Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa uhlelo lwemibuso kahulumeni wezwe. Wabhalwa ngo-1787 futhi wagunyazwa ngo-1788, uMthetho-sisekelo wathatha indawo yeZiphakamiso Ezibuthakathaka Zokuhlanganisa ngesimiso sikahulumeni esiqinile. Abasunguli balinganisela ngokucophelela isidingo sikahulumeni oyinhloko osebenzayo ngesivikelo senkululeko nombuso ngamunye. Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo kubalulekile kubafundi ukuba bahlole indlela uhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso ophethe esebenza ngayo namuhla.

Isigaba sobukhulu bomthetho-sisekelo, esitholakala eSiphakamisweni VI, simisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunemithetho kahulumeni lapho kuvela izingxabano. Nokho, uhulumeni wezwe ungowombuso olinganiselwe, ocaciwe, ongathatha kuphela umsebenzi lapho uMthetho-sisekelo umnika igunya. Lesi simiso sihlukanisa i-United States ezimisweni zokuhlanganisa lapho ohulumeni abayinhloko bephethe khona amandla ayisisekelo. Isenzo ngasinye sombuso kumelwe silandele umsuka waso sithathe ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

ISiphakamiso I: Amandla Angokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 8 siqukethe uhlu olucacile lwemibuso kahulumeni. UKhomishane unegunya lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe naphakathi kwezifundazwe, ukumisa imithetho efanayo yemvelo neyokwehla kwemali, ukushaya imali, ukushaya, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi, ukunikeza imvume yokugunyaza nokukhipha amalungelo, ukwakha izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, ukuchaza nokujezisa impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukunikeza nokugcina imikhosi yamabutho empi, ukunikeza nokuyibeka imithetho yempi, ukubiza amabutho ezikhali ukuba ashaye imithetho engokomthetho nokuvimbela ukuhlasela, nokusebenzisa umthetho okhethekile phezu kweSifunde seColi.

Lamagunya avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amagunya [[FLT: 0] anezintambo ezikhokhwayo . Icala lokuqala kakhulu leNkantolo elichaza igunya lobukhonya, Hylton v. United States [[1796]], eliphathiswe intela yemoto, eliqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu unezakhono ezinkulu ekukhokheni izintela. Intela yoMthetho-mthetho ayinikwahlulwa ngokukhokha intela. Intela yentela yentela yentela kumelwe yabe ihlelwe phakathi kwezindawo, futhi yonke imisebenzi, ama-imlate, nemisebenzi ye-indectives, kumelwe ibe ne-ecess ezilinganayodwa zweni.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

Isigaba sokugcina seSiphakamiso I, iSiqendu 8 , i-Marifact Claus ne-Seant , igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokwenza amandla ayo adwetshiwe. Lomusho uhunyushwe kabanzi kusukela Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall anquma khona ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho singahlanganisa ibhange lesizwe ngisho nakuba ibhange lingahlelwanga ngokucacile. INkantolo "endibility" isho "eyifanele nefanele" kunokubaluleka okuphelele, inikeza ukuvumelananiso ekushintsheni izimo ezishintshayo.

Imibuso esetshenziswayo iye yavumela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ukhule ngokulinganayo phakathi kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu wasebenzisa amandla awo okukhokha ukuze usungule i-Social Security, amandla ayo ezentengiselwano ukudlulisa umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, namandla awo okusebenzisa imali ukuze uhlanganise izimo zokuxhasa ukuxhasa imigwaqo emikhulu nemfundo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amandla asikisela ukuba uhulumeni ubeke imingcele, kuyilapho abasekeli besekela bavumela uhulumeni ukuba ubhekane nezinselele zanamuhla.

INkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yahlehlisa ukugomela okubanzi kwamandla ashiwoyo. United States v. Lopez (1995], iNkantolo yashaya iGun-Free School Counters Act, ibusa ukuthi ukuphatha isibhamu eduze kwesikole akuthinteli kakhulu ezentengiselwano zamazwe. Lokhu kwaphawula okokuqala eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha ukuthi iNkantolo ibeke intengiselwano yeSishaya-Hun-Hun-System, iphawula amandla asikisela imingcele esimiso somthetho.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Negunya Likahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu(-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo (ukuthi) uvimbele ukubekwa kwegunya. Igatsha ngalinye liye labala futhi lasikisela amandla ahlola amanye. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni lokho uhulumeni wesizwe angakwenza futhi angeke akwenze.

Amandla Angokomthetho: Angaphezu Kwamandla Amisiwe

UKhongoloshelwane, ngaphezu kwemibuso yalo ebalayo, usebenzisa igunya eliphawulekayo nge-Chwethem Claus, intestting Claus, ne-Pallas, kanye ne-War Powers. I-Commerce Claus ibinethonya elikhulu. Ngaphansi kweJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall, Gibbons v. Ogden [1824] wasungula ukuthi amandla oMkhandlu wokulawula intengiselwano yezentengiselwano ehlanganisa nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi oweqamba noma othinta izifunda zezwe. Le ncazelo isekela umthetho kahulumeni wesitimela, i-temgameternetic, futhi kamuva, i-Internet.

I-Choode Commerce Claus yabuye yenza ukuba kukwaziswe umthetho weNew Deal ka-1930, ukuvumela i-Congress ukuba ilawule ukusebenzelana kwezisebenzi, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, nokungatshazwa kwezimali. Wickard v. Filburn (1942), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umlimi otshala ukolweni ngenxa yokuzidla kwakhe angalawulwa ngoba umsebenzi onjalo wawungathinta imakethena kakolweni. Lombono waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo 1990, lapho iNkantolo yeRehnqulust iqala ukumisa imingcele.

Intela yeSishaya-mthetho nokusebenzisa amandla kusinika ithonya elikhulu. Ngeziphakamiso zemibandela, izimiso zikahulumeni zikahulumeni zimi ngemithetho elawulayo ezindaweni ezisukela ezilinganisweni zejubane elikhulu kuya ezindinganisweni zokufundisa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izimo ezinjalo kumelwe zicace, zihlobene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni, futhi zingadibani. INational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], iNkantolo inqume ukuthi i-Affordal Care Act i-Act i-Medicaid yayast's tract, yenza kube lula ukwenza kube ngokwenzuzo ukusholo.

Amandla Abaqondisi Negunya Lomongameli

Umongameli uphethe imibuso ephawulekayo yomthetho-sisekelo: umphathi-mikhosi wamabutho ahlomile, amandla okuthethelela, igunya lokwenza izivumelwano (ngemvume yesigele), amandla okumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni namajaji (nawo kanye nemvume yesigele), nomthwalo wemfanelo "wokuqaphela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka" igunya lokuqondisa liye lakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nasekulondekeni kwesizwe.

Abameli baye bathi banamandla efa angaphezulu kwalawo asohlwini. UAbraham Lincoln ubeke i-habeas corpus phakathi neMpi Yombango, umisa amandla aphuthumayo. Muva nje, iziyalezo eziphethe, izimemezelo zokusayina, nezenzo zezempi ezingahlangani nalutho ziye zahlola imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yanciphisa lamazwi, njengaku intsha eshaye i-town Comment Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawyer[FLT] [1952], lapho ihlasela uMongameli uTruman'injini wensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea.

Amandla Okwahlulela Nendima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ijaji likahulumeni, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lisebenzisa amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, “‘ igunya lokumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lombuso wamiswa ku- Marbury v. Madison (103] [183]) futhi lisemzimbeni wesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Isinqumo seNkantolo sichaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, ibumba, ilolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe.

Izenzakalo ezibalulekile ziye zacacisa lokho uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe angeke akwenze. Printz v. United States (1997), iNkantolo yawisa umthetho kahulumeni odinga uhulumeni nomthetho wendawo ukuba uqhube inqubo yokuhlola isizinda sabathengi bebhamu, iphethe ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke akwazi ukuqondisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. [NCAW] [FLT][FT:3] [2017]), iNQUMTHELE, ihla ihlaze uProfessielo noMvikelo wezelo, iphethe ukuthi umthetho wesizwe umthetho ungenawo ukunquma ngokuqondile.

Uhulumeni: Ukwahlukana Phakathi Kwamandla Esizwe NoMbuso

UMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso sokubusa okumbaxambili lapho uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe behlanganyela khona amandla. ISichibiyelo seshumi sicacisa ukuthi amandla angaphathiswanga i-United States noma enqatshelwe emibuso agcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Lesi sakhiwo silondoloza igunya likahulumeni njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni.

Amandla Kahulumeni Asungulwe

Amazwe anezigunya elikhulu ezindabeni zawo zangaphakathi, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izikhulu zezemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ikhono lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle ejwayelekile emikhawulweni yawo. Amazwe aqhuba okhetho, amisa ohulumeni bendawo, alawule imfundo yomphakathi, alawule ezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezwe, alawule imithombo yemvelo, futhi adale imithetho engokwemvelo. Umthetho-Constitution awuwahluli lemibuso ngoba yandulela inyunyana kahulumeni.

UFederalism uvumela ukuhlola. UJaji uLouis Brandeis wachaza ngokudume ngokuthi "imisebenzi yentando yeningi" lapho izinqubo zingahlolwa khona. Ngokwesibonelo, isho imithetho yezisebenzi eziphayonayo yembuyiselo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinguquko zempilo phambi kwesenzo sikahulumeni. Lendlela ehloniphekile yokubheka ukuhluka kwezindawo futhi inikeza izindawo eziningi zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Amandla Akhona

Kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni basebenzisa amagunya athile ngesikhathi esisodwa. la mandla ahambisanayo ahlanganisa ikhono lokukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukumisa nokumisa imithetho, nokumisa imithetho, nokuqinisekisa amabhange. Uma imithetho kahulumeni ne-ohulumeni iphikisana ngezindaba ezikhona, i-Supremacy Claus inikeza umthetho kahulumeni indawo yokuqala. Nokho, amazwe angabeka intela engacaluli ngokumelene nezentengiselwano zezwe noma isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni kuye kwadala izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo. Impikiswano ezinjengokulingana ngomshado, ukubekwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, nomthetho wokukhipha isisu zibonisa amandla ombuso. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ukuphakama okukhulu kombuso ezindaweni ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi nezentengiselwano zamazwe, iye yaqaphela futhi imingcele. United States v. Morrison [2000]), iNkanto eshaya ilungiselelo lobudlova obungalawuleki ngokomthetho wobudlova obungalawuleki ngaphansi kwe-Celaus.

Amandla Avezwayo: Lokho Uhulumeni Wezwe Ongenakukwenza

Umthetho-sisekelo uqukethe izinqabela ezicacile kuhulumeni. Lemithetho ivikela amalungelo abantu futhi ilondoloza inkululeko kahulumeni. Eminye imiyalo ivela eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 9, kanti eminye ivela eSiphakamisweni samaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo.

Ukukhishwa Komthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 9 senqabela ukudlulisa izikweletu zemithetho ye-ascheme noma ye-presedo, ukunikeza iziqu zobucukubhedu, ukukhokha izintela kumazwe athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, noma ukunikeza izikhungo ezithandwa amatheku ombuso othile. UMthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela ukunqanyulwa kwe-habeas corpus emacaleni okuhlubuka noma ukuhlaselwa uma ukuphepha komphakathi kudinga. Lemithetho ibonakalisa ukukhathalela koMsunguli ngohulumeni ozimele.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ukuphenya nokuqubuka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele, sivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi siyakuvikela ekuzichaseni. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 80 sivimbela ukuncishiswa kwenkolo, ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko yokufuna inkululeko ekhululekile. ISichibiyelo sivikela ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukukhokhwaba okungaphezulu, ukukhokhwaba okungaphezulu, nesijeziso esingavamile.

Izinguquko ezilandelayo zilinganiselwa kakhulu. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo sasebenzisa iMithetho yeMibango yamaZwe eMikhosi yamalungelo esizwe ngokuhlanganisa. Siqinisekisa futhi ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho nezigodlo ezilawulayo ukuba zingancishini noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile. Nakuba lezi zinguquko ngokuyinhloko zibekela imingcele yezifunda, zibuye zimise amandla kahulumeni ngokumisa izindinganiso zesizwe.

Izimfundiso Ezilinganisela Igunya Lomphakathi

Ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile enqabelayo, izimfundiso zomthetho-sisekelo zinqanda uhulumeni wesizwe. umqulu wamandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe [ usho ukuthi uMkhandlu ungathatha isinyathelo kuphela uma ubala igunya. Uma kungekho lungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elinikeza amandla phezu kwendaba ethile, indaba igcinwe ezindaweni ezithile. Lesimiso siyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Imfundiso efundisayo-anti ivimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba afune izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma izikhulu eziphetheyo ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo zokuqondisa zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi nakuba iSivumelwano singanikeza izisusa noma sibeke izimo ezinikezwa uhulumeni, ayinakuyalazelo ngqo kohulumeni ukuba baphoqelele umthetho kahulumeni. Lemfundiso, emiswe ku- New York v. United States futhi yaphinde yafaka ku [[FLT:]] ku-1992] printz[FLT][FLT] , igcina umbuso.

Imfundiso engagunyazi ilinganisela ikhono loMkhandlu lokuphathisa izinhlangano eziphethe amandla omthetho. Nakuba umbuso wezomthetho wanamuhla uxhomeke ekumiseni ukubusa kwezinhlangano, iNkantolo iye yasebenzisa lemfundiso ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ihlasele izihambeli ezibanzi. Ezimweni zamuva njenge Gundy v. United States [2029]), iNkathi iNkathi impikiswano yokuthi iNkathi inikeza yini iziqondiso ezanele ekuthunyeleni igunya, izimpawu zesikhathi esizayo ezimiselwe amandla ombuso.

Impikiswano Yanamuhla Namandla Ajikelezayo

Ukubaluleka kwegunya likahulumeni kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano enkulu. izindaba ze - Contemporary ezinjengokuqondiswa kwesimiso sokunakekela impilo, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukugcinwa kwemithetho evimbela ukufuduka namalungelo okuvota zihlolwa imingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezinkulumo - mpikiswano kusiza abafundi ukuba babone indlela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zamanje.

Ezentengiselwano UClaus Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Lopez kanye Morrison [ yavuselela imingcele engathiwa iChwethery Clause, kodwa i-Affordcable Care Act ku-NFIB] v. Sebelius [ waveza isinqumo esiyinkimbinkimbi. INkantolo yathi iNkakhulu yayithi i-Congressboary ayikwazi ukuphoqa abantu ukuba bangene ngenkaniswe ukuthenga umshuwalenselaye wempilo ngaphansi koMnyango ka-Centust Claus. Nokho, yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengokusetshenziswa kwentela. Lokhu kubonisa indlela uhulumeni ongafeza ngayo inqubo yenkampane yemithetho yentela phakathi kweminyango ye-bukhompuyu.

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ngokuqhubekayo uncike eMthethweni wezentengiselwano noMnyango Wezindiza. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samaMassachusetts v. EPA (2007]) (i-Explot) yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungayilawula igesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo ngaphansi komthetho okhona. Nokho, iNkantolo iphethe futhi imingcele kahulumeni elinganiselwe phezu kwamaxhaphothi kanye namanye amanzi angaphakathi, njengoba kubonakala Rapanos v. [i-United States [200] [200] kanye nenye imfutho yamuva [FLT:].[FLT] ISALET] v [FLT] .[FFFF5: 23] [20]]

Amandla Kahulumeni Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Kusukela ngo-1960, uMkhandlu uye wasebenzisa ezohwebo zawo kanye namandla okusebenzisa izimali ukuze uphoqelele amalungelo omphakathi. Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, wasekela ukuvalwa kwe-Atlanta Motel v. United States, wenqabela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi ngenxa yokubandlululwa okunjalo okuthintele ezentengiselwano eziphakathi kwezwe. INkantolo yamaLungelo Yamalungelo Amalungelo Omphakathi ka-1965 yayithembele eMthethweni weSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu ekubandlula izinhlanga ngokuvota. Shelby County v. [FLT] v. [FLT] [2013], iNkathiwesime umnyango weNkathiwe-Coumestment washaya ukuze kuthole olusetshenziswayo ukuthola ukuthi idinga ushintsho lwezimendezomthetho wovoti, ukuthi i-vocalo i-ovani i-ovalwa.

Amandla angokongamele ukufuduka abizwa ngokuthi i-plenary .Conrer unegunya lokumisa imithetho yokungena, yokususa, nokuguqula imvelo. Nokho, izifunda zezwe zinendima ethile ngokubambisana nomthetho kahulumeni nangemithetho yazo siqu ethinta izakhamuzi ezingabhalwanga. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Arizona v. United States [20] yashaya imithetho eminingana yokuthutha engekho emthethweni kahulumeni, kuyilapho ivumela ilungiselelo elifuna amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole isimo sokufuduka phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho.

Ukufundisa Amandla Ombuso Omhlaba: Izinhlelo Eziwusizo

Kubafundisi nabafundi, imibuso kahulumeni eqondayo idinga ukuhlola kokubili umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo nezibonelo zezwe ezingokoqobo. Ukuhlola amacala aphawulayo kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqhathanisa igunya likahulumeni nohulumeni ezindabeni ezinjengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomthetho wobugebengu kwembula ukusebenza okusebenzayo kobuzwe.

Imisebenzi yasekilasini ingahlanganisa ukubukeza umbhalo ogcwele we-Attic I, Ingxenye 8[FLT] esuka eNational Constitution Center, ixoxa ukuthi uMkhandlu kufanele ube namandla okulawula i-intanethi, noma ukuphikisana ngokuthi imibandela kahulumeni yokusebenzisa imali exhasa imfundo ngokuhlonipha isifunda sezwe. Abafundi bangahlola futhi imibono yeNkantolo ye-Supreme ngamandla kahulumeni wokuhlola indlela incazelo yokwahlulela eshintshile ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuqonda imibuso kahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole inkulumo yezombangazwe. Ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni awuvumelani nemithetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukucubungula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza i-Constitution igunya yini ngesihloko. Conarev.gov[ inikeza umlando wemithetho obonisa ukuthi yiziphi imithombo yomthetho-mthetho ekhomba lapho kukhishwa izikweletu. Ngokufanayo, izisho zomongameli zegunya eliyifa zingathathwa ngokumelene nombhalo wemithetho yezomthetho nesibonelo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo Kahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni ibanzi futhi ilinganiselwe kakhulu. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iziphathimandla ezibalayo nezisikiselayo ezivumela uhulumeni wesizwe ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kwesizwe esikhulu nesiyinkimbinkimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, i-Bill of Rights, kanye nokubukezwa kwezenzo zombuso zokuvimbela ubushiqela.

Abafundi nothisha abayiqonda lemingcele bangaqonda kangcono indlela ukulinganisela kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo zamaMelika zokubusa: ubunye besizwe kanye nenkululeko yendawo, uhulumeni ophumelelayo umelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi koKhongolo, umongameli, izinkantolo, nezifundazwe igcina isimiso somthetho-sisekelo siqinile, siqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni wezwe ihlala isekelwe emvumeni yabantu.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza izinguqulo eziphawulweyo zoMthetho-sisekelo. Inhlangano yolwazi yomthetho-mthetho eCornell inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi komthetho-mthetho-siseko. Ukuhlola lemithombo kujulisa ukuqonda lokho uhulumeni wesizwe angakwenza futhi angakwazi ukukwenza.