Inhlekelele Ekhulayo Yezinga Lomoya Lasemadolobheni

Ukungcola komoya okusedolobheni kuye kwaba enye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zempilo ezungezile ebhekene ne-octs ye-Emoyer ehlangene nombuso. Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo kusukela ngenkathi ye-Cec Moyer Acts yaphakathi kwekhulu lama-20, imithombo yesimanje yokungcola i-— izimoto ezihamba emgwaqweni, imishini yezemzini, imishini yokufudumeza i-atting, kanye nokukhipha i-atmosfection yezemboni i-— iyaqhubeka ukudambisa izigidi zezakhamuzi emazingeni ayingozi e-itrogen dioxide eyingozi (NO2), nengxenye engcono kakhulu e-oyilethi (PM2). Ukuvikela kwezempilo yezempilo [FLDicence] ukudamba umoya isikhathi eside ekungcoleni kokungcola komoya kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangu-28,000,000,3,66,66, unyaka ngamunye, unyaka ngamunye, ukusabela kwemi, ukusabela kwemidamu

Indima yemeya ekunqandeni ukungcola komoya emadolobheni idlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi yemikhosi. Njengoba umholi okhethwe ngedemokrasi wegunya noma indawo yedolobha ehlangene, umphathi-meya unegunya elikhethekile lokuhlela isimiso sokuthutha, ukuhlela indawo, imizamo yezempilo yomphakathi, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola amasu asetshenziswa amameya ase-UK, imiphumela engenakuthenwa yiyo efezwa, kanye nezinselele ezingapheli ezisasele.

Indima Ehlelekile Yama - mays Ekubuseni Izinga Lomoya

AmaMayor ase-UK asebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo zemibuso ehlukene ehlukahluka ngokwesifunda, kodwa asebenza ngokungaguquki njengeziphathi-zikhundla, ukuhlanganisa imikhandlu yendawo, amanxusa okuthutha, amabhizinisi, namaqembu omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iMayor yaseLondon, iyakwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile i-Tream eLondon (TfL) futhi ingamisa izindinganiso zokukhipha imoto enhloko-nhloko. EManchester, umphathi wedolobha usebenza eduze nemikhandlu yezikhulu eziyishumi ngegunya elihlangene. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela imeya ukuba idolobha elibanzi ukuba limise izinyathelo ezinzima nge-toortress noma izifunda zomphakathi ngazinye ukuba zihlangane kuphela.

Imeya i-’ inegunya lokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo noma ukubeka izisulu zezinga lomoya lendawo kunikeza izikhundla ze-okisijini ezinamandla kwezombangazwe. Imeya eziningi ziye zasebenzisa lo myalo ukuze zithuthukise izinga lomoya zibe amasu amakhulu okuthuthukisa ukukhula okungabekezeleleki, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokungalingani komphakathi. Ngokufaka umoya ohlanzekile kokubili njengendaba yendawo ezungezile neyobulungisa lempilo, imeya i-odollar ingakha ukusekela komphakathi okubanzi kokungenela kokungenela okungase kumelane nokumelana nokumelana.

Amandla Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba amameya engathonya ukuthutha nokuhlela, awalawuli intela yezimoto, izindinganiso zikaphethiloli, noma imithetho yezwe yokukhipha ugesi i-— lemithetho isele eWestminster. Lengxenye yemithwalo yemfanelo isho ukuthi omeya kufanele bathintane nohulumeni ophakathi ekusekeleni izimali nokuvumelana nemithetho. IMayor yaseLondon &ctsquo; ihhovisi [ liye labiza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile sesizwe esigabeni semoto esingaphandle nemingcele eqinile yezezemboni. Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, ukusetshenziswa kwemibuso yendawo kuye kwaveza intuthuko enengqondo emadolobheni amaningana.

Izindlela Zokuhlobisa Ezisetshenziswa Yizinsimbi Ezisegazini

Ama - mayter aphesheya kwe-UK aye asebenzisa indlela ebanzi yokunciphisa ukungcola komoya emadolobheni. Nakuba izakhiwo zihluka ngezindlela ezithile, amasu alandelayo amelela ukungenela okuvamile nokunemiphumela.

Izindawo Eziphansi Nezindiza Ezihlanzekile

Ithuluzi elibonakalayo kakhulu kumphathi-mouse &Arcsquo; izinqolobane ziwukwakha i- Low Octive Money (LEZ) noma [[FLT]]] i-Coorac Moneral Monerac cone (CAZ). Lezindawo zivimbela noma ziphethe izimoto ezingcolisayo eziphezulu ukusuka ekungeneni endaweni emisiwe, ekunyuseni kwezimoto ezihlanzekile noma ekuhleleni ezinye izimoto. I-Ultra Lowra Lowfun (UMSOUZ), ekhuliswe ku-2023 ukumboza zonke izithuthoko, ukukhokha okunga-ophayo okungahleliyo (EUro-euros). I-EUltquo; i-Ultras Louser, i-Eccean, i-of emboniswe izimoto ezinkulu, isetshenziswa izimoto zezindawo zomphakathi, kusukela ama-Emouse, i-Epulans, isetshenziswa izimoto ezingu-204,

Ukuphumelela Kwemingcele Yezangoma

Imininingwane evela ku- I-Mayr yase-London ’ ihhovisi ibonisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-nitrogen dioxide engxenyeni ephakathi kwezwe kwehla cishe ngamaphesenti angu-50 ngonyaka wokuqala wokusebenza kwe-ULEZ. EBirmingham, ukuhlola kwakuqala kubonisa ukwehla kwamazinga omgwaqo we-NO2 we-13 &nash;20% kuye kuxhomeke endaweni. Lezi zifunda ziye zandisa ukuguqulwa kwemikhumbi yezimoto, ngezinkulungwane zakudala, ukungcolisa ama-ralyns namathekisi kuthathelwa indawo unyaka ngamunye.

Ukushintsha Izimoto Zomphakathi Nokuhamba Ngezisebenzi

Ukunciphisa inani lezimoto zohambo lwangasese kuphakathi kunoma iliphi icebo lomoya. Abanqobi baye bafaka imali eningi ekuthuthukiseni ama-sethi ebhayisekili, ukunwetshwa kwezimoto, nokujikeleza kwezakhiwo. I-London ’ amaHopper avumela ibhasi nezimoto ezingenamkhawulo ngehora elilodwa ukuze kutholakale inani lemali eyodwa, ukukhuthaza ukushintshwa. Bee Network eMkhulunier Manchester, esungulwe nguMay Bursham, ehloselwe ukusungula isimiso sokuthutha somphakathi esihlangene kakhulu ngebhasi elinamapanethi amabhamu, imigqa amashamishi, nezindlela zokuhamba ngebhayisela ezithuthukile ezithuthukisiwe. ENtshona Ntshonalanga yeMidlands, uRichard Parker uzimisele ukwandisa i-Mest ne-eactive.

Ukugibela Ibhayisekili Nokuhamba Ngezindlela Eziningi

Ama - mays aye athatha uhambo oluqinile ngaphambili emendweni onikezelwe wesijikelezo, amasu ahamba ngebhayisekili, kanye nezindawo ezihamba ngezinyawo. I-London ’ i-Curkey Supegatoys ne-Thumeayy ziye zabona uhambo lokuhamba ngebhayisekili lwanda ngo 80% kusukela ngo-2016. IManchester ’ i- £1.5 bhono mapulani okuhamba ngebhayisekile ahlanganisa amamayela angu-800 000 000.

Izakhiwo Eziluhlaza Nehlathi Lasemadolobheni

Izitshalo zingabamba izinto ezingcolisayo, zinikeze umthunzi, futhi zithuthukise ukujikeleza komoya. Abavumisi baye bahlanganisa izakhiwo eziluhlaza namaqhinga abo okuthuthukisa izinga lomoya ngokudala amapaki amasha, ukutshala imithi ngasemfashinini, nokufaka izindonga eziluhlaza ezakhiweni. i-Grey kuGreen[ icebo eSheffield, liholwa umkhandlu wedolobha ngokubambisana nomphathi wesifunda, ukuguqula inqola ephasejini yezimoto ezimbanayo ingene epakini lemvula nezitshalo. ILondon &ctsquo; [[FLT:]] Iqlatery [FLD:3]] inhloso yokwandisa izihlahla ezimbozwe yindawo yezihlahla kusukela ku-20% kuya ku-2050.

Izimali Nokusekelwa Kwezinhlambi Ezihlanzekile

Ukuze basheshise ukushintshela ezimotweni ezihamba phambili, omeya baye basungula izimali zezimoto zikagesi, ukusekela izakhiwo zezemisebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zebhuloho zokuchitha izimoto zakudala, zokungcolisa izimoto eziphezulu. I-Mayor ’ i- Scrappage Scheme [ inikeza imali ye- £2 000 ngezindlu eziphansi namabhizinisi amancane ukuze ilahle izimoto ezingadibani. I-Mannerce &squo; i-Cleanly Moyer ihlanganisa i-Preney Sound i-Preant; 120 000 000 000 yezimali zokusiza abanikazi be-HGVs, amabhasi, namathekisi anyuswayo phezulu kufakwa i-tecrease. I-Yorklandstercey i-Adromey i-Adrometers.

Ukuhlolwa Nomthetho Wokuhlola Imininingwane

Isu eliphumelelayo lidinga ukuqapha ngokunembile. Abahlola imishini yokulinganisa umoya enwetshiwe ukuze banikeze umphakathi ukwaziswa kwangempela kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwesimiso. I-London ’s i-Air Sea (i-Breathe London) inenethiwekhi ehlanganisa izimboni ze-tecsethi eziyikhulu nezingamakhulukhulu zezinzwa eziphansi. Le mininingwane itholakala obala ngolayini ye-crossboards, yenza izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngezokuhamba nangemisebenzi yangaphandle. I-Manchester isebenzisa ulwembu jikelele lwemibhobho e-diaye-ondayo kanye ne-omatizo-oza engenisa ku-oday'ult U-AIR.[FFFLT]

Imiphumela Elinganiswayo: Impumelelo Inqamula I - UK

Nakuba kusenezinselele, imiphumela eyandayo yamaqhinga omeya iyabonakala ekuthuthukiseni izibalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu emoyeni kulo lonke izwe.

ILondon: Umphumela We - ULEZ

I-London &’ i-ULEZ ibhekwa kabanzi njengendlela yomoya ephambili nephumelela kakhulu e-UK. Phakathi kuka-2017 no-2023, i-NO2 eLondon ehla ngo- 46%, futhi amazinga e-PMS2 ehla nge-15%. Izilinganiso zezimoto ezihlangene ne-ULEZ ziye zanyuka zisuka ku 39% ziye ku - 95% e-oday. Ngaphandle kokwaziswa, lelicebo liye lahlanganisa inguquko yamasiko: ukubhalisa izimoto ngogesi eLondon, futhi iteksi nemikhumbi yempi eqashiwe abantu abaqashwayo manje ilawulwa yizithombe ze-ulzin ngokwemicucucucu noma imishini kagesi.

IBirmingham: Isheshe Ithole Inzuzo E - CAZ

IBirmingham ’ i-Cec Air Zone, eyasungulwa ngoJune 2021, iye yanciphisa u-20% ekuxinanisweni kwe-NO2 emgwaqweni phakathi kwe-ocean. Leli dolobha futhi labika ukwehla kwamaphesenti angu- 27 ezimoto ezingezona ezihlangene ezingena kulendawo ngonyaka wokuqala. Icebo lilindeleke ukuba lenze iBirmingham livumelane nemingcele engokomthetho ngo-2025, ishumi leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe ngaphandle kokungenela.

IManchester: Ikhambi Elinamandla

IManchester ’ i-Cease Air Zone, eyasungulwa ngoMay 2022 ngezimoto ezisindayo, iye yaholela ezingeni le-HGV naku-37% phakathi kwe-HGVs nabaqeqeshi, kusukela ku-20% ngaphambi kokuba izifundazwe ziqalwe. I-Bee Network [ kakade] isiye sandisa ukunakekelwa kwebhasi nge-11% ngonyaka wayo wokuqala, inciphisa uhambo lwemoto nokukhishwa kwayo. Nokho, isinqumo sokulibala izimoto zomphakathi zinciphisa i-lone &squo; umphumela wonke ongabalelwa emazingeni e-NOLT uma kuqhathaniswa ne-London ne-Birmingham.

Izinselele Nezokugxeka Okuqhubekayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko esobala, amameya abhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu emizamweni yawo yokuhlanza umoya wasedolobheni.

Ukusekela Imali Nokusekela Imali

Izindawo eziningi ezihlanzekile zezindiza zixhaswe ngezimali ezivela kuhulumeni ophakathi, kodwa lezi ngokuvamile zinezikhawu zesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Greater Manchester CAZ, incike e- £ 120 yezigidi zokusekela okuvela eMnyangweni Wendawo Ezungezile, i-Food ne-Loral Affairs. Ngesinye isikhathi izindleko zokugcinwa kwemithetho, ukugadwa, nokuxhumana komphakathi kuyehla kugunyazwe iziphathimandla zendawo. Izikhulu zamazwe ziye zabiza amabhulokwele emali emali ekhona namandla angenisa imali eningi kakhulu, njengamandla okugcina izimali zisuka ekuminyangweni kweminywa kwemijamo noma ekupaka i-palini izimali ukuze ziphinde zihoxiswe ekuthuthweni okuhlanzekile.

Ukumelana Nomphakathi Nokukhathazeka Ngokufanele

Izindawo eziphansi kakhulu ezikhipha imikhiqizo zingathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abashayeli abathola imali encane abanezinqola ezindala, ezingezona ezizingeni eliphansi futhi abangakwazi ukukhuculula. Ukwanda kwe-ULEZ ukuya ngaphandle kweLondon ngo-2023 kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima kwezakhamuzi ezithile nemikhandlu yendawo, ngokusho ukuthi kwakuyi- “ intela kwabampofu. i-” ama-Mayer uye wasabela ngokuhlela amasu asele kanye nokukhulula abantu abakhubazekile nezisebenzi eziyinhloko, kodwa ukumelana nomphakathi kulokhu kuyingozi yezombangazwe. Ukuhlobana nomphakathi nendawo ezungezile nezokuhlala ndawonye kuyinseleleko eqhubekayo.

Ukuvinjelwa Okungokomthetho Nokungokwesimiso

Abakhokhi abanakuphonsa intela entsha ngasikhathi sinye noma bafake intela ngaphandle kwemvume evela kuNobhala weZwe yokuthutha. Ukungena kwemoto ye-Manchester ’ imoto eboshiwe efuna ukukhokhelwa e-CAZ ngokwengxenye kwakungenxa yokuphikelela kukahulumeni omkhulu ekubukezeni ubufakazi. Izindinganiso zezwe ezikhishwayo nentela kaphethiloli zibekwe eLondon, okusho ukuthi omphathi-meya kumelwe basebenze ngaphandle kwemingcele elinganisela ijubane nobukhulu benguquko.

Impilo Yangaphakathi Nemithombo Yangaphakathi Engashintshwayo

Amasu amaningi asemameya agxile ekuthuthweni, kodwa ukushisisa izingodo (ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kwezinkuni) kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ezimbonini nakho kunengxenye enkulu emazingeni ePMS. Abakhi banamandla alinganiselwe ekwakheni imithetho nezindinganiso zikaphethiloli zokufudumeza ikhaya. Amanye amadolobha, kuhlanganise neLondon ne Edinburgh, aye aqala imingcele ngezitofu ezivutha izinkuni entuthuko entsha, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyancipha.

Ukuhlola Izifo Eziqhathaniswayo: Ukuhluka Kufinyelela Ngaphesheya Kwamadolobha

Ukuhlola izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa izakhiwo nokubaluleka komongo wendawo.

ILondon: Ishumi Leminyaka Lesenzo Se - Cumuliventia

Ngaphansi kukaMayors Boris Johnson, Sadiq Khan, futhi iqhubeke ngaphansi kwemeya yamanje, iLondon iye yasebenzisa indlela eqinile: iLEZ (2008), i-ULEZ (209, yanwetshwa ngo-2021 nango-2023), iCongestion Price (2003, i-ultraises), kanye ne T-Charge (2017). Ungqimba ngalunye lwakha imoto entsha. Umphumela uyisisekelo esiqinile esiye saqondisa ukukhipha imfucumfucu ephansi ngokushesha kunanoma yiliphi elinye idolobha lase-ULZ. Nokho, izindleko zokwanda kweULZ ziye zaphikisana, kanye nezinye izikhungo ze-borflaze ngaphandle zibone [[FLD] [FLD] [1]

IManchester Enkulu: Ubuhlobo Nokubambisana

Andy Burnham ’ izinqubo zigcizelela ukuhlanganiswa kwezenhlalo nokusetshenziswa okunezigaba. I-Coose Air emoyeni yezimoto ezisindayo yamiswa ngemva kokuhlola okukhulu, igxile ekunikezeni ukusekela okungokwezimali ukuze kuvikelwe imisebenzi namabhizinisi amancane. Isinqumo sokuhlehlisa ukuswelakala kwemoto sifushanisiwe njengokuqaphela izindleko zenhlekelele yokuphila. Lendlela iye yalondoloza ukusekela komphakathi okukhulu kodwa iye yanciphisa izinga lokuthuthuka. Amanye amaqembu endawo aphikisa ngokuthi iManchester ’ isixwayiso siye sayishiya ilandela emuva eLondon nase-Birmingham.

IBirmingham: Ukuphangwa ngokushesha Yizigwegwe Zesifunda

I-Birmingham ’ i-CAZ yaveliswa ngokushesha ngemva kwenselele engokomthetho evela ekuthatheni i-Mongitensi ye-Mount ephoqelelwe uhulumeni. UMay Andy Street wasebenza eduze nomkhandlu wedolobha ukuklama isifunda esimboze isikhungo sedolobha nezindlela ezinkulu ze-arterial. I-CAZ iye yaphumelela, kodwa idolobha i-’ i-prologist — kanye nezakhamuzi eziningi ezihlala eduze kwe-A38 ne-A4540— okusho ukuthi inani elikhulu labasebenzi bendlula nsuku zonke lithintekile. Igunya elihlangene liye lanikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali, kodwa icebo lokulahla ibhuloka liphansi kunalokho okwakulindelekile.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinqubo Ezihlanganisayo

Bebheka phambili, omeya bahlola amagiya amasha ukuze bajulise ithonya lezimiso zabo ezisezingeni eliphezulu lomoya.

Umsebenzi Wokuphaka AmaLevi

I-nottingham iye yasebenzisa i-levy yomsebenzi ephumelelayo kusukela ngo-2012, inyusa izimali zokukhushulwa kwezimoto nezokuthuthukiswa kwamabhasi. Abanye abameli bamameya, kuhlanganise ne-Leeds neLiverpool, bahlola amaqhinga afanayo. I-levy ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto ezilungiselelwe umqashi inganciphisa uhambo lwezimoto ezihambayo futhi iveze inzuzo yezokuthutha ezizinzile.

Ukungenela Kwezikole Nezibhedlela

Imeya eningi iqondisa izinhlelo ze-School Street ezivimbela izikole ezingaphandle phakathi nokwehla nokukhetha izikhathi ezingaphezulu kuka 400. ILondon inezinhlelo ezinjalo ezingaphezu kuka-400, futhi iManchester izimisele ukusungula 100 ngo-2025. Izinga lokushisa komoya okuhlanzekile esibhedlela kungomunye umqondo ovelayo, ngenjongo yokuvikela iziguli nezisebenzi ezisengozini.

Ukuvumelana Nezinqubo Zesimo Sezulu

Ama-mayter ahlela izisulu zomoya ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngemigomo ye-netha-zerobon. Abaqondisi be-London ’s Net-Zero 2030[ indlela idinga ukwehla kwamashumi amahlanu% entuthuzelo yezokuthutha emgwaqweni, okuzothuthukisa izinga lomoya ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuhlanganisa amabhukwana amabili, amameya angavula izimali ezibhakelweni ze-azulu futhi ahehehe itebhu lokuzisela i-teotationsting obuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile.

Isiphetho: Ukuhola Kwama - mayer Okuphikelelayo

Imeya ye-UK ibonise ukuthi ukuhola kwendawo kungathuthukisa izinga lomoya lasemadolobheni, ngisho naphakathi kwemigoqo yesimiso sokulawula esiphakathi. Ngezindawo eziphansi zokukhipha imishini, ukutshala ezomphakathi, izakhiwo eziluhlaza, kanye nezisusa ezishukumisayo, amadolobha anjengeLondon, Birmingham, neManchester aye athola ukunciphiswa okubonakalayo kokungcolisa okuyingozi. Kodwa impi ikude kakhulu. Ukuxhasa izikhala zomphakathi, ukumelana nokwehluleka komphakathi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ze-meyameyarabhula kuhlala kunezithi eziphawulekayo. Amameya aphumelelayo ayakwazi ukugcina ukwethemba umphakathi ngezindlela ezikhanyayo, izindlela ezihlukene, nokusekelanambiza okuhlala kude okuhlanzekile okuhlala enhliziyweni enempilo, ezindaweni ezichuma kakhulu. Njengoba amanye amadolobha emhlabeni wonke ebukeka njengendlela engcono yokuhlola, i-UK, izikhulu zezifundo eziwusizo kakhulu ze-moride mayelana nokulawula imikhumbi ezindaweni eziwusizo ezikhona ukuze kuphumele impi.