Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akweletwa umuntu. Iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele ngesimiso sokwahlulela esivamile, ikakhulukazi lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuphuca othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesi simiso asisona nje inqubo engokomthetho; siyisici esiqinile sobulungisa, ukuvikela abantu ezinyathelweni zomthetho eziwuthandayo noma ezingenabulungisa. Izakhamuzi zonke kufanele ziqonde inqubo efanele ngoba zibusa ukusebenzelana nomthetho, izinkantolo, izikole, nezikhungo, nezinhlangano ezinikeza izinzuzo zomphakathi.

Kuyo yonke inqubo efanelekile idinga izinto ezimbili: isaziso nethuba lokuzwiwa. Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esithinta amalungelo omuntu, lowomuntu kumelwe atshelwe ngesenzo esihlongozwayo futhi avunyelwe ukumelana naso. Lokhu kungasho ukuqulwa kwecala okungokomthetho enkantolo, ukuqhubekelwa komthetho okulula, noma ngisho nomhlangano wesikole. Izinqubo ezithile ziyahluka kuye ngomongo, kodwa isimiso esingaphansi kumelwe sihlale sikhona: ukwahlulela okulungile kumelwe kufike kuqala.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanele uqala emuva emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. IMagna Carta ka-1215 yaqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho. U-Claus 39 washo ngokudume kakhulu, “Akekho okhululekile ozobanjwa noma agqunywe ejele... ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe.” Lenkulumo ethi“ umthetho wezwe” wangena kulokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile yomthetho.

E-United States, inqubo efanele isekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi futhi yabhalelwa ngokuqondile eMthethweni. AbaseFramers baqonda ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, uhulumeni wayengahlasela abantu ngokungafanele. Babheka inqubo efanele njengobalulekile emphakathini okhululekile, ukuhlola kokubili ukuphambana kwezikhulu nobushiqela obuningi.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ngo-1791 ibekwe njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso samalungelo, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza inqubo yokuqala ecacile edingekayo eqophelweni likahulumeni. Sithi, “Akekho umuntu... oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lo mbhalo usebenza ngokuqondile kuhulumeni. Uhlanganisa futhi nezinye isivikelo esivela kumajaji amakhulu, ukuvikelwa izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kanye nelungelo lokuzimela ngokumelene nokuzibeka ngokwawo umthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ngemva kweMpi yangaphakathi, iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi amane (1868) sandisa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela ohulumeni bakahulumeni. Inqubo yayo i-Attic Procession Claus ifundeka kanje, “nanoma yimuphi uMbuso ngeke uncime noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lomusho owodwa waguqula umthetho waseMelika ngokwenza i-Bill of Rights (kakhulukazi inqubo efanele) ukuba iqondiswe kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni bendawo ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-odrose. Namuhla, i-Dinetic Rendemented iyimoto eyinhloko yenqubo efunwa yimibuso eminingi engokomthetho nasezinkantolo zendawo.

Inqubo elindelekile

Izinkantolo zichaze i-Curreate Process Clauss ukuba ibe nezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zesivikelo: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo. Ukuqonda umehluko kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi lamalungelo asebenza kanjani ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokungakhethi igxila kuma- lungelo lokudlulisela ubufakazi. Izinqubo eziqondile zixhomeke ekudaleni kwesokudla esigxotsheni nasebutheni bokuswela. Isibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala kudinga ukukhonzwa kobugebengu, kodwa ukuzwa okuncane kunganenela ngaphambi kokuba isikole somphakathi sihlabe umfundi izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Izakhi eziyinhloko zenqubo yokuhlelwa kweprocedro zihlanganisa:

  • Ithiyothi: Umuntu kumelwe atshelwe ukuthi uhulumeni uhlela ukwenzani nokuthi kungani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba lokuzwana: Umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba lokuphendula, ubufakazi obukhona, futhi aphikisane nesenzo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Umenzi wesinqumo sohlangothi:[ Isikhulu noma umahluleli kumele angabhekani.
  • [ Isinqumo esithathwe: Isinqumo kumele sisekelwe ebufakazini futhi sichazwe.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zilungile kangakanani. Ayibuzi kuphela indlela [uhulumeni] awenzi ngayo, kodwa yilokho [ ezama ukukwenza. Uma umthetho uphazamisa ilungelo lomuntu siqu elijulile elifana nomshado, ukuzala, noma ukulawula umzimba] uhulumeni kumelwe ube nesizathu esiphoqelelayo futhi usebenzise izindlela ezincane zokuvimbela.

Izibonelo zamalungelo avikelwe inqubo efanele yempicabadala zihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokushada nokukhulisa izingane
  • Ukukwazi ukuba wedwa ebuhlotsheni obuseduze
  • Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba e - United States

Ngokunganaki, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa futhi inqubo edinga ukukhishwa kwezisu ukuze ivikele amalungelo angasongwanga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, njengalungelo lokuvimbela inzalo (]Grilold v.Connecticut[] nelungelo lokukhetha ukukhishwa kwesisu (eyangaphambili ] Roev. , ngaphezu kwenqubo engokomthetho yezenzwe [[FLT]] i-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] [25]]) [202]. Ngisho nangemva [FFL:]]

Isizathu Sokuba Inqubo Efanele Ibaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini Nsuku Zonke

Inqubo efanele ayiyona nje imfundiso ecatshangelwayo esetshenziswa ezinkantolo kuphela, kodwa ithinta ukuphila okuvamile.

  • Izikhawu zeTraffic:[ Amaphoyisa kumelwe abe nesizathu (imbangela engasoleki noma ukusola okunengqondo) ukumisa imoto yakho. Unelungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli.
  • Izinzuzo eziyimfihlo: Ngaphambi kokunquma izitembu zokudla, iMedicaid, noma inkokhelo yokukhubazeka, uhulumeni kumelwe akunike isaziso kanye nokuzwa (njengoba kusungulwe Goldberg v. Kelly).
  • Impatho yezemisebenzi yeningi: izisebenzi zomphakathi ezifuna impahla emisebenzini yazo (umz., ukuthatha izithuba) zinelungelo lenqubo efanele ngaphambi kokunqamuka.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhipha:[ ama-Tenums ezindlini zomphakathi kumelwe athole isaziso nokuzwa ngaphambi kokuxoshwa.
  • Licens:[ amalayisense ochwepheshe (udokotela, ummeli, izinwele) angesuswe ngaphandle kwezivikelo ze-procedal.

Inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangabekela izikhulu inselele futhi bagcine izikhulu zinecala.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya incazelo yenqubo efanele e - United States.

[[UMTH:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Lelicala labangela “isixwayiso esijwayelekile seMiranda.” INkantolo yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasoli ngelungelo lawo lokuthula neSichibiyelo Sesithupha kummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Isixwayiso ngokwaso siyisivikelo esingokomthetho esivimbela ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe. Ngaphandle kwaso, noma yiziphi izimemezelo ezenziwayo ngokuvamile azinakwa enkantolo.

Goldberg v.Kelly (1970)

Lesi sinqumo sandisa inqubo efanelekile ezinzuzoni zezenhlalakahle. INkantolo yathi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede ukukhokha kosizo lomphakathi, kumelwe inikeze ukuqulwa kwamacala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lelicala laqaphela ukuthi ngisho nezinzuzo zikahulumeni zingaba uhlobo “lwendlela efanelekile” efanelwe inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela.

[[IQUL:0] I-Board of Regents v. Roth (1972]

, iNkantolo yacacisa ukuthi akuwona wonke uhulumeni ozuza ngokuzenzakalelayo obangela inqubo efanele. Umuntu kumelwe abe “nemvume engokomthetho yelungelo” embonini noma inzuzo ebethelwe esigxotsheni. Ngokwesibonelo, uprofesa okhokhelweyo unenzalo yempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo, kodwa umqashwa othanda ngaphandle kwesivumelwano akaphumeleli. Lelicala libeka uhlelo lokunquma uma inqubo efanele isebenza.

Gos v. Lopez[[FLT] [1] (1975]

Icala ladingida inqubo efanele ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi abafundi ababhekene nempoqo izinsuku eziyishumi noma ngaphansi banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuqulwa kwecala ngokwethukela. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi imfundo iyindawo yempahla nokuthi idumela lomfundi liyisithakazelo senkululeko. Izikole azikwazi ukumisa noma ukuxosha umfundi ngaphandle kwenqubo ethile elungile.

[[UMTL:0] Amathews v. Eldridge[[FL:1] (1976]

Lelicala lasungula ukuhlola okulinganiselayo okwakusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi inqubo ingakanani efanelekile. INkantolo yabala izici ezintathu: (1) isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, (2) ingozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngaphansi kwezinqubo zamanje, (3) isithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise izindleko zobuphili kanye nemithwalo yokuphatha. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa lesivivinyo ukunquma ukuthi ikhambi elingokomthetho liyadingeka yini.

Inqubo Efaneleyo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Namuhla, amalungelo enqubo afanele abhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bushintshe indlela uhulumeni asebenzelana ngayo nezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezizisebenzelayo zokungakuvumeli ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi noma ukunqamula izinzuzo kungase kuntula ukubukezwa komuntu okufunwa inqubo efanele. Izinkantolo zilwa nemibuzo yokuthi i-algorithm inganikeza izinga elifanayo lokulunga njengomenzi wesinqumo somuntu.

Omunye umngcele yizeluleko zesikole. Ngaphansi kwesihloko IX, amakholiji kumelwe ahlole izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili. UMnyango Wemfundo ukhiphe iziqondiso ezifuna izinqubo ezilungile kubo bobabili abakhonondayo nabaphendulile. Lemithetho izama ukulinganisela amalungelo abamangaleli namalungelo afanele abamangalelwa.

Izenzwe zobuchwepheshe futhi ziyinqubo eyandayo edingayo. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, kodwa umngcele phakathi kwempahla engokwezinombolo neyomzimba uyaqhubeka ufiphale. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo lwamakhalekhukhwini sokubopha (] Riley v. California], 2014). Lesi sinqumo siqaphela ukuthi ama-mfonomfono anemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu, inikeza isivikelo esinamandla.

Inqubo Efanele Nelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Elifanele

Icala elilungile liwukubonakaliswa okuphelele kwenqubo efanele. IsiHlanzi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, umthetho ongakhethi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. ISichibiyelo se-Adeneth Resoundation Claus sidinga futhi ukuba abamangalelwa bathole ukuqulwa kwecala okungagwegwesi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe adlulisele ubufakazi obubolile kukuzivikela (] ukubusa ), umahluleli kumelwe angakhethi, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe afanelekele ukuma.

I-Plea ixoxisana, exazulula amacala amaningi kakhulu obugebengu, futhi iphakamisa izikhalo ezifanele. Abalweli kumelwe bangene ezicelweni ngokuzithandela nangokuhlakanipha. Kumelwe baziswe ngamacala nangemiphumela yokuncenga icala. Izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi usizo lwezeluleko olungasizi lunganikeza isikhalazo esingasizi ngaphansi kwe-Created Claus.

Iseluleko Esiwusizo Ezakhamuzini

Ukwazi amalungelo akho enqubo afanele kukusiza ukuba usebenzise izinqubo zokuhlangana nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo:

  • Uma imiswe amaphoyisa: Hlala uzolile. Buza uma ukhululekile ukuba uhambe. Uma ungaphunyukile, unelungelo lokuthula. Yisho ukuthi “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula futhi ngithanda ukukhuluma nommeli.” Ungavumi ukuphenya umzimba wakho noma impahla.
  • Uma izinzuzo zakho zisongelwa:[[FT:1] Funda isaziso ngokucophelela. Uvame ukuba nophawu lokucela ukuqulwa kwecala. Khuphela yonke into. Xhumana nenhlangano yosizo olungokomthetho uma ungakwazi ukuthenga ummeli.
  • Uma ungumfundi obhekene nesiyalo: Cela imithetho ebhaliwe yesikole. Unelungelo lokwazi amacala, ukuveza uhlangothi lwakho, nokunxusa. Ezinye izifundazwe zinika abafundi amalungelo enqubo afanele angaphaya koMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Uma uyisisebenzi somphakathi: Wazi isivumelwano sakho noma isivumelwano esihlangeneyo. Uma unesivumelwano esimisiwe, unelungelo lokuqulwa ngaphambi kokupheliswa. Uma uthanda, inqubo efanele ingase ingasebenzi, kodwa ubandlululo noma ukuziphindiselela kusengekho emthethweni.

Inqubo Efanele Embusweni Oqondisayo

Izinhlangano ze-Federal nesifundazwe zenza izinqumo eziningi ezithinta abantu usuku ngalunye. Izinqumo zokukhubazeka kwezenhlala- kahle, ukuthunyelwa kwezokufuduka, kanye nezinqumo zendawo ezungezile zonke zihlanganisa inqubo efanele. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inikeza izimpawu eziyisisekelo zokulunga kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa kokubekwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo kanye nethuba lokusho obala. I-Agency idinga ukuqulwa ngezindlela eziningi ezifana nezingamacala asenkantolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zokudlulisa isigwebo ziwela ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe, hhayi ngaphansi kwejaji eliphethe. Abadingiswe banelungelo elifanele lenqubo, kodwa ububanzi balawomalungelo bulinganiselwe. Banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuqulwa, nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi. Nokho, abanalo ilungelo lommeli ogunyaziwe kahulumeni ekususweni kwezehlakalo zomphakathi. Amaqembu aphikisa ukuthi lokhu kungabi naso isimemezelo esingokomthetho kulula.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Enqubweni Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona e-United States kuphela. Amazwe amaningi ayawaqaphela amalungelo afanayo. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu sithi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuqulwa ngecala lobulungisa nangomphakathi ngenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi. I-European Convention on Human Rights iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga. Ngisho namazwe angenawo umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe avame ukuba nemithetho evikela ukulunga.

Ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso zembulunga yonke kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisekele inqubo eqinile yokuvikela ekhaya. Kuqokomisa futhi ukuthi i-United States, kuyilapho ingumholi ngenqubo efanele, ingafunda kwezinye izimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe afuna ukuba abamangalelwa abamangalelwa bathole ukumelelwa ngokomthetho ngezindleko zikahulumeni .a elungelweni le-U.S. kuphela labamangalelwa ababheke ekuboshweni ( Gideon v. Wainright[, 1963]).

Isiphetho

Isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo senqubo elungile yomthetho. Sivikela izakhamuzi zonke ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi enkantolo, esikoleni, noma ehhovisi likahulumeni. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kukunika amandla okuzimela wena futhi uhlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo senqubo efanelekile yomthetho asisona inqubo yobuchwepheshe; kungukuzimisela okuphilayo kokusekela okuphelele. Ukuze ufunde, hlola imithombo yezokwaziswa esekelwe ku [FLT]] [FLT]], ukuhlola icala lomthetho [[FLT:]] [FLT]], noma ukubukeza [FLT]