Isingeniso: Umsebenzi Wokubusa Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni − awenziwa ngokuhlola, ngemithetho, nangezomthetho, futhi awayona imiqondo engabonakali egcinwe ezincwadini. Ayimishini esebenzayo ehlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekulondekeni kwemigwaqo oyiqhubayo ukuya emoyeni ophefumulayo nasebuhleni bezivumelwano ozisayina. Ukuqonda indlela la magatsha asebenza ngayo futhi asebenzelane abalulekile kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo edemo-demokrati, abameleli benguquko, noma nje ukwazi indlela yokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithinta ukuphila kwaso. Lesi sihloko sandisa indima eyisisekelo yegatsha ngalinye, sihlola imiphumela yawo engokoqobo emithethweni evamile, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ekuhlanganeni kwabantu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso − ehloselwe ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ingabi yigunya kakhulu − iveza isimiso sokubusa okuhlanganyelweyo nokuqondisana. Lesimiso asisona isithiyo sokuphumelela kodwa siyisivikelo senkululeko. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda lezindima, zingaqaphela kangcono ukuthi zingaqondisa kuphi izinkathazo zazo, nini ukuvota, nokuthi zingasebenzisa kanjani isimiso esingokomthetho ukuze zivikele amalungelo azo.

Igatsha Eliphethe Iqembu Liyasebenza

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Igatsha eliphethe ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho emiswa yisishaya-mthetho. Ezingeni lesizwe e-United States, umphathi uqondiswa umongameli, okhonza njengesikhulu sombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. Umongameli usekelwa yisekela likamongameli, ikhathektha (ehlanganisa izikhulu zeminyango yezikhulu zezezombuso njengeDefense, State, Treasurence, ne-Health and Human Servicess (Izikhungo zezempilo nezezimali). Kulezo zinhlangano, izisebenzi zomphakathi zifeza umsebenzi wosuku lokuqondisa izinhlelo ze-social Security, kusukela ekuhloleni ukudla ezimbonini zezezomthetho.

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bahlobisa lesi sakhiwo nababusi, amameya, abaphathi bedolobha, neminyango yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, igatsha eliphethe lombuso lingase lihlanganise iminyango yezimoto, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nempilo yomphakathi. Lemikhandlu yenza futhi isebenzise imithetho ehlelekile, emisa imithetho ebanzi yemithetho yezomthetho, ethonya ngokuqondile indlela amabhizinisi esebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nezinkonzo zikahulumeni.

Imiphumela Yansuku Zonke

Igatsha eliphethe lithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi. Cabangela ukuphepha komphakathi: amaphoyisa (okuwumsebenzi ophethe wendawo) asabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, aphenye ubugebengu, futhi amise imithetho yezimoto. Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, i-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa imithetho yokuvikela umoya namanzi, ethinta ngokuqondile ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi owaphuzayo nomoya ophefumulayo. UMnyango wemfundo wezemfundo wezwe wengamela izinhlelo zokusiza abafundi, ukufinyelela imfundo ephakeme. Igatsha eliphethe izakhiwo zezemfundo ephakeme (iRoundations, amabhulohohohol, imoto yomphakathi, ehamba nge-ohulumeni noma ngemithetho ehlela i-mali. Lapho ugibe le-Fotersty Administrations (TS) usebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha lokuvikela abafundi.

Izimiso zezomnotho, njengokugcinwa kwentela yi-Internst Revenue Service (I-IRS) noma izivumelwano zezohwebo ezixoxwa umphathi, zithonya izindleko zezimpahla kanye nezindawo zezezemisebenzi. Izempilo eziphethe, kuhlanganise noMedicare noMedicaid, ziwumsebenzi ophethe othinta izigidi zamaMelika. Ngamafuphi, igatsha eliphethe liyithuluzi elibonakalayo kakhulu likahulumeni ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Esakhamuzini

Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuyinhloko negatsha eliphethe ngokuvota abazokhethwa (umholi, umbusi, umphathi) abavumelana nezinto eziza kuqala. Ngalé komphathi we-colot, abantu bangathintana nezinhlangano eziphetheyo ngokukhononda, bahlanganyele ezikhathini zokuphendula umphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, noma zifake isicelo sezikhundla phakathi kwenkonzo yomphakathi. Imihlangano yasedolobheni inikeza iziteshi eziqondile kubaphathi bemeya noma amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha asebenza njengezikhulu zezikhulu. Izinhlangano eziningi futhi zinezikhungo zezikhulu zokusingatha izikhalo zezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa le mishini kunikeza abantu iziqondiso zezenzwe zezekhono nethonya.

Ama - expoir Amandla Okubusa

Isikhulu asiphelele. Igatsha lomthetho lingase lithathe ama-vetoes aphethe, livumele noma lilahle ukumiswa noma izivumelwano, futhi liqondise ukuqulwa kwecala. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingabusa izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla aphethe ahlala esendaweni engokomthetho nentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi, zazi ukuthi lezi ziphetho ziyasiza ekuhloleni ukuthi isikhulu singakweqa nini nokuthi isiphi isikhala esitholakala ngamanye amagatsha.

Imithetho Yegatsha: Imithetho Yobuciko Ethonya Umphakathi

Ukwakhiwa Nomsebenzi

Igatsha lemithetho (igatsha le-wistogin) elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Congress esigaba sikahulumeni − inomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. E-United States, iyindikimba ye-bimeral eyakhiwa iSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amabili esifunda) neNdlu yabameleli (amalungu angu-435, abelwe ngokwenani labantu). Izishaya-mthetho zendlu yombuso zinezakhiwo ezifanayo, ngokuvamile ezinesenate nendlu yenhlangano noma indlu yabameleli. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlela nokudlulisa umthetho, ukugunyaza, ukumisa, ukumisa izimali, nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngamakomiti namaphesenti.

Abameli basikisela izikweletu, ezithi zidlule phakathi kokuqulwa kwekomiti, ukuphikiswa, ukuvota, nokuvota okuningi. Uma la maqembu edlula izinguqulo ezifanayo, icala liya kumongameli ukuze asayine noma athathe i-veto. Uma i-vetoted, uKhongolo lungadlula namashumi amabili 93. Le nqubo izimisele ukuvumela ukuhlolwa okuphelele nokufakwa komphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi iphi iphi iphi iphi iphi iphi iphimbo lazo elibalulekile kakhulu.

Indlela Ukushaya Imithetho Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuphila kwansuku zonke kulawulwa imithetho edluliswa yigatsha lemithetho. Amazinga entela, iholo elilinganiselwe, ukukhokhwa kwezempilo, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, ukuxhaswa kwezemfundo, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nenkambiso yokufuduka konke kunqunywe ngemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umshuwalense wempilo we-Affordal Care Act okhudlwana wezigidi; i-Ceac Air Act ithuthukisa izinga lomoya; ne-Civil Rights Act esemthethweni eqeshini nasezindaweni zomphakathini. Ngisho nemithetho yendawo yemithetho ye-"e-"enziwayamukela igunya layo lokukhokha intela yezwe noma ye-province. Uma ukhokha intela, uthumela umntwana wakho esikoleni somphakathi, noma ezindaweni zokuhlala imfucucucucucu, uthola imiphumela yeze yezekelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Yomthetho

Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya umthetho. Okuqondile kakhulu ukuvota kwabameleli abavumelana nawe. Phakathi nokhetho, ungathintana nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe ngocingo, nge-imeyili, noma ngokuhambela ngo-‘person. Imihlangano yasedolobheni kanye nokulalela umphakathi kunikeza amathuba okuveza imibono ezikweletini ezibukele. Amaqembu amaningi angobezayiseli anikeza amathuluzi okuqondisa umthetho futhi athumele imiyalezo ebhalwe kusengaphambili kubenzi bomthetho. I-komiti (*) ifaka phambi kwe-projective transformation noma isimessage empilweni yempilo yendawo.

Enye indlela iwukunxusa. ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo “lokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” Izicelo zo-Online zingadonsela ukunakekela ezindabeni, futhi iziqondiso zokuvota ezihlangene kwezinye izizwe zivumela abavoti ukuba badlulise imithetho ngokuqondile. Nokho, ukuhlela ukusekela utshani kuseyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuthonya uhlelo lwezimemezelo zemithetho.

Indima Yokuphanga Nokungalawuleki

Nakuba igama elithi “ukuzingela” livame ukuveza incazelo ephambene, liyisenzo esivikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho esivumela amaqembu enzalo − kuhlanganise nenzuzo engazuzisi, izinyunyana, izinhlangano, kanye nezakhamuzi − ukunikeza imibono yawo kubenzi bomthetho. Ukukhomba kuphumelela kakhulu uma kuhilela ukuxhumana okusobala nokwaziswa okuyiqiniso. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekuhlobaniseni ngezinhlangano ezivumelana nezindinganiso zazo, njenge American Civil Liberaties Union, iSierra Club, noma i-ARP. Ukuqonda amandla okukhanga kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi ukushisekela okuphikisana kuthinta kanjani imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwazo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: IGuardian of Rights and Justice

Ukubuka udlulisa uhlelo lwekhodi

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, isimiso senkantolo sihlanganisa iziNkantolo zeSithili (izinkantolo zecala), iziNkantolo zeZikhalo (izinkantolo), futhi iNkantolo Eziphakeme zase-United States. Izimiso zenkantolo zoMbuso ziyahluka kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme. Izinga ngalinye linegunya elikhethekile. Igebelo ngalinye lizimele, okusho ukuthi abahluleli abangaphansi kwethonya lezombangazwe ezinqumweni zabo.

Isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela senziwe kuMarbury v. Madison (1803)] `imvume yokushaya imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lomandla enza ijaji libe yi-inquisi enzima kuwo womabili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Kuzo, izinkantolo kulapho kuvikelwa khona amalungelo, izingxabano ziyaxazululwa, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa.

Izindaba Ezingokomthetho Zansuku Zonke

Isimiso sokwahlulela sithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela ezisobala nezicashile. Uma uhileleke engozini yemoto, inkantolo inganquma iphutha nembuyiselo. Uma usayina imvume, uthenge indlu, noma uqala ibhizinisi, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano zixazululwa ngezinkantolo. Izindaba zokwahlulela zezephulamthetho zenza amathikithi okuya enkantolo enkantolo ecalani elisobala nangokwenkululeko yezenkolo, isivikelo somkhaya, kuhlanganise nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokutholwa, kusingathwa yinkantolo enkantolo. Ngisho nalapho wena ngokwakho ungekho enkantolo, izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa izibonelo ezithinta amalungelo akho: inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, isibopho somuntu siqu, isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi nenqubo efanelekile ihlelwe yikho konke ukubusa kwenkantolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme saqala imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa asole amalungelo awo. (2015) [imishado efanayo esemthethweni esemthethweni ezweni lonke. Miranda v. Inqubo yokwahlulela inika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela uma amalungelo azo ephulwe futhi efuna ukuwafuna.

Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa Nemfundo Yesiphakamiso

Ukufinyelela ezinkantolo kuyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi. Nokho, ukuhamba ngesimiso somthetho kungabiza futhi kube yinkimbinkimbi. Izakhamuzi eziningi zithembele ezinhlanganweni zosizo olungokomthetho, abameli be-probobo, noma imithombo ezimele enikezwa yizinkantolo. Imfundo ye-COVICO ibalulekile: ukwazi amagama angokomthetho, isimo sesimiso senkantolo, nendlela yokubhala isikhalo noma yokusabela enkantolo ingayiqinisa inqubo. Imithombo yamahhala ihlanganisa iwebhusayithi U.S.S. Izembongolo zamakhothali ezingokomthetho ezinikeza iziyalezo nezimo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhonza ejajini kungenye yezindlela eziqondile izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngazo egatsheni lokwahlulela. Umsebenzi kaJury uyilungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo; uqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abavamile banendima ekunqumeni amacala, ikakhulukazi amacala obugebengu. UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji elingakhethi, okwenza inkonzo yamajaji ibe itshe lesisekelo lesimiso sokwahlulela.

Ukuzimela Nobandlululo

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheni isinqumo sokungakhethi. Amajaji ahlangene amiswa ukuze aphile (aziphethe kahle) futhi angasuswa kuphela ngokuzijezisa, okuwavikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Abahluleli bahulumeni bangakhethwa noma bamiswe, kodwa nabo futhi balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umthetho ngaphandle kobandlululo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zisekele umthetho ngokuhlonipha izinqumo zenkantolo ngisho nalapho zingavumelani. Ukuhlasela ngokomthetho (hhhnight on the genicrective, intecrect, noma uhlelo lokuhlela imali) − ukunquma ikhono legatsha lokuvikela amalungelo. Ulwazi olubalulekile lomphakathi olusiza ukuba kulondoloze lokhu kuhlola okubalulekile emandleni.

Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kwamagatsha: Ama - vicking and thesting

Izibonelo Zokuhlolwa

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona into ephelele; igatsha ngalinye linezindlela zokulinganisela ezinye. Igatsha lemithetho lingayikhipha imithetho kamongameli we-veto, lilahle ukumiswa kwezikhulu nezivumelwano, lisuse umongameli noma abahluleli, futhi lilawule uhlelo lwemali. Isikhulu singakhipha umthetho, sikhiphe iziyalezo zezikhulu, sithethelele amajaji angokomthetho kahulumeni, futhi simise amajaji. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingagawula imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu njengezezifektha.

Isibonelo esivelele i-profile à profession à producement vento kwezinye izifundazwe, ezivumela ababusi ukuba basuse amalungiselelo athile ezikweletini ezikhokhwayo. Ezingeni likahulumeni, i-veto amandla kamongameli uphoqelela uKhongolo lwamandla ukuba luyekethise. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sibekwe ku- United States v. UNxon[[FLT][FLT] [19971]) ifuna ukuba umongameli anikezele amakhasethi ehlazweni leWatergate, abonise ukwengamela kwelungelo lezehlulele. Izenzo ezinjalo zikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza njengesimiso esishukumisayo, hhayi isiphathi.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

Kuhulumeni wanamuhla, imigqa phakathi kwamagatsha ngezinye izikhathi ingafiphaza. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zokuqondisa − ngokwengxenye yegatsha eliphetheyo − ngokuvamile zinegunya lokulawula elifana nomthetho nemisebenzi efana neyamankantolo. Leli “gatsha lesine” likahulumeni liye laphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthunyelelwa kwemibuso. Nokho, i-Congress iyakwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele ngokwenza imithetho, futhi izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi izinhlangano ezifana ne-Federal Communications Commissionsion noma i-Security ne-Expressicial zisebenza ekwangeniseni amagatsha amathathu, futhi ukubophana kwemithetho yazo kuyindlela enamandla yokulungisa inqubo.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ngezakhamuzi

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sidala amaphuzu amaningi okuthola izakhamuzi. Uma ungavumelani nomthetho, ungawubekela inselele enkantolo, ufune ukuba isishaya-mthetho siwulungise, noma uvote umphathi owuphoqelelayo. Ukuqonda le drama kukusiza ukuba unqume ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kuphi amandla akho omphakathi. Kuchaza nokuthi kungani intuthuko ingathatha kancane ("dilibetement inhlolo eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinqumo ezicaphuka. Ukubekezela nokuphikelela kuyizimfanelo ezinhle kuhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlala Ngayo Zinolwazi Futhi Zihlanganyela Ngayo

Ukubhala Ngemithombo Yezindaba Nemithombo Ethenjwayo

Ukuhlala unolwazi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba okunemininingwane enzima. Izenzo zikahulumeni zibikwa yimithombo yezindaba, kodwa akuyona yonke imithombo ethembekile. Funa imithombo eyinhloko: amawebhusayithi asemthethweni anjenge Leaven House.gov, I-Chonet.Gov, futhi [FLT:] [[FLT]] [4] SUP] SOUTTTT.[FLT].]. Izinhlangano ze-Nopartarians ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane Voters ne iClibs zinikeza izinto zokufundisa. Ukuqonda kobuzwelo kukusiza ukuba wakhe umbono olinganiselwe wezenzo zikahulumeni.

Izinhlangano Nemisebenzi

Ngenani namaqembu ezakhamuzi zendawo, nibe khona emihlanganweni yesikole, noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela emikhankasweni yezombangazwe. Imiphakathi eminingi inezinxulumani zomphakathi ezisebenzelana namagatsha aphethe edolobha. Ukuncoma kunoma yiluphi ukhetho (lonke) lobuzwe, uhulumeni, nombuso (‘isenzo esiyinhloko kakhulu sokuthembisana. Ovhoti beminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala bavame ukuthatha amahhotela aphansi, kodwa banquma izikhungo zesikole, amakhomishana esifunda, nezikhundla zokwahlulela ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Ulwazi ngamalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo − inkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo esifanayo, . Igatsha lokwahlulela likhona ukuze liqikelele lamalungelo, kodwa isinyathelo sokuqala ukuwazi. I-ACLU inikeza ukufushaniswa kwamalungelo emongo ehlukahlukene (umz., ukusebenzelana namaphoyisa, ukuvota, amalungelo okungasese). Izakhamuzi eziningi ziqonda isivikelo sazo esingokomthetho, okungcono ezingazisekela zona nabanye.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Oqhubekayo Wokuba Izakhamuzi

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni awazona izinhlangano ezikude; ayizithuluzi umphakathi wentando yeningi ozibusa ngazo. Kusukela kubaphathi abamisa izindinganiso zokuphepha, kuya kumphathi wemfundo exhasayo, kuya kumajaji avikela amalungelo akho, lamagatsha ahlanganiswa njengesisekelo sokuphila kwansuku zonke. isakhamuzi esiqonda izindima zegatsha ngalinye singavota ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu, sikhuthaze ngokuphumelelayo, futhi sisebenzise isimiso sokuthuthukisa hhayi ukuphila kwaso kuphela kodwa nomphakathi waso.

Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sinikeza isisekelo, kodwa incike kubantu abathembisene ukuyigcina inempilo. Ngokufunda indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo, ahlanganyele okhethweni, athintane nabameleli, futhi ahloniphe umthetho, uba umhlanganyeli okhuthele ekubuseni i-culo, hhayi nje indaba yayo. Uma wazi kakhulu, kuba namandla kakhulu izwi lakho. Ungathatha isikhathi namuhla ukubheka izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe, ufunde ngendaba yeNkanto ephakeme, noma uye emhlanganweni wezomthetho wendawo.