Table of Contents
Isingeniso: Ithonya Lemicabango Ebucayi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Wezinombolo
Enkathini echazwa ukusakazeka njalo kokwaziswa okungaguquguquki − kusukela ekusakazeni izindaba eziqapheni zezezindaba zezembutho zama-virus − ikhono lokucabanga ngokugxeka liye lasuka ekubeni nekhono lemfundo eliwusizo kuya kwimfuneko eyisisekelo yesizwe esihlala kuso. Isakhamuzi sanamuhla asisona nje isithakazeli semininingwane kodwa singumthathi matasa entweni eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ulwazi olungahambisani khona, ukungaqondi kahle, nolwazi lweqiniso kukhona. Imiphumela yokuhluleka ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa ngokunempumelelo ikhulu: ukuthembela okuncipheka ezinhleni, ukujuliswa kwezelelwe ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nezinqumo zezelelwanolwazi ezithinta izihloko ezisukela empilweni yomphakathi kuya ekubusweni komphakathi.
Ukucabanga okugxekayo, okuchazwa inqubo edinga ukuhlelwa yi-Critical Thinking, inqubo edingayo yokusebenzisa ngokuzikhandla nangekhono, ukusebenzisa, ukucubungula, ukuhlaziya, nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa okuqoqwe ngokuhlola, okuhlangenwe nakho, noma ukucabanga. Akuyona into ephambene noma engaqiniseki ngayo yonke into; kunalokho, iqonde ukuqondisisa kahle nangokukhalipha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi sokuthuthukisa lamakhono, ukunikeza amacebo asebenzayo kubafundisi, abafundi, nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqondisa ulwazi ngendlela ecacile nangokuqiniseka.
Indima Yokucabanga Okubucayi Ekuhlanganyeleni Nesigqi Esiqinile
Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngenkuthalo − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvota, ukuya emahholo edolobha, noma ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ze-inthanethi ye-inthanethi — kusemgqeni wokwahlulela okunengqondo elungile. ukucabanga okubucayi kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukudlulela ngalé kokunxusa okungokomzwelo futhi zikhulumele abashokobezi ukuba zihileleke ezimqoka ezingxabeni.
Ukwazi Isinqumo Ngaphandle Kwezinzwa
Lapho behlola inqubo yenqubo yokuhlongoza noma isilinganiso se-paretendum, abacusumbuli abancikile esihlokweni esisodwa. Bahlola ukwaziswa okucashile, bacabangela eminye imiqondo, futhi bahlole imiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, umavota ngokuhluzekile icebo lokulungisa intela uzobheka ukucubungula okuzimele kwezimiso zemali ezihlelwayo njenge- Isikhungo soMgaqo-mthetho [[, ulinganise imiphumela efanayo kwezinye izifunda, futhi angabaze ukuthi ivumelana kanjani nezindinganiso zazo siqu nezinto eziza kuqala. Lenqubo iguqula ukuvota ekukhetheni okungacushweni kwezimiso zezeluleko zezenzipho kusenzeke ngamabomu.
Ingxoxo eyakhayo Ngalé kwezihlukanisi
Ukucabanga okugxekayo kusekela ikhono lokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi. Endaweni ehlukene, umgomo wengxoxo uvame ukusuka ekuqondeni kuya ekuwini. Nokho, umcabangeli ogxekayo ubonakalisa uzwela olungokwengqondo", ikhono lokuveza umbono ophikisayo ngokunembile ngaphambi kokuwuhlaziya. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuzivikela futhi kuvule umnyango wokuxoxa ngenye indlela. Kukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zibuze imibuzo efuna ukuphenya: "Yibuphi ubufakazi obungaguqula ingqondo yakho?" noma "Yini incazelo eyisisekelo sale mpikiswano?" Imibuzo enjalo de-escaretate ? futhi ingaholela ekuxazululeni okune nkinga ekhiqizayo.
Ukuba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Ngamandla
Umphakathi ocabanga ukuthi uyisakhamuzi ogxekayo uyisakhamuzi esibabheka njengabaholi bawo. Uma izikhulu zisho ukuthi zisebenzisa imithombo yobugebengu, ukukhula kwezomnotho, noma imiphumela yemfundo, umphakathi othembiswe kanzima uzobuza umthombo wokwaziswa, hlola umongo (umz., inombolo yama-monitorvs. ingqikithi) futhi zifune ukuqiniseka. Ikhono lokuzihlola ngokwalo. Ikhono lokuhlola izinto ezingahambisani nemithetho engokomthetho lisebenza ngendlela esobala enjenge FactCC. org[ [[FLT:]] noma [FLT] POLIF] FOLActct isebenza ngokuqondile ekucabangeni okuhluzelisayo. Ngaphandle kwaleli khono, izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuguqula inkulumo - zenkulumo - zenkulumo - mbumbulu.
Izingxenye Zokucabanga Okubucayi Nendlela Yokukulingisa
Ukucabanga okubucayi akulona ithalenta elilodwa kodwa iqoqo lamakhono ahlobene.
Ukuhlaziya: Ukugqashula Empikiswaneni
Ukuhlolwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa ukusho okukhulu, izizathu ezisekelayo, kanye nokucabanga okuyisisekelo kunoma yikuphi ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho efunda uhlu lombono, umhlaziyi ogxekayo uzohlukanisa isiphetho sombhali ebufakazini ababunikezayo, abese ehlola ukuthi ubufakazi busekela isiphetho ngempela yini. Ukuhlola, zama indlela "IMaphu ebhaliwe ebhalwe phansi futhi uyidwebe ngesiphetho, usekela izizathu ezisekelayo, futhi uhlole ukuthi iziphi izindawo ezingekho eziphawulwe emabhokisini.
Ukuhlola: Ukuhlola Umthombo Wokuvuleka
Akuyona yonke imithombo edalwe ngokulingana. Ukuhlola kuhlanganisa ukwahlulela ukwethembeka, ubuchwepheshe, nobandlululo lwe-mthonjeni. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lalokhu ukuhlolwa kwe-CRAAP (I-REVLACE, i-Authority, i-Lixacy, injongo), okusungulwe yi-labrianriantian State University, Chico. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhlangabezana nezibalo eziphathelene nenani lokugoma, umhloli uzakuhlola: Ingabe umthombo uyisazi sezokwelapha esibukelwe ontanga noma i-meyakhombana ngokwakhe? Ingabe umlobi unezifakelwa okubalulekile? Ingabe lelikhono libucayi ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokuthola ulwazi olugcweleyo, lapho imithombo ekholisayo kodwa ekholisa kalula.
Ukwehluleka: Ukufinyelela Isiphetho Esinengqondo
Ukungavumelani yinqubo yokucabanga kusukela kubufakazi kuya esiphethweni. Nokho, kudinga ukuqaphela ukucunulwa kobuchopho okungaveza incazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwe-heurism kuholela abantu ekuqiniseni izinga lezenzakalo eziphawulekayo ngoba zikhumbuleka kalula. Ukuthuthukisa inqubo, ukuvivinya "ukuqeda isiphelo": ukunikezwa iqoqo lamaqiniso, hlela zonke iziphetho ezingase zifinyelelwe ngokunengqondo, kanye neziphetho ezingenakuthethelelwa. Lonogada ngokumelene nokugxuma.
Ukuchaza: Ukuchaza Ngokucacile Ukucabanga
Ukucabanga okugxeka kakhulu kulahlwa uma kungenakuxoxisana. Ukuhlelwa kudinga ukucaciswa, ukunemba, nokubonana ngenqubo yakho yokucabanga. Ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, lokhu kusho ukuthi akusho nje ukuthi yini oyikholelwayo kodwa ukuthi kungani. "Ngisekela lenkambiso ngoba inciphisa izindleko zezokunakekela impilo zasikhathi eside ngokwezifundo zeCommonwealth Fund, futhi ngoba ihlela ukunakekelwa kokuzivikela" inamandla futhi ivule kakhulu ekuhloleni kunento elula "Iyinto elungile ukuba yenziwe" nikeza incazelo efingqiwe, incazelo esekelwe ekutheni imibandela engokwezehlakani kwakho siqu.
Ukuzivuselela Nokuzindla
Mhlawumbe isici esinzima kakhulu ukuzenzela umehluko, ukuqashelwa komuntu okuqhubekayo kokucabanga kwakhe siqu. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqaphela izimbangela ezingokomzwelo ezikhubaza ukwahlulela, ukungabaza izinkolelo zakhe siqu, nokuzimisela ukuvuselela izinkolelo zakhe ngaphandle kobufakazi obusha. Umkhuba wansuku zonke uwukubuza: "Yini namuhla engike ngayithola ebekela imibono yami ekhona inselele? Ingabe ngiyilahla ngokushesha kakhulu?" Lomkhuba obonisayo uyinjini yokukhula kolwazi.
Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokwakha Amakhono Okucabanga Abucayi
Ukuze umuntu ahlakulele la makhono kudingeka azijwayeze ngamabomu, hhayi nje ngokumane afunde engenzi lutho.
Indlela Yokubusa: Ukubuza Konke
Indlela ye-Socratic, eqanjwe ngesazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki, ihlanganisa ukubuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo yokuhlola izinkolelo eziyisisekelo nokungavumelani okunengqondo. Ekilasini noma phakathi kwabangane, zamani lokhu okulandelayo kubuye kubuye kuholele: [
- " Yini ngempela oyishoyo [X [[FLT]]? [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [ikhulu le miphumela] uma sivuma lemiphumela] [FFFF:6]] . [i] Yini engaba incazelo ehlukile?[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] [5] .[5] Inqunum]
Ukuvivinya Umzimba Ngokufunda Ngemithombo Yezindaba
Ukwazi ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kuyinsika yokucabanga okugxekayo enkathini yonyaka. Ukuvivinya okuphumelela kakhulu ukuhlaziya indaba efanayo yezindaba njengoba kubikwa ama-patode amathathu ahlukene `odwa, enye-ondance, enye ye-oyilensi, enye yesobunxele, futhi uma kungenzeka, umthombo wezwe lonke. Buza: Ihluka kanjani izihloko eziphambili? Yimaphi amaqiniso ahlanganisiwe noma ashiywe? Yimaphi amazwi aqukethe ukuma okubukeka komzimba? Lokhu kubonisa indlela yokucabanga. Okunye ukuvivinya: phawula "ubani, kuphi, kuphi, kuphi, kungani, futhi" weposi yezokuxhumana abantu ngaphambi kokuba uhlanganyele. Ukuthumela izihlolo zezincwadi njengezindaba i-Guard kungasiza futhi ukuhlola ukuthembeka komthombo wemizwelo ngempela.
Impikiswano Nokuhlolwa Kombono
Izimpikiswano ezingokwesiko zingcono kakhulu ekugxekeni ukucabanga okugxekayo ngoba ziphoqelela abahilelekile ukuba bacwaninge futhi bavikele isikhundla abangasibambi ngokomuntu siqu. Nokho, ukuthatha umbono ngokwethukela kungaba namandla alinganayo. Uma ufunda isihloko esiphikisanayo, sebenzisa imizuzu emihlanu ubhala isifushaniso esifushane esithathwe embonweni womlobi, bese ubhala into ehlukile ehlukile. Umgomo awukona ukuwina kodwa ukuqonda ukuqondisisa kwangaphakathi kwesikhundla ngasinye. Lokhu kwakha ikhono elibalulekile ekuxazululeni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Iqiniso Elitholakala Njengomkhuba
Phambi kokwabelana noma ukwenza okuthile okungalindelekile, hlola iqiniso. Sebenzisa izingosi ezikhethekile ezinjenge izinsalela zamahemuhemu amagciwane, noma iprojekthi [[[FLT:] yokususa ukwaziswa okungaqondile]. Ukuze usebenzise amathuluzi okuhlola izithombe. Izibalo, landelela ukugodla kwesifundo sayo sokuqala noma imininingwane kahulumeni. Lo msebenzi awuvimbeli nje kuphela ukusakazeka kobuqambiso kodwa futhi wakha nomkhuba wengqondo wobuqiniso.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukucabanga Okubucayi Kungene Emfundweni Yomuntu
Nakuba umkhuba ngamunye uwusizo, ukuvumelanisa izinhlelo nezifundo zesikole kuqinisekisa ukuthi la makhono athuthukiswa kabanzi, futhi lokhu kuye kwaqinisekiswa ucwaningo lwezemfundo.
Imfundo Esekelwe Kumsebenzi
Imfundo esekelwe kwiprojekthi (PBL) ingaklanyelwa ukuthatha ingcinga ecacile. Ngokwesibonelo, iyunithi ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu inganika abafundi umsebenzi wokuhlaziya iziphakamiso ezihlukene (intela ye-carbon, i-cap-trade, i-trade, ukuqondisa okuqondile) ngokuhlola ithonya labo lezomnotho, ukuphumelela kwendawo ezungezile, nokungaqondi kwezombangazwe. Abafundi kumelwe baqoqe ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi, balinganise ukudayisa, futhi bavikele ukutusa kwabo ekulaleleni umphakathi okufanayo. Indima yothisha iwukubuza imibuzo ye-metacogicbaccury, njenge "Iziphi izimiso enizisebenzisayo ekunqumeni?" ne "Iziphi izimpawu ezingekho emithonjeni yakho?"
Ukuhlaziya Impikiswano Ngezenzakalo Zanamuhla
Isimiso samasonto onke "Argument Autopsy" singaphumelela kakhulu. Isonto ngalinye, abafundi baletha umbhalo omfushane (umongo, isikhangiso sezombangazwe, iposi lezenhlalo yezokuxhumana) futhi basebenze ngokuhlaziya okuhlelwe kahle: phawula ukuzisho, ubufakazi, izivumelwano, kanye nokushiyeka okungathandeka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abafundi bakha ingosi yokwaziswa okungaqondakali (inkinga eyimfihlo, umququba, umtshana) obasiza ukuba bachayeke ekuxhumaneni nezwe langempela. Imithombo evela ku- Ikhono lakho lokungaqondisi i-iphazamiso eyikho.
Ukufunda Inkonzo Okudinga Ukucabanga Okubucayi
Imfundo yenkonzo ihlanganisa ukuhlangana komphakathi nemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, kodwa kumelwe kuhlanganise nokucabangela okuyinkimbinkimbi ukugwema ukuqiniswa kwemibono eguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuzinikela ebhange lokudla, abafundi akumelwe bachaze nje okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kodwa bahlaziye izimbangela zesimiso zokungalondeki kokudla, bahlole ukuphumelela kokungenela okuhlukene, futhi bacabange ngemibono yabo siqu ngobumpofu. Ukunikeza iziqinisekiso ezikhuthazayo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkonzo iba isiqalo sokucabanga okugxekayo kunokumane nje kube umsebenzi omuhle.
Ukunqoba Izithiyo Zentuthuko Yokucabanga Ebucayi
Ngisho noma zinezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu, izithiyo eziningana zingaphazamisa ukukhula kokucabanga okugxekayo.
Ukusakaza Ulwazi Olwengeziwe
Uma umuntu edla ama-gigabyte angu-74 olwazi nsuku zonke, kulula ukuzizwa enqotshwe. Ikhambi alikho ukuqeda ingcosana kodwa lidle ngamabomu. Lifushanisa iqoqo eliphakathi lemithombo ephakeme (ngokwesibonelo,] i-NPR’S [[[FLT]]'S IIN ngezindaba ezilinganiselwe, noma i-Economist [[] ngokuhlaziya ngokuphendla. Sebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-RS ukungenisa izimpawu ezivezelayo ethandwayo. Hlela izikhathi ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwezindaba kunokuba uvumele ukuba uphazamise umsebenzi wezindaba. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo futhi kubangele ukuhlaziya ingqondo.
Ukubhekana Nesiqinisekiso Sokuthi Ama - bias
Ukuqinisekisa ukucwasana (ukuqinisekisa ukufuna ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo ezikhona). ngokunokwenzeka kuyisitha esikhulu sokucabanga okugxeka. Okunye ukulinganisela ukuthi ukuzichaya ngamabomu ekuzibekeni esilinganisweni esiphakeme, imithombo ethembekile evela kwenye indawo. Zibophelele kumaphepha-zincwadi noma ama-podcasts abonisa imibono ehlukile (umz., Ekhohlo, kwesokudla [Isikhungo noma i-PROCT). Uma uhlangana neqiniso elisekela umbono wakho, ngokushesha buza: "Ikhona umthombo othembekile ophikisana nale?" ukwenza "umsekeli we-falvil" kungasiza; uma ulondoloza futhi isihloko, kodwa ulondoloza futhi umqulu onamandla.
Ukusingatha Ukusabela Okungokomzwelo
Izihloko eziphezulu ze-emothrometh `Isimiso sokuthatha izihloko' eziphezulu', amalungelo okudubula, impilo yokuzala , cishe ukuthumba. I-amygdala, usongelo lobuchopho, lungalisusa ikhono lokucabanga le-preprerter cortex. Ukunciphisa lokhu, sebenzisa umthetho wesibili": phambi kokusabela esihloko esivusa inkanuko noma isiphendulo, phefumula kakhulu futhi ubelwe kwabayishumi. Sebenzisa isikhathi ukubuza: "Yini engizizwa ngayo? Isiphi isizathu esiyibangela ukuba iso?" Kumelwe ukuba, njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, lokhu kungathi ubuchopho busabela ngokuhlaziya kunokuba buthathe ijubane.
Ukubhekana Nokuntuleka Kokuqeqeshwa Okungokwemvelo
Abantu abadala abaningi abakaze bafundiswe ngokuqondile ukucabanga okugxekayo. Ngenhlanhla, akukephuzi kakhulu ukuqala. Kukhona izifundo eziningi ze-inthanethi zamahhala, njengeYunivesithi yaseQueensland’s " "Izikhono zokuhlengatha zeYunivesithi yempumelelo"[ ku-EDX, noma uchungechunge lwe-Michigan. Ngisho nokunikezela imizuzu engu-20 ngesifundo esihleliwe kungaveza intuthuko enkulu. Kubafundisi, ukuhlanganisa lemithombo yezentuthuko yobuchwepheshe kungaqinisekisa ukuthi bafaka amakhono abawafundisayo.
Isiphetho: Ukwakha Izakhamuzi Ezicabangayo
Ukuthuthuka kwamakhono okucabanga agxekayo akuyona into yokunethezeka; kuyisivikelo esibalulekile ekukhukhulekeni kolwazi, ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Enkathini lapho imithetho engalandisi ingawandisa ngokushesha kunaleyo engalungiseka khona amaqiniso, ikhono lokuhlola ukwaziswa ngokuhluzekile liyithuluzi elinamandla kunawo wonke isakhamuzi esinalo.
Lesi sihloko sichaye izici eziyinhloko zokucabanga okugxekayo, zinikeza amasu asebenzayo okuthuthukisa, futhi zikhulumela izithiyo ezivamile. Kodwa ukuthuthuka kwekhono kuwuhambo oluqhubekayo, hhayi indawo okuya kuyo. Njalo lapho isakhamuzi sibuza izibalo ezisolekayo, sifuna umthombo wesibili, noma sihileleke engxoxweni ehloniphekile nothile esingavumelani naye, baqinisa izicubu zengqondo zentando yeningi. Othisha, abazali, nabaholi bomphakathi banomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokwakha indawo lapho lamakhono aziswa futhi asetshenziswa khona. Ngokwenza kanjalo, asihlonyisi thina kuphela kodwa futhi sihlobise izizukulwane ezizayo ngokuqonda okudingekayo ukuze kuqondiswe ulwazi oluqinile futhi kwakhe ukwakheka okunengqondo, okuqinile emphakathini.