetho wesizwe kunye nombutho wobugosa besizwe. UMongameli umisela uMlawuli weFBI kwigama elikwiminyaka eli-10 ukukhusela isikhundla kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. IFBI iphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwana, kuquka ubugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi, kunye nokunganyaniseki kukawonke-wonke. Izenzo zayo zimele zivelelwe yiBhunga, iSebe leSizwe leSigwebo, kunye neenkundla zezorhulumente.

ISebe lezemfundo

ISebe lezemfundo lisebenzisa uncedo lwabafundi, liqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwizikolo, lize linyanzelise imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo. Idalwe ngo1979, kuye kwaphikiswana ngendima yalo; abanye baphikisa inkqubo yemfundo kufuneka ihlale ikho apho. Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo kaMongameli ufanele uhlale uhleli apho. /iinkcukacha zemfundo ezijoliswe kwizifundo ezikhethiweyo zesikolo, iSihloko-I-IX somthetho, okanye ukubolekisa ngemali kubafundi, kwaye ukutshintsha okuphambili kwesebe. /shapes . Unobhala wemfundo lilungu eliphambili leKhabhinethi osebenza kunye ne-Carressss namagosa karhulumente.

Indaleko Yembali Yesebe Elinolawulo Oluphakamileyo

Isebe elilawulayo lale mihla likhulu kakhulu kwaye lintsonkothe kakhulu kunoko kwakubonwa ngabaseki. Urhulumente wokuqala wesizwe waqesha amakhulu ambalwa abantu kumasebe kaRhulumente, kuThinte, kwiMfazwe, nakuMalunga. Ulwandiso lwegunya lorhulumente ngexesha leNew Deal, iGreat Society, kunye nexesha lasemva komhla we-9/11 lokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ubungakanani nomgangatho wabameli abalawulayo.

Abalawuli baye bandisa abasebenzi babo nge-Ofisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli (EOP), esungulwe ngowe-1939. I-EOP iquka iOfisi yeNdlu emhlophe, iBhunga loKhuseleko, i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, kunye neBhunga loMsebenzi wezezoqoqosho. Oku kuvumela uMongameli ukuba alungelelanise i-ofisi ephezulu ephezulu kwaye aphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki zasekhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ulwalamano phakathi kweBhunga nomongameli lutshintshile. Ngelixesha iBhunga liye lanika abameli abaphetheyo igunya elibalulekileyo, ligcina ulawulo ngokuva, uphando, namandla engxowa. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwiimeko ezifana S v. Chadha [19983] kunye [FLT]NFIB v. Sebelius [202], ucacise imida yombutho namandla obungameli.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Iimbambano eziliqela eziqhubekayo zibalaselisa uxinezeleko nokuntsonkotha kolawulo oluphezulu.

ITheyibhile yesigqeba esiPhezulu nolawulo oluphezulu

Bambi oomongameli kunye nabaphengululi bomthetho baphikisa ingcamango “yomanyano”, ethi uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye unokuthi aligxothe naliphi na igosa lombutho ngoko kuvuma. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukusongela ukuzimela kwamaqumrhu afana neFBI ne-SEC. Isigwebo seNkundla sokufuduka siye sadityaniswa, sishiya ithuba lokuqhubeka nengxoxo.

Utshintsho Nomthetho

Uhlolo ngalunye lolawulo kunye nohlolo lwemimiselo ekhoyo. Umthetho weConregational Review (CRA) uvumela iKhombutho ukuba ibhukuqe imithetho emitsha yolawulo ngobuninzi obulula, isixhobo esisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinyanga zokuqala zolawulo lweTrump. Ulawulo lweBiden lujolise kulwandiso lomgaqo kwiindawo ezifana notshintsho nentengo kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi. Ukulungelelanisa ulawulo oluphezulu ngokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kuhlala kulucelomngeni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokwenziwa kwale mihla

Amaqumrhu alawulayo axhomekeke ngokukhulayo kubugcisa, ukusuka kwinkqubo yokulungisa irhafu ye-IRS ukuya kwiinkqubo ze-intelekelelo ze-inthaneti. Jikelele Iinkonzo (GSA]) kunye ne- Office of Domagement kunye noHlalmenti ikhokela imigudu yale mihla kwiinyathelo ezifana neNkqumrhu lezelo yezentengiso. Noko ke, iinkqubo zelifa kunye ne-intebility zisecurebrabity zisenobungozi obubalulekileyo.

Ukuzimela - geqe Kwee - Agency Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Uphando oluthi lungene ekungeneni kwezobupolitika kwimibutho efana neSebe lezeMithetho ne-EPA luye lwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokukhukuliseka kwezithethe zobucukubhede. I-Hatch Act ithintela umsebenzi wezopolitiko owenziwa ngabasebenzi bephondo, kodwa ingcinezelo yoomongameli kwizigqibo zoorhulumente inokuba yeyokungaqondakali.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Baziqonde Ezi Ziko

UMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika: umoya esiwuphefumlayo, ukutya esikudlayo, ukhuseleko lweendawo zethu, ukhuseleko lohlanga lwethu, kunye nemfundo yabantwana bethu. Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ntlangano, banokubandakanyeka bhetele kwimigaqo kawonke-wonke, bamele bafune utshintsho, baze bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ebeke ityala. Ukunikela kwinkqubo yolawulo ngokuthobela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, ngokuvota, nokuqhagamshelana nabameli kuyindlela ecacileyo yokuphembelela imicimbi yesebe eliphetheyo.

Abafuna inkcazelo engakumbi, aba buncwane bulandelayo bunegunya:

Ukuqonda iindima zoMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo asiyonto nje efundiswayo; kodwa yinto eyimfuneko kwintlalo. Ugcino-lwazi lwedemokhrasi yaseMerika luxhomekeke kuluntu olunolwazi olunokuyihlolisisa ngokunzulu imisebenzi yempatho ephakamileyo luze luqinisekise ukuba urhulumente usebenza kakuhle.