Amalungelo Akho Emfundo: Umholi Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Imfundo iyisisekelo sethuba, futhi isivikelo samalungelo abantu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukufinyelela kuleso sisekelo akuvinjelwe ubandlululo, ubandlululo, noma imingcele elawulayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umzali, noma umfundisi, ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho ezimisweni zemfundo kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukwelashwa okulinganayo nokutholakala ngokulinganayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwemithetho kahulumeni, isivikelo sabafundi, kanye nokubika izindlela ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni naseyunivesithi eUnited States.

Imithetho Ye - core Evikela Abafundi

Isimiso esiqinile somthetho kahulumeni sivimbela ubandlululo futhi siqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo emfundo. Izimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezivikela abafundi enkulisa ngesikole esithweswe iziqu zihlanganisa:

  • Isihloko VI soMthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1942 - Iprohithitus ukucwasa ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe kunoma isiphi isimiso noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. Lokhu kusebenza cishe kuzo zonke izikole zomphakathi, amakolishi, namayunivesithi.
  • Isihloko IX seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 – Prohibitsss ubandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini ezinhlelweni zemfundo ezixhaswe nguhulumeni. Isihloko I-IX sihlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, ubudlova, ubandlululo olungokobulili, nokuphathwa ngokungafanele kwezemidlalo nasezemfundoni.
  • Ukuhlukanisa 504 ku-Act yeRehabilitation ka-1973 - - - Ivikela abantu abafanelekayo abanokukhubazeka ngenxa yokucwaswa ezinhlelweni ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Kudinga izikole ukulungiselela indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe nezinhlelo ezifinyelelekayo.
  • AmaMelika anomthetho wobukhubazeko (ADA) ka 1990 - -inikeza izikhuselo zokukhubazeka ezizweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkxaso kahulumeni. Isihloko II se-ADA sisebenza ezikoleni zomphakathi nasemayunivesithi ezwe.
  • Umthetho we-Equal Educational Access (EOA) ka- 1974 – udinga izikole ukuba zithathe isinyathelo sokuvimbela ukuthatha imingcele elinganayo yabafundi, kuhlanganise nesivikelo sabafundi besiNgisi kanye nezinyathelo zokusingatha ukuhlukaniswa.
  • Umthetho weFold Educational Accounting Act (FERPA) ka 1974 - - - uvikela imfihlo yamarekhodi emfundo yabafundi futhi unikeza abazali kanye nabafundi abafanelekayo ilungelo lokungena, lokuvala, nokulawula lawomarekhodi.

Lemithetho isebenza ndawonye ukuze yakhe isisekelo sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi wonke umfundi e - United States anelungelo lokukuthola.

Amalungelo Abafundi Nezivikelo Eziqondile

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Abafundi besikole somphakathi abalahlekelwa amalungelo abo okuQonda esango lesikole. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yaqaphela ukuthi abafundi bangase baveze imibono, bagqoke izingubo ezingokomfanekiso, futhi bahlanganyele ekubhikisheni ngokuthula uma inkulumo ingayiphazamise ngokwenyama futhi ingaphazamisa kakhulu inqubo yemfundo noma iphazamisa amalungelo abanye. Izikole zingalawula inkulumo engcolile, ekhuthaza imisebenzi engekho emthethweni, noma ikhuthaza imisebenzi esemthethweni (njengezincwadi ezingokomthetho), kodwa ukucwasana ngokwemibono kuyavinjelwa. [[FLT:]] Izimfashini ezithi ziyakwazi ukuveza ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokwazo. , izihloko zezezezombangazwe, ezingokwenkolo, ezisesimweni esifanelekile, endaweni, nangemithetho engokwenkolo.

Amalungelo Ayimfihlo Namarekhodi Abafundi

UFERPA unikeza abazali kanye nabafundi abafanelekayo (lapho beneminyaka engu-18 noma bekhona ngemva kwesikole sesenendali) ilungelo lokuhlola nokubukeza amarekhodi emfundo, ukucela, nokuvuma ukudalulwa kokwaziswa okungaqondakali. Izikole kumelwe zazise imikhaya ngamalungelo ayo e-FERPA minyaka yonke. Ukuhlola impahla yabafundi, kuhlanganise nezihluthulelo zemishini yobuchwepheshe, kumelwe kube nengqondo futhi kusekelwe ekusolweni kokuphulwa kwemithetho yesikole noma umthetho, kodwa indinganiso yeSine yeSimemezelo yeSine iphansi kubaphathi besikole kunasekugcinwa umthetho.

Isivikelo Ekucwaseni Nokuhlukunyezwa

Izikole kudingeka zilondoloze indawo yokufunda engenakho ukuhlukunyezwa kobandlululo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, ezweni, ebulilini, ukukhubazeka, nenkolo. Isenzakalo esisodwa singakhuphuka ngezinga lokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi uma kunzima, kugcwele, noma kuphikelela futhi kudala isimo esimelene nomthetho. Izikole kumelwe zisabele ngokushesha futhi ngokunempumelelo lapho zikwazi noma ngokunengqondo ukuthatha izinyathelo zokukunqanda, ukuvimbela ukuphindeka, ukuphindeka kwamalungelo ezakhamuzini, futhi zivimbele imiphumela yaso.

Amalungelo Awohlokayo Nezindawo Ezihlala Kuzo

Ngaphansi kwe-Foctummod ePhakathi kuka-504 ne-ADA, abafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile yamahhala (FAPE) nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zesikole kanye nontanga yabo abangakhubazekile ngezinga elifanele. Izindawo ezingahlanganisa isikhathi esengeziwe ekuhlolweni, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, ukusekela, izihlalo ezithandekayo, nokuthola ushintsho olungokomzimba. Schols azikwazi ukukhipha umfundi kunoma yiluphi uhlelo ngenxa nje yokukhubazeka [ uma umfundi ehlangabezana nezimfuneko ezidingekayo nendawo yokuhlala efanelekile. Abafundi abafanelekela imfundo ekhethekile ngaphansi kwe-Atectstion Imfundo (IID) ukwamukela i-E program yezemfundo (EP) ehlolwayodwa kanye nemigomo ethile.

Ulimi Nesihloko I - IX

Isihloko IX isivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwemikhakha yemidlalo. Zihlanganisa zonke izici zezinhlelo zokufundisa, ukuvunyelwa, izikhokhelo, iminikelo yezifundo, nesiqondiso somsebenzi. Izikole kumelwe zibhekisele kumphathi wesihloko se-IX futhi zamukele futhi ziveze izinqubo zokukhalaza zokusingatha ukukhononda kocalula ngokobulili. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova kuyindlela yokukhetha ngokobulili. Abahlanguli banelungelo lokuthatha izinyathelo ezisekelayo [, kuhlanganise nezinguquko ezimisweni zemfundo, izindlu, noma ukufinyelela esikoleni, kanye nelungelo lokusingatha izikhalo, ukuhlola okunganqamuki. [Pregnant nokukhulisa abantwana] bavikelwa ekucwani kocalucalucalucalu, futhi kumelwe banikezwe indawo yokuhlala ngekhefu, iholo elincitshisiwe, iholo, izakhiwo ezishintsha-'enzisiwe.

Amalungelo Abafundi BesiNgisi Nabafundi Abafudukayo

I-EEOA kanye ne Plyler v. I-Doe (19982) ifuna izikole ukuba zinikeze ukufinyelela okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sokufuduka. Izikole zikahulumeni azinakuphika ukubhalisa okusekelwe esabelweni somfundi noma umzali. Izikole kumelwe ziqaphele abafundi baseNgilandi futhi zinikeze izinhlelo zosizo zolimi ezifundisayo futhi ezizenza bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba esimisweni semfundo. izikole noma izisebenzi zabo azidingenzeki ukuba ziphoqe ukuphoqelela umthetho wezenteko yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezweno yezwelozwe [, futhi azinakukwazi ukuhileleka emikhubeni epholweni ebandayo yokufinyelela imfundo emikhayeni yabafuduki.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nendawo Yokuhlala

Abafundi banelungelo lokuveza izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo esikoleni, kuhlanganise nokuthandaza, ingxoxo, kanye namaqedlwna enkolo (aphansi kwe-Act of aumement Access). Izikole zingangathuthukisa noma zilulaze noma iyiphi inkolo. Abafundi bangakhululwa emisebenzini engqubuzana nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo, futhi izikole kumelwe zinikeze indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe yemikhuba engokwenkolo, njengemingcele yokudla, imithetho yokugqoka, kanye nokuqaphela izinsuku ezingcwele. izikole kumele ziqinisekise ukuthi akukho mfundi ophoqelelwa ukuba ahlanganyele ezinkonzweni zenkolo [[[ noma ukwamukela iziyalezo ezingokwenkolo.

Isiyalo, Inqubo Efanele Nokubekezelelana

Abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa noma ukuxoshwa kwabantwana banelungelo eliyindida lenqubo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nesaziso sokumangalelwa, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokuveza ingxenye yabo yendaba. Izinsukwana ezinde (10+ zinsuku) noma ukuxoshwa, izikole kumelwe zinikeze ukuzwa okwengeziwe okungokomthetho. Izimiso zokubekezelela izijeziso ezizenzekelayo ngaphandle kokucabangela izimo ngazinye ziye zabekelwa inselele kakhulu ukulimaza abafundi bemibala nabafundi abakhubazekile. [[FLT: 0]] ukuthatha izinqubo zokulungisa izigwebo nokuziphatha okuhle, njengokulungisa ubulungisa nokungenela kokuziphindisela, kuyaqashelwa kakhulu njengokungalungisiswa.

Indlela Yokubika Ukubandlululwa Nokufuna Usizo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukuqonda indlela yokuwaphoqelela kuyisibili.

Izinzuzo Zesikole Sangaphakathi

Izindawo eziningi zesikole kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ziye zamisa izinqubo zokukhononda ngokucwasa. Qala ngokuthintana nomxhumanisi wamalungelo omphakathi wesikole (ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi umqondisi wesihloko se-IX, isigaba 504 umxhumanisi, noma isikhulu sezemfundo). Azikho izenzakalo zonke [[, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, ofakazi, nanoma iziphi izinkulumo nezikhulu zesikole. Landela inkambiso yesikole ukuqinisekisa ukukhononda kwakho kubhalwe futhi kuphenyiswe. Uma isikole sihluleka ukuphendula ngokufanelekile, ungaqhubekela phambili ezinhlanganweni zangaphandle.

Ukuhamba noMnyango Wezemfundo Wase - United States Wamalungelo Ezakhamuzi (OCR)

I-OCR igunyaza i-Sihloko VI, i-Word IX, i-Part 504, kanye neminye imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi emfundweni. Noma ubani angafaka isikhalo sobandlululo nge-OCR. Isikhalo kumelwe sidluliselwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zobandlululo oluthiwe (ukunyuswa kunganikezwa ngenxa yesizathu esihle). I-OCR ihlola futhi ingafuna izikole ukuba zithathe izinyathelo zokulungisa, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zezimiso, ukuqeqesha, namakhambi abantu abathintekile. I-File yokukhankanyelwa yi-OCRR lapha .

Ukuhamba noMnyango Wobulungisa WaseU.S. (DOJ)

IDOJ ingaletha amacala ukuze kubekwe imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi emfundweni, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela indlela noma umkhuba wokucwasa. Abantu ngabanye bangathintana ne- Concil Rights Division of the DOJ ukuze babike ukukhathazeka. IDOJ ibuye ixhumane ne-OCR ezindabeni ezithile.

Imibuso Nezimo Zendawo

Izifunda eziningi zinamalungelo azo siqu ezakhamuzi noma ukuthunywa kwamalungelo abantu okuphoqelela ukumisa imithetho emelene nokungavumelani. Imithetho yoMbuso inganikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana kunomthetho kahulumeni (umz., izivikelo ezisekelwe ekufunekeni kobulili noma ubulili ezizweni ezihlanganisa zona). Xhumana nomnyango wezwe wakho wemfundo noma ihhovisi lommeli jikelele ukuze uthole isiqondiso ezinqubweni zokukhononda zendawo.

Isenzo Sangasese Sasemthethweni Nezinhlangano Eziyizehluleli

Abafundi futhi bangaphishekela ukumangalela kwangasese ngaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni kahulumeni yamalungelo abantu (njengesihloko se-IX noma i-Foult 504) ukufuna usizo olungenamdlandla, ukulimala, nenkokhelo yommeli. Izinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo njenge ACLU kanye ne- Nationalism Association [[ inikeza izimali ezingokomthetho, izikhokhiso, nokusekela. Ezinye izikole zomthetho zisebenzisa imitholampilo yamalungelo omphakathi enikeza usizo ngesihle noma oluphansi.

Ukukhathalela Okukhethekile Inani Labantu Abahlukahlukene Abafundayo

Abafundi Bemibala

Ubandlululo lobuhlanga luhlala luyimpikiswano ephikelelayo emfundweni yaseMelika. Abafundi bemibala bangabhekana nesiyalo esinzima, ukuncishiswa kwezifundo eziphambili, ukuhlukunyezwa kohlanga, nokulawulwa kwemithetho yezobuhlanga ezikoleni. Ukwaziswa kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abamnyama, ababhishobhi, aba-Hispanic, nabaMdabu baseMelika balenga kakhulu futhi baxoshwa ontanga abamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo. Isihloko VI sidinga izikole ukusingatha izingxabano zobuhlanga [[[ ezibangelwa yizimiso noma imikhuba ewumthetho, ngisho noma zingazisebenzisi ngamabomu.

LGBTQ+ Abafundi

Izinkantolo zomphakathi ne-U.S.U. zemfundo ziye zachaza isihloko se-IX ukuze zivikele abafundi ekukhetheni okusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo ngokobulili nasocansini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa, ukunqatshelwa ukungena ezikhungweni ezihambelanayo nobuntu besilisa nabesifazane, futhi ukudukisa kungakha ubandlululo lobulili. Izikole kumelwe zihloniphe igama lomfundi elikhethiwe nolwesimende futhi zivumele abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini ehlukene ehambisana nobulilini babo. LGBTQ+ abafundi banelungelo lokubumba i Gay-SStraight Alliances [NTS] ngaphansi kwe-Actal ye-Act e-Act uma isikole sivumela noma yisiphi isigaba sobulili. [FLT]

Abafundi Abakhubazekile

Ngalé kwezindawo zokulala, abafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuziphindiseleni okusekelwe ekugonyeni. Izikole kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izinyathelo zokuyala azilahli ukuziphatha okuwukubonakaliswa kokukhubazeka komfundi. Kubafundi abakhethekile, ukuhlola ukubonakaliswa kwemikhondo kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba kususwe amehlo noma ukuxoshwa isikhathi eside. ukuvuleka kudlulela kumasitejijiyo emishini ye-tekthi ye-widia [[, izinto zokufundisa, nemisebenzi yangemva kwesikole; izikole kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi amawebhusayithi namathuluzi okufunda kutholakala kubafundi abakwazi ukubona, ukuzwa, noma ukususwa.

Abafundi Abakhulelwe Nabangabazali

Ngaphansi kwesihloko IX, abafundi abakhulelwe abanakukhishwa kunoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo, kuhlanganise namakilasi okuhlobisa, imisebenzi yangemva kwesikole, noma uhambo lwesikole. Izikole kumelwe zinikeze ikhefu lokungabikho kwezizathu zezokwelapha ezihlobene nokukhulelwa nokubeletha, futhi uma sebebuya umfundi kumelwe abuyiselwe esimweni ayenaso ngaphambi kokuba ahambe. Abafundi abakhulisayo nabo bayavikelwa [[; izikole kumelwe zinikeze ukuphuma okungathethelelwayo ngenxa yokumiswa kwangaphambi kokukhulelwa kanye nokubeletha, njengoba bengenza ngesimo sezokwelapha sesikhashana.

Abafundi Abangabikwa Nabafuduki

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Plyler v. Doe ucacisa ukuthi izifundazwe azikwazi ukuphika izingane ukuba zifundele umphakathi okhululekile nakwesokufunda semuva ezisekelwe ekuthuthweni kwazo. Izikole zingase zingaceli izivumelwano ezizokwembula ukufuduka komfundi noma komkhaya ngenxa yezinjongo zokuya enkabeni. [[FLT:] School ziyizindawo eziphephile kubafundi abafuduki[, futhi izikhulu akumelwe zivumele izivumelwano zokugcinwa kwezokungena kwamanye amazwe emagcekeni ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela. Izikolethi ezifundisa izikole kufanele zinikeze ulwazi ngezilimi eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okungena okunenzuzo.

Ukuvimbela Nokulungisa Ukucwaswa Kwesimiso Sezinto

Ukukhononda komuntu ngamunye kubalulekile, kodwa ukushintsha kwezimiso kubalulekile ekulinganiseni okuhlala njalo. Izikole kufanele ziqhube njalo ukugwema izimiso zazo, imikhuba, kanye nokwaziswa okuzokwazi nokulungisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza ukwaziswa kokuyala nokuhlukanisa. Ukuhlanganisa amakhodi, amasampula emfundo ekhethekile, nezinga lokukhalisa. Isivikelo samalungelo singesokujezisa abadlali ababi [[; bazama ukuveza indawo ezigcwele kuyo lapho abafundi bonke bengase bachume khona.

Indima Yabaphathi Nezisebenzi Zasesikoleni

Abaphathi, abaphathi, namalungu ebhodi yesikole anesibopho esingokomthetho nesezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Izisebenzi eziqeqesha ubandlululo, ukuvinjelwa kokuhlukunyezwa, nendawo yokuhlala ziyisici esiyinhloko. Izikole futhi kumelwe zihlanganyele nemikhaya nemiphakathi ngezindlela ezinengqondo zokwakha ukwethembana futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izimiso ziyasabela ezidingweni zomphakathi ohlukahlukene.

Umfundi Nomfundisi

Abafundi bangakha amaqembu aphakamisa ukuqaphela ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi, ukusekela izinguquko zesimiso, nokusekela ontanga ababhekana nokucwaswa. Izinhlangano zabazali, amakomiti othisha, kanye nemifelandawonye yomphakathi ziyizimoto ezinamandla zokunika izikole isibopho sokulandisa. bazi ukuthi yini okufanele ifune ingxenye yempi ; imithombo enjengeMnyango Wemfundo Yazi iziqondiso Zakho [] Inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngezilimi eziningi.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuvikela amalungelo esizwe emfundweni azizona iziqinisekiso ezicatshangelwayo; ziqinisekiswa ngokomthetho ukuthi wonke umfundi kufanele akwazi ukuvivinya umzimba ngaphandle kokwesaba. Kusukela ekilasini kuya emdlalweni wokudlala, kusukela ekutholeni iziyalezo kuya ekufundeni kwezifundo zezibalo, imithetho emiswe engamashumi ayisithupha adlule inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokucwasa ngokuphikisana nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Ukuqonda lamalungelo — futhi ukwazi ukuthi kufanele enzeni — kunika abafundi, imikhaya, nabafundisi amandla aqala izikole ezikhonza wonke umuntu ngempela. Uma usola amalungelo akho noma amalungelo omfundi aye aphulwa, khuluma, ubhale ukuthi kwenzekani, futhi uthintane nenhlangano efanelekile noma ummeleli. Umthetho ukhona ohlangothini lwakho.