Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Isisekelo Senkululeko YaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje incwadi engokomlando − iwumthetho ophilayo ochaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu. Njengoba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, umisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kahulumeni futhi ubeke iziqondiso zamalungelo ayisisekelo avikela wonke umuntu wezakhamuzi ekuphathweni. Ukuqonda lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganyele ekulawuleni umbuso wentando yeningi, ubeke izikhulu zomphakathi ezilandisa ngenkululeko echaza iMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esisha, noma umuntu ofuna ukwazi kangcono, lesi siqondiso sizokuhambisa ngamalungelo ayisisekelo, imisuka yazo, izingcingo zazo zanamuhla, nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuzivikela.

Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayizinkokhelo eziqondile nesivikelo esiqinisekiswe abantu ngoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Balinganisela amandla kahulumeni (‘intestements, isifundazwe,'ekanye nendawo'ni) futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphila ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungadingekile. Lamalungelo avela emithonjeni eminingana: uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala (njengoMnyango kaHabeas Corpus Clauss eSiphakekweni I), iBill of Rights (inguquko yokuqala eyishumi), futhi kamuva ukubuyiselwa (njengeyeshumi le-13, 14th, 15th, neleth). Ngokuchaza kokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ngeNkanto ePhakakhulu, lamalungelo aye anwe ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, [FLDY:1] ngokuthula, kodwa abhalwa ngokucacile, i-Treadthreth, futhi abhalwa ngokuphuma kweze-Gene, ezivumeni ezivumeni zomthetho, ezingokomthetho zomthetho, ezigunyaza ekwamukeleni, ezisemthethweni, ezithi, ezithi zezezezezezezezezeze ezomthetho, ezithi.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuwahlolisisa Ngokujulile

I-Applican yabekwa ngo-1791, iBill of Rights yaba ukusabela okuqondile kwe-Anti-Federalist ukukhathazeka ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha awunazo izivikelelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Uhlanganisa izinguquko eziyishumi, ngayinye ikhuluma ngendawo ethile lapho amandla kahulumeni enqatshelwa khona. Ngezansi ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kokulungisa ngakunye, kuhlanganise nokubaluleka kwayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela ukwenza imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqabela ukumiswa kwayo ngenkululeko, noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana noma yokunxusa. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisici esiqinile sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kuvikela ilungelo lakho lokugxeka uhulumeni, ukwenza (noma ukungaqhubeki) noma iyiphi inkolo, ihlangana ngokubhikisha, isakaza imibono ephikisanayo, futhi icela abameleli bakho ukuba bakhulume izikhalo. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla . Ngokungathi inkulumo yenkululeko yezezezezindaba zezezenhlalo, izimali, izimali, nenkolo ekhululekile − umkhondo wonke osekela lempindathane. INkanto Ephakeme ikholelwa njalo ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo enyanyekayo noma engathandeki, nakuba ingakukhuthazi ukukhuthaza ubudlova, ukuhlamba, noma ukusongela kweqiniso.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini sifundeka kanje: “I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke incishiswe.” Emashumini eminyaka, incazelo yayo yaphikiswana kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba nelungelo lokuzifunela izibhamu zokuzivikela ngokwayo [indawo ephezulu] e-Lount [i-Filve] v. [2001] futhi isebenzise leyo mithetho ezifundayo ezifundayo ezifundayo [[FLT:]] [iNkakhulu] [i Donaldddis.[[FLT] [ig:3] 2016]. Namuhla, lokhu kusenkabeni ye-mqongo yemiba yezombangazwe nasemthethweni yokulawula izibhamu, imibandela ezithile zezikhali ezisezingeni.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kucaciswe namuhla, kubonisa ukungathembani okujulile kwaBasunguli kwamabutho amile futhi kugcizelela isimiso sokuba wedwa ngaphakathi ekhaya. Iseluleko siye sacashunwa ezimweni zanamuhla ezihilela ukugxambukela kuhulumeni, sigcizelela umqondo wokuthi lelikhaya liyinqaba.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuhlola Nokusimama

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka ngokufuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kutholakale isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokwesizathu okungenzeka, sichaza ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Lelilungelo liyisisekelo somthetho wemfihlo . Imibono ebalulekile ihlanganisa umthetho [ owengeziwe [[FLT]] [i-Grand]] onzima [i-Grand thiwesine]] [ukubekwa kwe-data egcinwe ngasese kumakhalekhukhwini, noma eqoqwe yizikhundla. Inkantolo ephezulu i-[FTPLAT] [FLT]] ne-[FLT] [flet:]] nokulindela okunengqondo kwezelelwe umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[5]

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Amalungelo Omangalelwa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiphindaphindiwe: imfuneko enkulu yamajaji kahulumeni emacala angathi sína, isivikelo ezingozini eziphindwe kabili, ilungelo lokuthula (ngokuziphindiselela), nesiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho ongaphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ihlanganisa futhi [ i-Clausce [[[FLT:]] [i-FLT]] ikhipha i-ocetting [[1], ifuna uhulumeni akhokhele ukukhokha kuphela lapho ithatha impahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. [ Amalungelo adumileyo okuhlala buthule...] (“Unelungelo lokuthula...]) athathwe kulendawo yokuthula, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuyaziswa isivikelo sabo esingu-6.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungenaphutha Kuqinisekisa

ISichibiyelo seSihlanu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi okwenziwa abahluleli abangakhethi esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi abakholekayo ukuba bafakazele, nelungelo lomthetho weseluleko. nelungelo lokunikeza izimeluleki [ likhululwe kakhulu [ku-FLT] [FLD:] [FLD]] Gideon v. Wainright [[Foct:3] [1963]), okudingeka ukuba kunikezwe abamangaleli abameleli ezinkantolo ezicatshalweni. Lokhu kuyitshe lesimiso sokwahlulela, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inselelelo yecala nenseleleko.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi angokomthetho lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kukaR20. Siqinisekisa futhi ukuthi amaqiniso aqulwa yijaji akanakuphindwa futhi yinye inkantolo ngaphandle kwemithetho yomthetho ovamile. Nakuba lesi sivumelwano singafakwanga ngokumelene nezifundazwe, imithetho yezwe eminingi ngokufanayo ivikela ilungelo kumajaji ezindabeni zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8 senqabela ibheyili eqile, ihlawuliswe kakhulu, futhi ijezi elinonya nelingavamile. Leli lungiselelo liye laba isisekelo sezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ezibangela isigwebo sokufa, izimo zasejele, izigwebo eziphoqelelwe ngisho nesijeziso ezicini zomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukuthi “impoqo nengavamile” isebenzisa izindinganiso ezingalawuleki zokuziphatha okuhloniphekile, okusho ukuthi lokho okungamukeleki ngo 1791 namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo iye yavala ukubulawa kwabantu ngabanye abakhubazekile nabanabantwana.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akunakuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abahlala bekhona. Lokhu kuwukuqaphela okunamandla ukuthi izakhamuzi zinamalungelo angaphezu kwalawo ahlelwe ngokucacile. Kuye kwakhonjwa ezimweni ezihilela ilungelo lokufihla (umz., Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela inzalo) futhi kuhlale kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko yalabo abakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-Constanticle uvikela imbulunga ebanzi yenkululeko yomuntu siqu engancikile embhalweni othile.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi simemezela ukuthi amandla angawaphathi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yiwo, agcinelwe izifundazwe ngokulandelana, noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo se- dederalist[, ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Ilinganisela amandla ombuso futhi ivumela amazwe ukuba azame ngemithetho ehlukile yezemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokwahlulela kobugebengu, uma nje engawaphuli amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ngalé Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu: ISichibiyelo Se - 14 Nokungavumelani

I-Bill of Rights ekuqaleni yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe kuphela. Izwe lakwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi zenza ngcono lawomalungelo angajeziswa. Isichibiyelo se-14th , sagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, sashintsha kakhulu lendawo. i-Seat Programme Claus [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i] ichazwe yiNkantolo-Propute] ethi “inqanda imfutho” eningi yeMigoqo yamaLungelo ezindaweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isifundazwe siboshwe yinkulumo efanayo ekhululekileyo, ukuvivinya inqubo yenkolo, nezimfuneko zokuhlola eziqotho njengohulumeni. [FLT:]

Ngaphezu kokufakwa, iSichibiyelo se 14 ngokwaso siqinisekisa amanye amalungelo. Sichaza ubuzwe besizwe, senqabela ukuthathwa ekufushanisweni amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi, futhi sidinga inqubo nesivikelo esifanelekile. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) kanye ne [[FLT]bergecrefev v. Hods (20)] zithembele ku-Development ye 14 ukuze kuqedwe ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni naseqongweni ezifanayo zezentengo.

Ukuchazwa Kwamalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: ISiphambano Sentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ayiphelele, kodwa ibanzi kakhulu. Ivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, inkulumo yobuciko, inkulumo yezentengiselwano, inkulumo engokomfanekiso (njengefulege), futhi ngisho nokuzonda inkulumo (ngaphandle kokuba ishukumisela ukuthatheka okungemthetho okuseduze noma ukuwela ezinsongweni zeqiniso). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ukuthi ikhambi lenkulumo embi liyinkulumo eyengeziwe, hhayi ukucusumbula. Lesimiso sisekela ukuthengiseka kwemibono [[[FLT:]], okuphikisa ukuthi iqiniso livela engxoxweni evulekene. Ezinkathini zobuchwepheshe, imibuzo ekhululekile ihilela iziteshi zezokuxhumana, imithetho yezenhlalakahle, futhi izama ukuhlukanisa izingxabano ezintsha phakathi kwenkulumo yomphakathi nezimiso zomphakathi.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa: Inkululeko Engalawuleki

Nakuba igama elithi “umthetho” lingaveli kumthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme sekuyisikhathi eside yamukela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuvikela izinqumo eziyimfihlo ezifihlwayo ekungeneni kukahulumeni. Lelilungelo lisekelwe ku-“penumbra”[ yeyokuqala, Eyesithathu, Eyesihlanu, neyeSithathu, neNguqulo, njengoba ivezwe kahle [[FLT:] [2]] eyaziwa kakhulu ekukhetheni ukukhishwa kwezisu, [[FLT] Connecticut[[[FF]] [FL] [6]] [6] [6].[FT] [5]). Yakha isisekelo semikhawulela imingcele ye [FL:] [FLT] futhi igweba ukubambisana nemithetho yayo yasebusweni yomthetho ongokomthetho, kodwa iphinde iphinde ikhiphe i-R.[3] Isivikelo sobukhomuni.[3] Inguhlungo: [R.[F]

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele: Ukulunga Ngaphezu Kwakho Konke

Inqubo efanelekile isiqinisekiso sokuthi uhulumeni uzolandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe othile wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inezindlela ezimbili: iprocedical inqubo efanele[ (indlela yokubona nokuzwa]) kanye nenqubo efanele efanelekile (ukuvikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ngisho nalapho izinqubo zilungile). Inqubo efanelekile enikeza isiqinisekiso sokuzwakala, ubufakazi bamanje, nezinqumo. Inqubo efanelekile efanelekile ivikela amalungelo afanele njengomshado, umntwana-rear, kanye nomzimba. Inqubo yesihlanu ivikela inqubo efanelekile ehlangeneyo ewuhulumenini, ne-14.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14 iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso ozophika noma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokufanayo abantu abasendaweni kumelwe baphathwe ngendlela efanayo, futhi noma yikuphi ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni okuhlukanisayo okumelwe kukhonze isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni. Ukukhetha okufana nohlanga, imvelaphi yesizwe, nenkolo kubangela ukuba itshekeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola, indinganiso enzima kakhulu yokuhlola ikomiti, okusho ukuthi umthetho kumelwe uhloselwe isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Isigaba esinelisayo, isigaba esinenzuzo, i-Gender-screctivestion, i-LT, i-GT. I-GNQT.

I - Habeas Corpus Nelungelo Lokuvivinya Ukuzilibazisa

I-Great Writ of Habeas Corpus ivikelekile eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 9 soMthetho-sisekelo, esithi ngeke sincishiswe ngaphandle kokuba ukulondeka komphakathi kudinga ukuba kuvele ngezikhathi zokuhlubuka noma ukuhlasela. UHabeas uvumela umuntu osejele ukuba abeke inselele ukuvalelwa kwakhe ngokomthetho phambi kwenkantolo. Kuyi-inqununu enzima kakhulu emandleni esikhulu, ikakhulukazi emongweni wesizwe. Nakuba iye yancishiswa izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela e-U.S. umlando (odume kakhulu ngu-Abraham Lincoln phakathi neMpi Yombango), ilokhu ikhona embusweni kahulumeni naseziboshwani naseziboshwani. I-Constivolution igcizelela kakhulu eGuantana Bay. Inkululeko yesizwe iveza ukuthi inkululeko ayinakususwa ngenxa nje yokuvumelana nomthetho; umahluleli; umahluleli.

Ukuncoma Amalungelo: Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokuvota alibalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni woMyalo wokuqala, kodwa liye lagcinwa ngochungechunge lwenguquko. ISichibiyelo se-15 se- sinqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni; [[[FLT:]] iSichibiyelo se-197] seSichibiyelo [ senqabela ukucwaswa kobulili; [[FLT:] iSichibiyelo] se-24] intela yokuvota; futhi [[FLT:] 26] IsiHluleki seSichithi [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT] simisa iminyaka yokuvola isigaba se-18, futhi sikhipha imvume, futhi sikhipha umbiko weposi ogunyayo emhla nemuva, futhi sikhipha umbiko, futhi sikhipha umbiko ogunyazweyo, futhi siphinde sikhiphe umbiko, umbiko owengeziwe, umbiko owemuva, futhi uyavuma, uyavuma, futhi uyavuma, uyavuma, uhulumeni.[F

Izinselele Nezincazelo Zanamuhla

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, iSichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo kumelwe sibhekane namaqiniso amasha. INkantolo Ephakeme “yesithathu eyingxenye” yake yathi ukwaziswa okwahlanganyelwa ngokuzithandela nezigaba ezintathu (njengezinkampani zocingo noma amabhange) kwalahlekelwa isivikelo seSine Sezigwegwegwe. Nokho, [[FL:0]] i-Carmeter v. United States[FLT] [208] [208] [imfundiso ephelele], iNkanto eqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe okuvela kumakhalekhukhwini kunciphisa isithakazelo esinamandla futhi ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso. Imibuzo efanayo iyasebenza kuma-imeyili, izinqolobane, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, namagama ezokuxhumana, kanye nemininingwane yenkonzo ye-Interne. Impikiswano enkulu yesikhathi esizayo ihambisana nohulumeni wezehlakalo lokuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuqamba.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Ekhampasi Nase - Internet

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sidlulela emayunivesithi omphakathi nasezindaweni zomphakathi ze-Intanethi lapho uhulumeni eyisikhulumi noma umlawuli. Nokho, izinkampani zomphakathi aziboshelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezokuxhumana, okuholela empikiswaneni yokulinganisela okunelisiwe, ukuqamba amanga, nokuhlola. Esikoleni sokufundela, amayunivesithi omphakathi kumelwe anamathele eSimisweni Sokuqala seSichibiyelo, kodwa angabeka isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nemithetho esemthethweni. Izinkampani zezenhlalakahle zezokuxhumana nabantu aziboshiwe yiSimemezelo sokuzimemezelo, imingcele yenkulumo ezonda ikhona, futhi abafundi bavivinye imingcele yokukhuluma ngenkululeko yakho. Ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni awuna ukukujeza ngenxa yombono wakho, kodwa uyakwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha okuphazamisa imfundo, kuyisihluthulelo sokusebenzisa lamalungelo.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Ngemva Kombulali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siye sathola isiphithiphithi sempikiswano kusukela iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuphatha izibhamu. [Ku- iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], iNkantolo yathi imithetho yesibhamu yanamuhla kumelwe ihambisane nemithetho engokomlando yezikhali. Lendinganiso iye yaphonsa i-incansingzingssss, “isweennue” ivumela izinhlelo, futhi ivinjelwe ezikhalini ezithile. Izinkantolo eziphansi manje ziyaphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa iBruen, zidala umsebenzi wokulawula okuphikisanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhamuzi zidinga ukuhlala zitshelwa ngemithetho yazo, njengoba imithetho yendawo ingachazwa ngokwezinye indawo, njengoba inikeza iziqondiso engoko.

Amalungelo Okuthatha Impahla Nokuthatha UClaus

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga imbuyiselo lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. Lamandla abizwa ngokuthi indawo ebanzi. [[FLT]] Kello v. Idolobha laseNew London[ [200] [iNkantolo], iNkantolo ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izomnotho, ibangela ukuphambana kweqophelo nenguquko yemithetho yemithetho ezisezifundazweni eziningi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni ungathatha impahla, kumelwe zikhokhelwe inani elifanele, futhi kumelwe ukuba zithathe izinjongo zomphakathi. Ezinye izizwe ziye zavinje ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa, ukubonisa ukuthi amalungelo embusweni angaqiniswa ngezenzo.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuyingxenye kuphela yempi; ukuwavikela ngenkuthalo kudinga ukuqapha, imfundo, nokuthembisana. Nazi izinyathelo eziqinile zonke isakhamuzi esingazithatha:

  • Zifundise ngokuqhubekayo. Funda uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, kanye nokufushanisa okuvela emithonjeni ethembekile njengeNational Constitution Center noma i-ACLU. Ukuqonda umbhalo kanye nokulungisa kwawo kukusiza ukuba uqaphele uma amalungelo esengozini.
  • Ungazi lutho ngentuthuko yomthetho. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, umthetho, neziqondiso zezikhulu zingashintsha indlela amalungelo asetshenziswa ngayo. Landela izikhangiso zezindaba zomthetho ezithembekile, noma ukhokhele amaphepha ezinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji.
  • Particiate ekuphileni komphakathi. Bheka phambili okhethweni ngalunye, ungene emihlanganweni yesikole noma yedolobha, futhi uhlanganyele nabameleli. Amalungelo alondeke kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zimatasa.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho lapho uhlangana nokugcinwa komthetho. Uma umiswa amaphoyisa, unelungelo lokuthula nokucela ummeli. Akudingeki uvume ukuphenya. Betha lamazwi alula: “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula. Ngifisa ukukhuluma nommeli.”
  • Ikhasi futhi libike ukwephulwa. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aphuliwe, qopha isenzakalo uma kungenzeka, buthe ukwaziswa, futhi ukubike enhlanganweni yamalungelo omphakathi noma ummeli. Amadolobha amaningi anezisebenzi zamaphoyisa ezithatha izikhalo.
  • Izinhlangano ze-Support ezivikela amalungelo. Amaqembu anjenge ALU, I-Fluctronic Foundation Foundation [ (ngezezinombolo zamalungelo), kanye no-Constitution Center [ inikeza imithombo yezekhokhiwo, i-mfakthi, ne-activeration, iminikelo noma isikhathi sevocation. Iminikelo noma ivociotic real ingawuhlanganisa umsebenzi wayo.
  • [ Ukuxoxa ngenhlonipho ngamalungelo. Xoxa ngalezindaba nabantu abanemibono engafani. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo aqina kakhulu uma umphakathi uwaqonda futhi uwazisa, ngisho nalapho ungavumelani.

Isiphetho: Amalungelo Anamandla Kakhulu Njengalabo Abawavikelayo

UMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo zakha uhlelo lwenkululeko eye yavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka. Kusukela kuyiBill of Rights kuya kwiSichibiyelo se-14 nangemva kwayo, isizukulwane ngasinye siye sandisa futhi sacwengisa lokho okushiwo ukuba isakhamuzi esikhululekile. Nokho, amalungelo omthetho awukona ukuzibulala. Axhomeke ezakhamuzini ezifundile ezifuna ukulandisa, inselele, inselele yentando yeningi, futhi sihlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho ekhululekile, inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo, nelungelo elilinganayo lokuvota, futhi uthatha isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuzilondolozeni wena ngokwakho nezizukulwane ezizayo. Njengoba iJaji eliphakeme likaSeptemba Count Louis Branders libhala ngokuducardensduza ngodumo, “Ihhovisi elibaluleke kakhulu yisikhundla sesakhamuzi.” Ulwazi lwakho nokuhlangana kwesimiso somthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho.”