Uhulumeni wase-United States usekelwe esimisweni sokuhlukanisa amagunya, umqondo osakaza igunya emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: ukumiswa kwemithetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo, esiklanywe ngokucophelela yi-Framers of the Constitution, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongabusa uhulumeni kahulumeni. Ukudwetshwa kwekhono lezazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe njengeMontesquieu nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso zomthetho, abaklami bomthetho, abaklami bemithetho yomthetho, bakha isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye linganemithwalo yalo eyisisekelo kodwa futhi linayo nendlela yokuhlola eminye. Lokhu kulingana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamandla yi-rock yentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika, ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi ivimbela ukuphakama kobushiqela. Ukuqonda ukuthi la magatsha womabili amagatsha asebenza ngokuzibodwa nakukhombano enkanga efuna izakhamuzi bayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Amandla Okwenza Imithetho

Njengoba igatsha lokuqala likahulumeni libala kuMthetho-sisekelo (Article I), igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, linegunya eliyinhloko lokwakha imithetho kahulumeni. UKhongolo-mthetho luyindikimba ye-bidamaral, ehlukaniswe phakathi kwendlu yabameleli neSigele. Lengxenye yayiwukuhleba ngamabomu phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, iqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ukumelelwa kwenani labantu kanye nokumelelwa kwezwe kufeza indima ekukhiqizweni komthetho.

Izigungu Ezimbili Zezishaya - mthetho

Indlu yabameleli, enamalungu ango-435 ahlukaniswa abantu bombuso ngamunye, imelela abantu ngokuqondile. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, abawenza asabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. ISigele, esinamalungu ayikhulu (kuyisifunda ngasinye), simelela izimemezelo ezilinganayo. Ama-Senator asebenzisa izinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, anikeza umbono owengeziwe nethonya elizinzileyo enkambisweni yesizwe. Izindima ezihlukile zegumbi ngalinye . Zifana negunya elikhethekile lendlu lokusungula izimali kanye negunya eliyingqayizivele leSigele sobungameli lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano zezivumelwano ze-ravingss orgotery ezihlolwayo zesizwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ukwenzeke.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Ukwakha umthetho kahulumeni kuyinqubo ende, enezitebhisi eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Isivumelwano singafakwa kunoma yiliphi igumbi, lapho kuqala sabelwe khona ikomiti ukuba ifunde, izindlebe, futhi iphawule. Uma ikomiti ivuma, imali ingena egumbini eligcwele ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano nevoti. Ngesinye isikhathi idluliselwe ekamelweni elilodwa, lapho inqubo iphindeka khona. Uma amagumbi edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yokugcina ihlanganisa ukungezwani. Inguquko yokugcina ibhekisa kuMongameli. Ubunkimbinkimbi besi ye-"ukusuka ekuthulweni kwekomiti, iphiconsi, impikiswano, nokubuyisana, i-demonist iveza indlela igatsha lemithetho eliziphinda ngayo ngamabomu, ikhuthaza futhi ihlola ngokucophelela.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezimpendulo

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu kaKhongolose “igunya laso lesikhwama.” UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMkhandlu igunya elikhethekile lokukhokha izintela ze-levy futhi unike izimali zikahulumeni. Ngenqubo ye-profession yeminyaka yonke, iNdlu neSishaya-mthetho inquma ukuthi imali ekhokhwa ngayo yonke imali esetshenziswayo kusukela ekuvikeleni izwe kuya ezinhlelweni zezenhlalo. Lokhu kulawula imali kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba uthonyele ngokuphawulekayo imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Ukwenqaba ukuqoqa isikhulu kuyi-chemihlola enamandla emandla kamongameli.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhongolose lunomthwalo obalulekile wokwengamela igatsha eliphethe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe ngendlela ehlosiwe. Ngeziqulo zekomiti, amakomiti, nama-pona, nophengululo, i-Congress ingahlola izenzo zokuphatha, izikhulu zezinhlangano zombuzo, futhi ivule ukungcola, ukukhohlisa, noma ukuxhaphaza. Ikhonrever. [ Website inikeza ukufinyelela obala kweminingi yale mithetho. Le misebenzi yokwengamela isiza ukuba igcine ukubonakala nokulandisa phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho asebenza njengemifelandawonye eqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Basingatha umsebenzi wokwahlulela ngabunye .Izinkampani eziqondisayo zisebenzisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, zifaka isicelo sezinzuzo, noma zixazulule izindaba zezikhulu. Lokhu kuveza utshani kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi nezinkinga zendawo zizwakala ezweni, ukuqinisa isisekelo sedemokrasi segatsha le-propatistration.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Emithetho Ephoqelelwayo

ISiphakamiso II samandla esikhulu kuMongameli waseUnited States, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yiSishaya - mthetho. Igatsha eliphethe liyigatsha elikhulu kakhulu likahulumeni, elihlanganisa izigidi zezisebenzi ezingabuthiwe empini ezingxenyeni ezingamakhulu eminyango, izinhlangano, nezikhomishani.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli ukhonza njengomphathi wesifundazwe nomphathi kahulumeni. Engaqondisiwe njalo eminyakeni emine nge-Electoral College, uMongameli umisa uhlelo lwezwe, uyala amabutho ahlomile, futhi umelela i-United States phesheya. UMongameli ongumongameli, okhethwe ethini elifanayo, usebenza njengoMongameli weSigele (ohlukanisa ibhande letendi) futhi uhlala ekulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sikamongameli uma kudingeka. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa neHhovisi likaMongameli, iHhovisi Eliphethe likaMongameli (okuhlanganisa izisebenzi ezimhlophe ze Home nesihluthulelo sezindikimba ze-National Security neHofisi yoHlulelo-Hlawulo).

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ukuze ifeze indima enkulu yemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni, uMongameli uncike kuKhabhinethi yamakhanda emishini kanye nenhlangano ebanzi yamanxusa azimele. Iminyango ephetheyo eyishumi nanhlanu (njengeMinyango Yokuvikela, Ubulungisa, iMashende, neSizwe) ngayinye inemisebenzi ekhethekile. Ngaphansi kwayo, izinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, iFederal Bureauragement of Investigation, ne-Social Administration isebenzisa imithetho nezinkonzo. Lezinhlangano ziguqula iziyalezo zemithetho zezomthetho zizenzekathane ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu base-Melika. Ikhasimende Lendlu Yendawo Emhlophe

Ukukhishwa Kwemithetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha eliphethe uwukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kuhilela ukuchaza lokho leyomithetho ekushoyo lapho isetshenziswa, ukunikeza iziqondiso zokugcwalisa imininingwane (inqubo elawulwa yi-Administrative Procedure Act), nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukunqandwa kwabaphula umthetho. UMongameli futhi unamandla okumangalela ukuthethelelwa nokukhishwa kwecala likahulumeni, ukunikeza i-cheke egunyeni legatsha lokugweba.

I-Piomy yangaphandle noMyaleli-i-Chiemy

UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqhuba izindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Njengomphathi omkhulu wezwe, uMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezidinga ukuhlaziywa kweSigele) nezivumelwano zokuphatha nezinye izizwe. NjengoMyaleli-iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli angathumela amabutho empi nemisebenzi eqondile, nakuba uMkhandlu ulondoloza amandla okumemezela impi nokuxhasa impi. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwemibuso yezikhulu nemithetho yezomthetho kwamanye amazwe kuye kwaba isihloko esiphindaphindwayo emlandweni waseMelika.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Ukuze alawule imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni, uMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphethe, ezinamandla omthetho kodwa ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa. Leziziqondiso zisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa izikhulu zegatsha eziphetheyo, ukusebenzisa izimiso, noma ukuchaza imithetho ekhona. Nakuba iziqondiso ezinamandla, eziphethe zingaphansi kokuhlola kokwahlulela futhi zingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho noma ngoMongameli olandelayo. Zisebenza njengethuluzi elivumelanayo lokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo, kodwa futhi ziqokomisa futhi i-gasmedi eqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Amandla Okuchaza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, neNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza incazelo yemithetho noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa busetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangokungakhethi. Amajaji angokoMasipala amiswa ukuze aphile, avikeleke ezingcindezini zezombangazwe, ngakho bangathatha izinqumo zokungakhethi ezisekelwe emthethweni nasekwenzeni kwezethu.

Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo Ezizimele

Ijaji likahulumeni liyisimiso sezenkantolo. Phansi kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94, lapho kuvela khona amacala angohulumeni . Ngaphezu kwazo kukhona amaCourt of Apprys (izinkantolo zesifunda), ezwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-United States iyinkantolo yokugcina; ikhetha ukuzwa inani elilinganiselwe lamacala unyaka ngamunye, ikakhulukazi lawo ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Lenhlangano ehleliwebhula ivumela ukubukezwa nokungaguquguquki kwencazelo engokomthetho. [[FLT:] U. Iwebhusayithi yeNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto. [[FLT][FLD] [FLD:1]

INkantolo Ephakeme Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Ithuluzi lejadicary elinamandla kakhulu ukubukeza kokwahlulela, igunya lokumemezela izenzo zoMkhandlu, izenzo zobuphathi, noma imithetho kahulumeni engekho emthethweni. Lamandla awachazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme embonweni (1803 ecaleni . Madison. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo iye yabulala amakhulukhulu emithetho kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni, esebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko. Lokhu kuhlola kokubili amagatsha omthetho womthetho womthetho nomphathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zikhona phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho.

Ukuhumusha Umthetho - sisekelo

Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuthatheni isiqalo (ukubheka inhloso yokuqala yabaFramers) ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo (ukuhlanganisa idokhumende nezimo zanamuhla). Lendlela ehlukene yokuhlela amafilosofi ngendlela iNkantolo enquma ngayo izimpikiswano ezinjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzifihla, namandla kahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo, indima yejaji inikeza izincazelo ezigunyaza wonke amagatsha namazinga kahulumeni.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo Nempikiswano

Izinkantolo eziphethe ama-coflment zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kukahulumeni, futhi phakathi kwezifundazwe. Zizwa namacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sokubheka (ukuvumela izinqumo zime) sinikeza ukuqina nokubikezela emthethweni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingasiguqula isimo sayo ezimweni ezingavamile, ibonise ukuxazulula izindinganiso zomphakathi noma ukuqondisa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lokwahlulela lihlala liqinile futhi livumelana nezimo.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kusekwa ekudalweni kwaso kwesimiso sokuzihlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa amandla acacile okulinganisela izenzo zamanye, avimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni igunya elingavinjelwe. Lesimiso sisebenza ngezindlela eziningi ezilandelanayo.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

ISishaya-mkhandlu singadlula iveto ewumongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu kuwo womabili amakamu. Ingasusa uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu ngenxa “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala aphakeme kanye nokungalungisi.” ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okukhulu komongameli nezivumelwano ze-raifligist. I-Congress futhi ilawula uhlelo lwemali, okusho ukuthi lungasusa ihlobana nezikhulu eziphethe.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

UMongameli angakhipha noma isiphi isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele isishaya-mthetho ukuba siqoqe isishaya - mthetho esikhulu ukuze sisenze. UMongameli futhi unamandla okumisa iSishaya - mthetho esiseqenjini esikhethekile. Ngokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu nokuhlela ukumiswa kwemithetho, uMongameli angathonya inqubo ngaphandle kokuhileleka ngokuqondile ekubekeni imithetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zingamemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kuhlola kwahlulelwa kwenza ukufinyelela futhi kuvikele amalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo zichaza futhi imithetho engaqondakaliyo, ivumelane ngokuphumelelayo nendlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla ejaji lokubukeza izenzo zokuphatha aqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe aziweqeli igunya lazo lokubusa.

Ukuhlola Isinqumo Nomthetho

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, futhi iSigele sibaqinisekisa, futhi inqubo emisa ukulinganisela kwemibono yejaji amashumi amaningi eminyaka. ISishaya-mthetho singaguqula ubukhulu nombuso wezinkantolo eziphansi, futhi singaveza ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ukuba kudlule izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. UMongameli, ngoMnyango Wezobulungisa, uphoqelela izinqumo zenkantolo, okusho ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela ekugcineni zincike egatsheni eliphethe ukuze zisetshenziswe.

Ukusebenza Kakhulu

Lokhu kuhlola nokulinganisela akuzinzi; kudlala ezimpikiswaneni zangempela zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angakhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawukhipha lowo mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ingawushaya umthetho, iholele uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise inguquko ebukeziwe noma uhlonze ukulungisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha amathathu kumelwe asebenzelane (noma alwane), kodwa angabusa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela idemokhrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezelwa.

Isiphetho

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni .(legislative system) asebenza ndawonye esimisweni esihlelwe kahle esisakaza amandla futhi sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukene, kodwa ngalinye lihlome ngamathuluzi okuvimbela amanye. Lomklamo, osekelwe eMthethweni-sisekelo futhi ocwengisiswe amakhulu eminyaka, uvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi ulondoloze ukubusa komthetho. Kubantu, ukuqonda leli gatsha akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kuyimfuneko yokuhlanganyela ngolwazi ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngokwazi ukuthi lamagatsha asebenzelana kanjani, abantu ngabanye bangasekela kangcono izithakazelo zabo, bagcine abamele ukulandisa, futhi banikele ekulingeni okuqhubekayo kokuzilawula komthetho okuchaza i-United States.