Umshado uqashelwa kabanzi njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lomphakathi, elisemqoka ekufuneni inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ekwakhekeni komkhaya, nesivikelo esingokomthetho. Endabeni ephawuliwe . Virginia [1967], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokushada inelungelo elibalulekile lomuntu siqu elibalulekile ekufuneni injabulo. Nokho, leyo nkululeko ayiyona ephelele kubo bonke abantu. Izincwadi zobugebengu zivame ukubhekana nemingcele engokomthetho evimbela ukuqaphela kwabo ukushada noma ukuthinta imiphumela engokomthetho yemishadolo yabo. Lemithetho ihluka kakhulu ngokulawula, ngenqubo yobugebengu, nangesigaba sobulungisa. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile kubantu ngabanye, imikhaya yabo, nabasebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuphathana komthetho.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela engokomthetho ehlanganisa amalungelo abantu abanomlando wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbelayo phakathi nokuboshwa, ukulinganiselwa ngemva kokukhishwa kwesivumelwano, kanye nethonya lomthetho ogciniwe ophathelene namalungelo omshado. Sihlola futhi imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthola amalungelo omshado futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokuqondisa lezi zindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuqonda Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho

Umthetho womshado e-United States ulawulwa ngokuyinhloko yimibuso ngayinye, okusho ukuthi imithetho ethinta abantu abanamarekhodi obugebengu ingahluka kakhulu kusukela kwesinye isifundazwe kuya kwesinye. Nakuba kungekho mbuso owenqabela wonke umuntu onezingcabo zobugebengu, abaningi babeka imingcele eqondile esekelwe esimweni somthetho, isikhundla somuntu (obekwe isodwa noma enqunyweni yecala noma enqunyelweni yomthetho womthetho), noma isikhathi somshado. Umthetho wesifunda ufeza indima ethile emongweni othile, njengenzuzo yombuso, inzuzo, nomthetho wejele.

Ngokomlando, ezinye zisho ukuthi umshado weziboshwa unqatshelwe ngokuqondile, kodwa kusukela ngo-1960, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ukuboshwa kukodwa akukuthetheleli ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele komshado. u-hinder v. Safley (1987), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yawuphula umthetho weMissouri owawunqabela ukuba iziboshwa zishade ngaphandle kwemvume kumphathi wejele, ibambelele ekutheni umthetho wephula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ngisho neziboshwa zigcina amalungelo omthetho obalulekile, nemingcele emishadonselweni kumelwe ihloselwe ngokunengqondo ezithakazelweni ezingokomthetho.

Naphezu kwalesi sinqumo, izifundazwe zisenemvume enkulu yokulawula izinqubo zomshado kubantu ababoshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele esebenza ngemva kokukhululwa − njengalabo abafuna ukuhlasela ngokobulili noma ama - felon anobudlova — baye babhekana nokucusumbulwa okungaguquguquki komthetho-sisekelo. Umphumela uwumthetho oxubile ongadida futhi ngezinye izikhathi ophikisanayo.

Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Ezingokwezimpikiswano

  • Imithetho yezwe: Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeTexas neFlorida, zinemithetho eqondile efuna ukuba isiboshwa sishade noma sikhiphe uhlu lwezizathu zokuvala umshado osekelwe ekungangeni komlando wobugebengu. Ezinye, njenge New York, zivumela iziboshwa ukuba zishade uma umgcini wejele evuma futhi umkhosi uvumelana nemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala.
  • Isimiso se-FOLT:0 : i-Federal Bureau of Prison (BOP) ivumela iziboshwa ukuba zishade, kodwa idinga ukuvunyelwa umnakekeli, kusekelwe ezicini ezinjengokulondeka, isimo somthetho, nokuthi umshado ungaletha usongo ekulondekeni noma ekuhlelekeni.
  • Ukuqhathaniswa kwezwe lonke: Amazwe amaningi ngokufanayo avimbela ukushada kweziboshwa noma lezo ezinemibhalo engathi sína yobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited Kingdom, iziboshwa zingashada ngemvume kaNobhala weZwe, kuyilapho amanye amazwe e-Australia nase Canada ebeka inkathi yokulinda noma idinga ukudalulwa komlando wobugebengu.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba umshado osebenzayo kwesinye isifundazwe ungase ubhekane nezinselele kwesinye, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuqashelweni ngokomthetho ngezinjongo zefa, izinzuzo, noma ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana.

Imingcele Phakathi Nokungalawuleki

Kubantu ngabanye abakhonza isikhathi esithile ejele noma ejele, ikhono lokushada lingaphansi kwemingcele ebalulekile. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- . Safley saqinisekisa ukuthi iziboshwa zinelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, kodwa zivumela abaphathi bejele ukuba babeke imithetho enengqondo. Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso ngasinye sombuso sokulungisa sinezimiso zazo, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa:

  • Imfuneko ye- Approsue: Kumelwe afake isicelo esingokomthetho sokushada, futhi umlindi noma umphathi omisiwe uhlola isicelo esisekelwe ekulondekeni, ukuphepha, kanye nasembhalweni wesiboshwa.
  • Imingcele ye-Vennue:[ Imishado ingathathwa phakathi kwesakhiwo, umfundisi noma umfundisi ogunyaziwe, futhi ingangaphansi kwemingcele yesikhathi noma imingcele kulowo ongaba khona.
  • Imibono esekelwe emaphutheni: Ezinye izifundazwe ziphika ngokuphelele izicelo zomshado zeziboshwa eziboshelwe ukubulala, ukuhlasela ngokobulili, noma ezinye izenzo zobudlova, ikakhulukazi uma umngane womshado ohlongozwayo ayeyisisulu noma ewufakazi.
  • Ukulindela izikhathi: Kwezinye izifunda, iziboshwa kumelwe zilinde kuze kube inkathi ethile ngaphambi kokukhululwa noma kuze kube yilapho seziqedile izinhlelo ezithile ngaphambi kokuba zishade.
  • Ukuzifihla nokwembula: [ amajele angafuna isiboshwa ukuba sidalule umlando waso wobugebengu kumngane womshado ohlolwayo, futhi kwezinye izindawo, umngane womshado ongahlolwanga kumelwe ahlolwe isizinda.

Lemingcele ingadala izithiyo eziwusizo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiboshwa esinesikhathi eside esifisa ukushada singabhekana neminyaka yokulibala noma ukuphika okuqondile. Ngisho noma ivunyelwe, umcimbi ngokwawo ungaphelela esenzekweni esifushane, esingahlangani nosincane, esingathinta ukubaluleka komshado okungokomzwelo nokungokomfanekiso. Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, iziboshwa eziningi zibheka umshado njengethonya eliqinisayo elingasekela ukuvuselelwa futhi linciphe. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi izibopho eziqinile zomkhaya, kuhlanganise nomshado, zihlobene nemiphumela engcono.

Imingcele Yomshado Yangemva Komcimbi

Ngemva kokukhululwa, abantu abanomlando wobugebengu bangasabhekana nemingcele ehlobene nomshado, ikakhulukazi uma besongiwe noma beboshwe, noma uma izinkolelo zabo zihilela amacala athile. Lemingcele ngokuvamile iwela ezingxenyeni ezintathu: ukuvinjelwa okugcwele imibandela, imingcele engokomthetho ebekwa yinkantolo noma ibhodi elikhipha isigwebo, futhi izimfuneko ezihlobene nokudalulwa komlando wobugebengu phakathi nomkhosi womshado noma izicelo zemvume yomshado.

Izinsimbi Zokuvimbela

Izifunda ezimbalwa zinemithetho evimbela ngokungenasiphelo ukushada kwabantu ababoshelwe amacala obulili athile, ngokuvamile amacala athile obulili. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon ne-Florida ngokomlando yayinemithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinye izephula-mthetho ezibhaliwe, nakuba lemithetho iye yabekelwa inselele futhi yashintshwa eminyakeni yamuva. Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda ukuvinjelwa okukhulu komshado kwabaphuli-mthetho bobulili njengokwephula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, kodwa imingcele elinganiselwe njengezimfuneko zokwazisa umngane womshado noma ukuthola imvume yenkantolo.

Imingcele Ehlakaniphile

Ukukhishwa kwesigwebo kanye nezimo zesigwebo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa amalungiselelo avimbela ukuxhumana nabantu abathile noma adinga imvume yezenzakalo ezinkulu zokuphila, kuhlanganise nomshado. Isikhulu sesigwebo secala singase singafuni imvume uma sikholelwa ukuthi umshado ungaba ingozi ekulondekeni komphakathi noma uphazamise izimo zokuqondisa. Lezi zinqumo zivame ukwenziwa ngesisekelo secala, kodwa ukuntula izindinganiso ezicacile kungaholela ekuxabaniseni futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela ewumphumela ewuhluzekile.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuba abantu abanemibhalo yobugebengu badalule umlando wabo wesiqinisekiso njengengxenye yenqubo yesicelo somshado. Ukuhluleka ukudalula kungaba izizathu zokudilizwa noma ngisho ukumangalelwa ngecala lokukhwabanisa. Nakuba izimfuneko ezinjalo zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa imvume enikezwa ngolwazi, zingamhlazisa futhi zibangele isithiyo somshado. Ezizweni ezinjengoLouisiana noVirginia, umshado ungalahlwa uma omunye efihla umbhalo wobugebengu obungathinta isinqumo somunye umuntu sokushada ngokwezinto.

Ithonya Lezirekhodi Zesigebengu Ezembulwayo Namalungelo Omshado

Ngisho nalapho umshado usemthethweni, umlando wobugebengu ungathinta amalungelo angokomthetho ahlukahlukene nezinzuzo ezihlobene nomshado.

Izinzuzo Ezinhle

EUnited States, izinzuzo eziningi zihlobene nesikhundla somshado, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zokusinda kweNhlala - kahle, izinzuzo zomuntu osemshadweni wezempilo, ukukhokhelwa kwefa ngaphansi kwemithetho yobuzali. Uma umshado ungeniswe ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakamisa imibuzo ngokubaluleka kwawo kamuva njengokungawuvezi umlando wobugebengu − uhulumeni noma umcimbi womuntu siqu ungabekela inselele ukufaneleka komshado, okungase kubangele ukutholakala kwalezinzuzo.

Ukuwinwa Kwabantwana Nokuvakashelwa

Lapho umzali oqopha umlando wobugebengu eshada, lowo mshado ungathinta izinqumo zokuwinwa kwezingane uma umngane womshado ebhekwa njengesici esiyinhloko endaweni ezungezile yezingane. Izinkantolo zomkhaya zibheka izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zengane, futhi umshado womzali nothile onomlando wobugebengu ongathi sína ungase ubhekwe njengophambene.

Imiphumela Yokufuduka

Kubantu abangezona izivumelwano zobugebengu, ukushada nesakhamuzi sase-U.S. kungaba indlela yokuthola imvume engokomthetho, kodwa futhi kunezingozi. Ukukhohliswa kwecala kunganikeza umuntu imvume engenakukhohlakala noma axoshwe, futhi umshado awukwazi ukuwelapha ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwezinye izimo, umshado ungahlolwa ngokuqamba noma ukuphamba, ikakhulukazi uma isakhamuzi sinomlando wobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubugebengu obuthile − njengobudlova basekhaya noma ubugebengu bokuziphatha okuhle.[1] Ucancucwe ngokuqondile ukuthonya ikhono lomuntu lokusekela umngane womshado ngenxa yezinzuzo zokuya kwamanye amazwe.

Ifa Nokuphatha Ifa

Amalungelo efa anganzima uma umshado ubekelwe inselele ngemva kokufa. Uma umngane womshado osele enomlando wobugebengu futhi engawudaluli kulowo oshonile ngaphambi komshado, inkantolo ephethe inkantolo ingathatha isinyathelo sokuqeda umshado, ingasusa ifa lomngane womshado osele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezizweni nge “izintambo zenhliziyo” noma ukuvumela ukulahlwa kwecala lokukhwabanisa okusekelwe ekudaluliseni iqiniso eliphathekayo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nemizamo Yokukhohlisa

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule, izinqumo zenkantolo nokujezisa kuye kwandisa kancane kancane amalungelo abantu abanomlando womshado onemibhalo yobugebengu, kodwa kusenezikhala eziphawulekayo.

I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) nezinye izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zabekela inselele imingcele ebophelele yomshado weziboshwa nezenzo zocansi. Haller v. Safley, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa isakhiwo esiqinile, kodwa izinkantolo ezingaphansi azizange zisebenzise ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, Anders v. Der, icala lenkantolo yashaya umthetho wejele owawuvimbela ukushada kweziboshwa eqenjini ephethe, yathola ukuthi akuhlobenenga ngokufanelekile nokulondeka.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yomshado iphula i-Cast Programme and Aumement Clauss of the 14th Refection. Baphawula futhi ukuthi imingcele enjalo ingalulaza ukuvuselelwa. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yomthetho (NCSL) iye yahlola ukuthambekela emithethweni kahulumeni, iphawula ukuthi imibuso eminingana iye yavala noma yavala imingcele yomshado yabaphula umthetho ngokobulili, kuyilapho eminye iye yayilondoloza.

Imizamo yokuguqula imithetho igxile ekuthatheni indawo yokuvinjelwa okuzenzekelayo ngokuhlola komuntu ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ohlongozwayo kwezinye izizwe ungadinga ukuqulwa kwecala enkantolo ngaphambi kokunqaba ukushada nesiboshwa noma isigwebo, kunokuba avumele ukuphika okuphelele. Amaqembu abefundisi asekela futhi izindinganiso ezicacile ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi imingcele iyalingana futhi ayisekelwe ezingeni eliphansi.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokufunda okwengeziwe ihlanganisa:

Indlela Yokuhlanganisa Imithetho Yemishado Eqoshwe Ngesigebengu

Kubantu abanomlando wobugebengu abafisa ukushada, izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zingasiza ekugwemeni izingibe ezingokomthetho:

Bheka I - athory

Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho kahulumeni ihlukahlukene, ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho enkantolo yomkhaya noma enkantolo angacacisa ukuthi imiphi imingcele esebenzayo yini kuwe.

Qonda Isibopho Sokuvimbela Ingozi

Ngaphambi kokushada, thola ukuthi isimo sakho sidinga yini ukudalulwa komlando wobugebengu njengengxenye yesicelo semvume yomshado. Ngisho noma kungadingeki ukuba uvume umthetho, ukuthulula isifungo sokuzithandela kumngane wakho womshado kungavimbela ukukhwabanisa kamuva.

Izimvume ezithandekayo

Uma usongiwe noma unqunywa, thola imvume ebhaliwe kumphathi wezokwengamela ngaphambi kokushada, njengoba ukwephula izimo kungaholela ekuqedweni. Ejele, sebenza nomfundisi wesakhiwo noma isisebenzi sezenhlalakahle ukuze ukhiphe isicelo esingokomthetho.

Cabangela Isikhathi

Uma usuzophuma, kungase kube ukuhlakanipha ukuhlehlisa umshado kuze kube yilapho usukhululekile, lapho kusetshenziswa imingcele embalwa. Nokho, lokhu kumelwe kulinganiswe nesifiso sokuqinisa ubuhlobo ngenxa yezizathu ezingokomzwelo neziwusizo.

Bhala Umshado

Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izincwadi ezifanele, kuhlanganise nesitifiketi somshado, noma iziphi izimvume zenkantolo ngokuphathelene nemvume, kanye nokubhalelana nezikhulu zokuqondisa izigwegwe. Le zincwadi zingaba usizo uma umshado kamuva ubekelwe inselele.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokushada liyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu siqu, kodwa kubantu abanemibhalo yobugebengu, lelolungelo linemibandela futhi aliphelele. Imingcele engokomthetho iyahluka ngokwesimo nesimo, idala ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi olungabamba abantu ngabanye ngokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi iziboshwa zinelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, ziye zavumela imithetho enengqondo eyenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ibe yimingcele. Imingcele yePost - victives, ikakhulukazi labo abafuna ukulwa ngokobulili, ihlala iphikisana futhi ingaphansi kokuphikisa okuqhubekayo.

Njengoba imizamo yokuzitika iqhubeka futhi imibono yezenhlalo ngokuvuselelwa kwenguquko iguquka, kunethemba lokuphathwa ngokungaguquki nangokulunga. Umshado kufanele wahlulelwe ngokufaneleyo, hhayi ngamaphutha angaphambili omngane oyedwa. Ukubheka amalungelo omshado alinganayo abo bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nalawo anemibhalo egciniwe yobugebengu, kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isithunzi somuntu, ukuqina komkhaya, nokuhlangana okuphumelelayo emphakathini.

Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngemithetho yomshado ethinta abantu abanomlando wobugebengu, abafundi bangabheka imithombo ye - ACLU, i - NCSL ne - American Bar Association.